Unit 1 Duration: Information Technology ,the internet and you

Lesson 1 : Introduction to Information Technology

The fundamental building blocks of our digital world.

Information Technology (IT) has revolutionized the way we live, work, and
interact, serving as the backbone of the modern digital society. At its core, IT
refers to the use of computers, physical devices, software, and networks to
manage information through the processes of collection, storage, processing,
and distribution. In today’s interconnected world, IT is no longer just a luxury but
a necessity that powers essential sectors such as healthcare, education,
business, and government operations.

The strength of any IT system lies in the synergy of its six major components:
hardware, software, data, people, procedures, and networks. Hardware provides
the physical tools like laptops and routers, while software acts as the
"intelligence" that tells the hardware what to do. Data represents the raw
material that is processed into valuable information, and networks—specifically
the Internet—serve as the digital highways that allow this information to travel
across the globe instantly.

One of the most significant milestones in IT history was the development of the
Internet, which evolved from a military project known as ARPANET into a global
"network of networks." By using standardized protocols like TCP/IP, the Internet
allows diverse devices to communicate seamlessly regardless of their location.
This connectivity has given rise to the World Wide Web and a variety of essential
services, including web browsers for navigation, search engines for information
retrieval, and cloud services for real-time collaboration.

As we become more reliant on digital tools, the concept of digital citizenship

becomes paramount. Being a responsible digital citizen involves more than just
technical skill; it requires an understanding of digital literacy, etiquette, and
rights. This means evaluating online information critically, treating others with
respect in digital environments, and recognizing the permanent nature of our
"digital footprint." Ethical behavior online ensures that technology remains a
productive force rather than a platform for misinformation or harm.

Finally, navigating the IT landscape requires a proactive approach to safety and

privacy. The digital world is fraught with threats such as malware—including
viruses, trojans, and ransomware—and deceptive practices like phishing.
Protecting our digital identity through strong passwords, two-factor
authentication, and a deep respect for intellectual property is essential. By
mastering both the technical and ethical aspects of Information Technology,
individuals can safely harness the power of the digital age to innovate and solve
complex global problems.

Information Technology is more than just "using computers." It is a

technical field focused on the lifecycle of information. This lifecycle
includes:
 o Acquisition: Gathering raw data.
o Processing: Turning data into useful information (e.g., turning a
list of numbers into a GPA).
o Security: Protecting that information from unauthorized access.
 Deep Dive into the 6 Components:

1. Hardware: The "Physical Layer." It includes input devices

(keyboards), output devices (monitors), and internal components
like the CPU (the brain).
2. Software: The "Logic Layer." System Software (OS like Windows)
manages the hardware, while Application Software (Apps) performs
specific tasks for the user.
3. Data: The "Raw Material." Data is useless on its own; IT systems
give it context to create Information.
4. People (Humanware): The "Intelligence Layer." Technology exists
to serve humans. This includes end-users (consumers) and
professionals (developers/admins).
5. Procedures: The "Operational Layer." These are step-by-step
instructions. Without procedures (like how to recover a lost
password), a system becomes chaotic.
6. Networks: The "Communication Layer." This involves the hardware
(cables/routers) and software (protocols) that allow machines to
"talk."
Lesson 2: The Internet - The Global Backbone

Understanding the mechanics of global communication.

The Internet is a vast, global "network of networks" that links billions of devices
worldwide, ranging from personal smartphones to massive enterprise servers. It
functions as a digital highway, allowing different smaller networks—such as
those belonging to schools, governments, and private companies—to
interconnect and share resources. Unlike a single physical entity, it is a
distributed system that relies on standardized protocols to ensure that data sent
from one corner of the world arrives accurately at another.

At the heart of this global communication is TCP/IP (Transmission Control

Protocol/Internet Protocol). Developed in the 1970s by Vinton Cerf and
Robert Kahn, these protocols act as a universal language for computers. When
you send a message or load a website, the data is broken down into small units
called "packets." These packets are assigned an IP Address—a unique digital
home address—and routed through various nodes across the globe before being
reassembled at the destination.

The history of the Internet began with ARPANET in 1969, a project funded by
the U.S. Department of Defense to allow researchers to share data over long
distances. While the Internet provided the connectivity, it was Tim Berners-Lee
who, in 1989, invented the World Wide Web (WWW). The Web is a service
that runs on top of the Internet, utilizing browsers and the HTTP protocol to allow
users to navigate interlinked documents and multimedia content through URLs.

