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UNIT V Quantum Computing Notes

The document discusses key concepts in quantum computing, including graph states for entangled qubits, quantum error correction (QEC) methods, and fault-tolerant computation techniques. It contrasts classical and quantum information theory, highlighting the unique properties of qubits, and covers quantum cryptography and teleportation, emphasizing their security and operational principles. Overall, it provides an overview of how quantum computing addresses challenges related to noise, error correction, and secure communication.

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3 views1 page

UNIT V Quantum Computing Notes

The document discusses key concepts in quantum computing, including graph states for entangled qubits, quantum error correction (QEC) methods, and fault-tolerant computation techniques. It contrasts classical and quantum information theory, highlighting the unique properties of qubits, and covers quantum cryptography and teleportation, emphasizing their security and operational principles. Overall, it provides an overview of how quantum computing addresses challenges related to noise, error correction, and secure communication.

Uploaded by

kalikayaveera456
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© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

UNIT – V : Quantum Computing

Graph States and Codes


Graph states represent entangled qubits using graph theory where vertices denote qubits and edges denote
entanglement (CZ gates). These states are widely used in quantum error correction and measurement
based quantum computing. Graph codes encode logical qubits into multiple physical qubits to protect
information from noise and decoherence. They allow detection and correction of errors by analyzing
correlations between qubits.

Quantum Error Correction (QEC)


Quantum Error Correction protects fragile quantum information from noise, decoherence, and operational
errors. Logical qubits are encoded into multiple physical qubits. Common quantum errors include bit-flip (X),
phase-flip (Z), and combined (Y) errors. Syndrome measurements using ancilla qubits detect errors without
collapsing the quantum state. Shor code is a famous QEC code that corrects both bit and phase flip errors.

Fault-Tolerant Quantum Computation


Fault-tolerant computation ensures reliable quantum computation even when components are imperfect. It
prevents error propagation during quantum gates and measurements. Transversal gates are used to apply
operations safely on encoded qubits. The Quantum Threshold Theorem states that if the error rate is below a
threshold, arbitrarily long computations are possible.

Classical vs Quantum Information Theory


Classical information uses bits (0 or 1) whereas quantum information uses qubits which can exist in
superposition. Classical information can be copied and measured without disturbance. Quantum information
cannot be cloned and measurement collapses the state. Quantum information enables entanglement-based
correlations and physically secure communication.

Quantum Cryptography
Quantum cryptography provides security based on laws of physics rather than mathematical complexity.
Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) allows secure key sharing. BB84 protocol uses polarized photons and
random measurement bases. Any eavesdropping attempt disturbs the quantum states and can be detected.

Quantum Teleportation
Quantum teleportation transfers an unknown quantum state from sender (Alice) to receiver (Bob). It uses
shared entanglement and two bits of classical communication. The original state is destroyed and recreated
at the receiver side. Teleportation does not violate relativity or the no-cloning theorem.

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