Connecting to this digital highway can be achieved through various technologies,

each with its own advantages. Fiber Optics is currently the gold standard, using
pulses of light through glass strands to provide the highest speeds. In contrast,
Satellite Internet is vital for remote or disaster-prone areas, though it can be
weather-sensitive. The evolution continues with 5G Mobile Data, which offers
ultra-low latency, enabling real-time innovations like autonomous vehicles and
advanced telemedicine.

Beyond its technical architecture, the Internet serves as the primary engine for
modern innovation, commerce, and education. It powers essential tools like
Search Engines, which index billions of pages to help us find information, and
Cloud Services, which allow for global collaboration. However, as the Internet
expands, so does the need for digital citizenship and security, ensuring that this
powerful tool is used ethically to connect people while protecting their privacy
and [Link] is described as a "Network of Networks." It isn't a single cloud or a
single computer; it is billions of private, public, academic, and government
networks linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking
technologies.

 The Power of Protocols (TCP/IP): Think of TCP/IP as a universal

language. Just as people need a common language to trade, computers
 need TCP/IP to ensure that a file sent from an iPhone in the Philippines can
be read by a PC in Canada.
 Evolutionary History:
o ARPANET: The "Grandfather" of the internet. It proved that data
could be "packet-switched" (broken into small pieces and sent over
lines).
o World Wide Web (WWW): Often confused with the internet, the
WWW is actually just a service that runs on the internet. It uses the
HTTP protocol to link documents via URLs.
 Connection Mechanics:
o Bandwidth: The "width of the pipe"—how much data can flow at
once.
o Latency: The "delay"—how long it takes for a signal to travel
(critical for gaming and video calls).

Lesson 3 : Internet Services and Tools

The tools we use to navigate and produce.

Internet Services and Tools refer to the various applications and platforms that
allow users to perform tasks, communicate, and find information on the web.
These tools serve as the functional layer of the internet, transforming raw
connectivity into productive activities such as research, entertainment, and
professional collaboration. In the modern digital landscape, these services are
often categorized into specialized groups based on their primary function, such
as navigation, communication, or data management.

The most fundamental tools are Web Browsers and Search Engines, which
often get confused but serve distinct purposes. A web browser, like Google
Chrome or Safari, is the software application installed on your device that acts as
a "vehicle" to view websites. On the other hand, a search engine like Google or
DuckDuckGo is a service hosted online that acts as a "map" or index, helping you
filter through billions of web pages to find specific information using keywords.
Without a browser, you cannot access a search engine; without a search engine,
navigating the vastness of the internet would be nearly impossible.

Communication and data storage have also been revolutionized by Email and
Cloud Services. While email remains the standard for formal, asynchronous
communication and sending attachments, Cloud Services like Google Drive or
OneDrive have shifted the focus toward real-time collaboration. Instead of saving
a file to a single computer’s hard drive, cloud technology stores data on remote
servers, allowing multiple people to edit the same document simultaneously
from different parts of the world. This "ubiquity" ensures that your work is
accessible regardless of the device you are using.

Another major pillar of internet services is Social Media and Online

Collaboration Tools. Social media platforms like LinkedIn, Facebook, and
Instagram are designed for networking, content creation, and real-time
interaction through likes and comments. In contrast, collaboration tools such as
Zoom, Microsoft Teams, and Trello are built specifically for structured
productivity. They provide virtual meeting rooms and task management boards
that are essential for remote work and distance learning, bridging the physical
gap between team members.
Ultimately, these services and tools are effective only when used with proper
digital habits. Safely navigating these tools requires an understanding of security
features like private browsing modes, two-factor authentication for cloud
accounts, and the importance of organizing digital files. As these technologies
continue to evolve, they become more integrated, creating a seamless digital
ecosystem that enhances how we study, conduct business, and maintain social
connections in a globalized society.

 Web Browsers vs. Search Engines: A browser is a Tool installed on

your device (Chrome). A search engine is a Service hosted on a server
(Google). You use the tool to access the service.
 Cloud Computing: This refers to "on-demand" delivery of computing
power. Instead of buying a massive hard drive, you "rent" space from
companies like Google or Amazon. It enables Ubiquity—the ability to
access your files from any device, anywhere.
 Online Collaboration: Tools like Zoom and Trello represent a shift from
"Individual Computing" to "Social Computing," where the primary goal is
synchronized teamwork regardless of physical location.

Activity :

Creation of Email and Google drive using this Rubric

rubric: Email and Google Drive Creation (100%)

Needs Weight
Criteria Excellent (4) Good (3) Fair (2)
Improvement (1) (%)
Email account is Email account Email account
Email account
Email Account successfully created with created with minor created but
not created or 20%
Creation a professional username issues in username incomplete or
incorrect
and complete profile or profile unprofessional
Correctly sends, receives,
Performs most Unable to use
Email Usage & replies, and attaches files Limited ability to use
email functions basic email 20%
Features with proper subject and email functions
with minor errors features
message format
Demonstrates proper
email etiquette and Shows basic Limited etiquette No awareness of
Email Etiquette
applies security practices etiquette and some and weak security etiquette or 15%
& Safety
(strong password, safety awareness practices safety
privacy)
Google Drive is properly Drive accessed with
Google Drive Drive accessed but Unable to access
set up and accessed minor navigation 15%
Account Setup with difficulty or set up Drive
without errors issues
Creates folders/files Creates files and Creates files but
File Creation & Files not created
correctly and organizes folders with minor lacks proper 20%
Organization or disorganized
them clearly organization issues organization
Sharing & Correctly shares Shares files with Shares files but with Unable to share 10%
Collaboration files/folders with proper minor permission incorrect settings files
 Needs Weight
Criteria Excellent (4) Good (3) Fair (2)
Improvement (1) (%)
permission settings errors
Total 100%

Lesson 4: Digital Citizenship and Online Ethics

Navigating the digital world with integrity.

Digital Citizenship is the framework of social, ethical, and legal norms that
govern how individuals interact within the digital world. It is the "social contract"
of the 21st century, emphasizing that while users have the freedom to access
information and express themselves, they also carry a profound responsibility to
protect themselves and respect others. Being a digital citizen means moving
beyond just knowing how to use a computer; it involves the critical thinking
required to navigate the internet with integrity and purpose.

The concept is built upon four key dimensions: Digital Literacy, which is the
ability to find, evaluate, and share information accurately; Digital Etiquette,
the practice of using respectful behavior in online interactions; Digital Rights
and Responsibilities, which involve understanding your legal freedoms and
obligations; and Digital Safety, the measures taken to protect your identity and
data. Together, these pillars ensure that the internet remains a productive and
collaborative space rather than a place of conflict or misinformation.

A critical aspect of digital citizenship is the management of one’s Digital

Footprint. Every click, comment, and post creates a permanent trail of data that
forms your online reputation. This footprint can be seen by future employers,
teachers, and peers, making it essential to practice the "Stranger Test"—
considering whether a stranger would view your online presence as professional
and responsible. Ethical behavior online also includes respecting Intellectual
Property, which means giving proper credit to creators through citations and
avoiding the unauthorized use of copyrighted material.

Online Ethics specifically refers to the moral principles that guide our choices in
digital environments. This includes avoiding harmful behaviors such as
Cyberbullying (harassment or abuse) and Flaming (engaging in hostile online
arguments). An ethical digital citizen is an "Upstander"—someone who actively
supports victims of online abuse and reports inappropriate content. By
maintaining high ethical standards, users help build trust and foster a safer
digital community for everyone.

Ultimately, Digital Citizenship is about empowerment through accountability. As

the boundaries between our physical and digital lives continue to blur, the habits
we form today will define the culture of the internet tomorrow. By mastering
digital literacy to combat misinformation and practicing empathy in every digital
interaction, we ensure that technology serves as a tool for global progress and
positive human connection.

 It is the Social Contract of the 21st century. It means recognizing that

your online actions have real-world consequences.
 The Pillars Expanded:
o Digital Literacy: It’s not just knowing how to type; it’s the critical
thinking required to distinguish between a credible source and a
"deepfake" or biased propaganda.
o Digital Etiquette (Netiquette): This is the "Golden Rule" applied
to the web. It includes avoiding "Flaming" (angry online shouting)
and respecting the "Tone" of different platforms (LinkedIn vs.
TikTok).
o Digital Rights: Every user has a right to Privacy and Free
Speech, but these are balanced by the Responsibility to not
infringe on the rights of others (e.g., avoiding hate speech).

Lesson 5: Internet Safety, Privacy, and Responsible Use

Digital Citizenship is the framework of social, ethical, and legal norms that
govern how individuals interact within the digital world. It is the "social contract"
of the 21st century, emphasizing that while users have the freedom to access
information and express themselves, they also carry a profound responsibility to
protect themselves and respect others. Being a digital citizen means moving
beyond just knowing how to use a computer; it involves the critical thinking
required to navigate the internet with integrity and purpose.

The concept is built upon four key dimensions: Digital Literacy, which is the
ability to find, evaluate, and share information accurately; Digital Etiquette,
the practice of using respectful behavior in online interactions; Digital Rights
and Responsibilities, which involve understanding your legal freedoms and
obligations; and Digital Safety, the measures taken to protect your identity and
data. Together, these pillars ensure that the internet remains a productive and
collaborative space rather than a place of conflict or misinformation.

A critical aspect of digital citizenship is the management of one’s Digital

Footprint. Every click, comment, and post creates a permanent trail of data that
forms your online reputation. This footprint can be seen by future employers,
teachers, and peers, making it essential to practice the "Stranger Test"—
considering whether a stranger would view your online presence as professional
and responsible. Ethical behavior online also includes respecting Intellectual
Property, which means giving proper credit to creators through citations and
avoiding the unauthorized use of copyrighted material.

Online Ethics specifically refers to the moral principles that guide our choices in
digital environments. This includes avoiding harmful behaviors such as
Cyberbullying (harassment or abuse) and Flaming (engaging in hostile online
arguments). An ethical digital citizen is an "Upstander"—someone who actively
supports victims of online abuse and reports inappropriate content. By
maintaining high ethical standards, users help build trust and foster a safer
digital community for everyone.

Protecting the "Self" in a connected world.

 Malware Philosophy: Malware is software specifically designed to gain

unauthorized access or cause damage.
o Trojan Horses: Rely on Social Engineering (tricking the human)
rather than just a technical hack.
o Ransomware: A modern "digital kidnapping" where the victim’s
data is the hostage.
 The Anatomy of a Phishing Attack: Phishers use Urgency (Your
account will be deleted!) and Authority (I am from the Bank!) to bypass
your logic.
o Whaling: A highly sophisticated version where the "Bait" is
customized for a CEO or a high-ranking official to steal millions of
dollars.
 The Ethical Upstander: This is a person who sees cyberbullying or
misinformation and takes action—either by reporting the content or
supporting the victim. This is the highest level of Digital Citizenship.
 Intellectual Property (IP): Understanding that "Digital" doesn't mean
"Free." Using a photo from Google Images without credit is a violation of
the creator's Copyright.

Assessment :

Reflection paper on “The Internet and Me” using this rubric

Demonstrates deep,
Reflection is
thoughtful reflection Reflection is
clear and Reflection
[Link] of on personal basic and
thoughtful is shallow 30%
Reflection experiences with the mostly
with minor or unclear.
internet; insights are descriptive.
lack of depth.
meaningful and original.
Uses specific, Uses
Examples
2. Personal relevant personal personal Few or no
are general
Connection & experiences to examples personal 20%
or loosely
Examples support ideas and but lacks examples.
related.
feelings. detail.
 Clearly explains
3. Explains Mentions
the positive and
Understanding impact impact but Shows little
negative effects
of the with lacks balance understanding 25%
of the internet on
Internet’s minor or of impact.
daily life, learning,
Impact gaps. explanation.
and relationships.
Ideas are well-
organized, Organization
4. Organization Disorganized
logical, and flow is weak; ideas
Organization is clear with and difficult 25%
smoothly from jump or
& Coherence minor issues. to follow.
introduction to repeat.
conclusion.

Unit Test :
Information Technology Comprehensive Exam
I. True or False (10 items - Remembering/Understanding)
Instructions: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if it is incorrect.
1. Information Technology (IT) involves only the collection and storage of data, not its sharing or security.
2. The Internet is a single entity owned and managed by the U.S. Department of Defense.
3. A web browser is essential for navigating the internet because websites cannot be viewed without one.
4. Cloud services are primarily used to send and receive instant messages between users.
5. Digital citizenship emphasizes only the rights of users, not their responsibilities or the consequences of
their actions.
6. Online ethics are moral principles that guide behavior specifically in digital environments.
7. Phishing is a type of malware that encrypts your files and demands a ransom.
8. Using strong, unique passwords for every account is a key practice for internet safety.
9. Dial-up is a modern internet connection method known for its high-speed fiber-optic technology.
10. One dimension of digital citizenship is Digital Etiquette, which focuses on respectful online behavior.
II. Multiple Choice (10 items - Understanding/Applying)
Instructions: Select the best answer for each question.
1. Which IT component refers to the physical devices like laptops, printers, and routers?
a. Software [Link] c. Data d. People
2. What protocol, developed by Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn, allows different networks to interconnect?
a. HTTP b. DNS [Link]/IP d. HTML
3. In a POS system at a store, what is the step that occurs immediately after the system calculates the
total cost?
a. The receipt is printed. b. The cashier scans the product. C. The customer pays. [Link] data is
stored.
4. Which of the following is an example of a search engine?
a. Google Chrome [Link] Edge c. DuckDuckGo [Link]
5. Which term describes the ability to access, evaluate, and analyze online information responsibly?
a. Digital Rights b. Digital Literacy c. Digital Safety [Link] Etiquette
6. If a student properly cites a source in an online presentation, they are demonstrating
a. Digital Citizenship b. Digital Divide c. Cyberbullying [Link]
7. What type of malware collects information about your online activity without your knowledge?
a. Virus b. Trojan c. Spyware d. Worm
8. Which AI tool is best described as a "Search Engine with a Brain" because it provides answers with
direct citations?
a. Khanmigo [Link] AI c. Grammarly d. Canva
9. Which internet connection is "Weather Sensitive" and often slower during heavy rain?
a. Fiber Optics b. Dial-up [Link] Internet d.5G Mobile Data
10. An attack targeting high-profile individuals like CEOs is known as:
a. Spear Phishing b. Whaling c. Flaming d. Doxing
III. Identification (15 items - Remembering/Understanding)
Instructions: Identify the term or concept being described.
1. The online tool that organizes and indexes billions of web pages to help users find information.
 2. The British scientist who invented the World Wide Web in 1989.
3. A system used by stores to record transactions, calculate costs, and print receipts.
4. The "humanware" component of IT consisting of individuals who use and manage systems.
5. A browser feature that allows for multitasking by opening multiple pages in one window.
6. The process of converting digital data into analog sound signals to travel over phone lines.
7. The newest mobile data standard (as of 2026) offering ultra-low latency and speeds up to 10 Gbps.
8. Malicious software designed to harm or disrupt computer systems.
9. Deceptive attempts to obtain sensitive information by disguising as a trustworthy entity.
10. Online harassment, intimidation, or abuse.
11. The principle of equal access to all Internet content without discrimination.
12. A type of cyberbullying involving online arguments using offensive language.
13. The 1969 military project that served as the precursor to the modern Internet.
14. A unique digital "home address" assigned to every device on the internet.
15. Rules and guidelines for proper IT usage, such as logging into systems or backing up files.
IV. Enumeration (15 items - Remembering)
Instructions: List the items required for each category.
1-6. Give the six major components of Information Technology (IT).
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7-10. List four key dimensions of Digital Citizenship.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11-15. List five common types of Malware.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15
Laboratory Activity

Performance Checklist: Internet Navigation

Skills
Student Name: _______________________
Date: _______________________________
Teacher: ____________________________

Instructions: Observe the student as they perform tasks on the internet. Tick (✔) Yes if the
student successfully completes the task, No if not. Use “Comments” for notes.

# Skill / Task Yes No Comments

1 Turns on the computer and connects to the internet safely ☐ ☐
2 Opens a web browser (e.g., Chrome, Firefox, Edge) ☐ ☐
3 Uses a search engine (Google, Bing, etc.) to find information ☐ ☐
4 Types keywords correctly to refine search results ☐ ☐
5 Opens relevant websites from search results ☐ ☐
6 Navigates through web pages (scroll, click links, menus) ☐ ☐
7 Uses tabs or windows to manage multiple pages ☐ ☐
8 Evaluates sources for reliability (trustworthy vs. unreliable) ☐ ☐
9 Uses bookmarks/favorites to save important websites ☐ ☐
10 Closes browser and logs off safely ☐ ☐
11 Practices safe browsing (avoids suspicious sites, phishing links) ☐ ☐
12 Uses privacy settings appropriately (e.g., incognito mode, cookies) ☐ ☐
Practical Task: Email Use, Safe Browsing,
and Information Search
Student Name: _______________________
Date: _______________________________
Teacher: ____________________________

Objectives
By the end of this task, the student should be able to:

1. Compose, send, and receive emails correctly.

2. Navigate the internet safely using best practices.
3. Search for relevant information effectively using keywords and reliable source

Task Instructions
Part A: Email Use

1. Open your email account (e.g., Gmail, Yahoo, Outlook).

2. Compose a new email to your teacher or a classmate:
o Subject: “Practical Task Submission”
o Body: Write a short paragraph introducing yourself.
o Attach a simple file (e.g., Word or PDF document).
3. Send the email and check your inbox to verify delivery.
4. Reply to a received email politely.

Part B: Safe Browsing

1. Open a web browser (Chrome, Edge, or Firefox).

2. Visit a safe educational website (e.g., a government or school site).
3. Identify features that ensure the site is safe:
 o HTTPS in the address bar
o Lock icon
o Trusted domain (e.g., .gov, .edu)
4. Avoid clicking on suspicious ads or pop-ups.

Part C: Information Search

1. Choose a topic assigned by the teacher.

2. Use a search engine (Google, Bing, DuckDuckGo) to find information.
3. Use keywords effectively to refine results.
4. Identify 2 reliable sources and write down the website URLs.
5. Summarize the key information in 3–5 sentences.

Performance Checklist
Skill / Task Yes No Comments

Email Use

1 Successfully logs into email account ☐ ☐

2 Composes email with correct subject and body ☐ ☐

3 Attaches a file correctly ☐ ☐

4 Sends email and verifies delivery ☐ ☐

5 Replies politely to a received email ☐ ☐

Safe Browsing

6 Opens a web browser and navigates safely ☐ ☐

7 Identifies safe website features (HTTPS, lock, domain) ☐ ☐

8 Avoids clicking suspicious links/ads ☐ ☐

Information Search

9 Uses keywords effectively for search ☐ ☐

10 Identifies 2 reliable sources ☐ ☐

11 Summarizes information accurately in 3–5 sentences ☐ ☐

1. Government and Education Sites

 [Link] – U.S. government education resources

 [Link] – Department of Education Philippines
 [Link] – Educational resources, articles, and videos

2. Online Encyclopedias

 [Link] – Trusted online encyclopedia

 [Link] – Student-friendly Britannica site
 [Link] – Educational reference for students

3. Academic and Library Resources

 [Link] – Google Scholar for research articles

 [Link] – Free lessons in math, science, and humanities
 [Link] – Free online courses (some require registration)

4. Science and Technology Resources

 [Link] – Science news for learners

 [Link] – Programming and computer science education
 [Link] – STEM resources from NASA

Observation Checklist: Responsible

Internet Use
Student Name: _______________________
Date: _______________________________
Teacher: ____________________________

Instructions: Observe the student while using the internet. Place a ✔ if the student
demonstrates the behavior, ✖ if not. Use “Comments” for notes.

# Behavior / Skill ✔ ✖ Comments

1 Logs in using own account and keeps password private ☐☐

2 Uses websites that are safe, trusted, and age-appropriate ☐☐

3 Avoids clicking on suspicious links, pop-ups, or ads ☐☐

4 Does not share personal information online (full name, address, phone number) ☐ ☐

5 Practices proper netiquette in emails, chats, or forums ☐☐

6 Uses strong passwords and updates them regularly ☐☐

7 Cites sources or gives credit when using online information ☐☐

8 Limits time online to the activity assigned or planned ☐☐

9 Reports suspicious, harmful, or inappropriate content to teacher/guardian ☐☐

Demonstrates respect for intellectual property (does not plagiarize or copy

10 ☐☐
without permission)

11 Uses privacy settings appropriately on social media or online platforms ☐☐

12 Shows awareness of online risks (viruses, scams, cyberbullying) ☐☐

Scoring (Optional)

 Excellent (E): 11–12 behaviors demonstrated

 Satisfactory (S): 8–10 behaviors demonstrated
 Needs Improvement (N): 5–7 behaviors demonstrated
 Poor (P): 0–4 behaviors demonstrated
Unit II: The system unit

Lesson 1: Overview of a Computer System

A computer system is a sophisticated integration of hardware and software designed to
process raw data into meaningful information. At its most fundamental level, it operates on
the IPO (Input-Process-Output) cycle. The system receives data through input devices,
manipulates that data according to specific instructions in the processing unit, and finally
presents the results via output devices. This seamless coordination allows the computer to
perform complex tasks, from simple arithmetic to high-end graphical rendering, with
incredible speed and reliability.

The physical foundation of any system is known as Hardware. This includes all the
"touchable" components like the motherboard, the Central Processing Unit (CPU), and
peripheral devices. The CPU acts as the "brain," containing the Control Unit (CU) which
directs data flow, and the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) which performs calculations.
Supporting the CPU is the Memory (RAM), a high-speed temporary storage area that holds
the data and instructions currently in use. Without hardware, the system has no body; without
the CPU and RAM, it has no capacity to "think" or remember.

To breathe life into the hardware, we require Software, which consists of the programs and
operating systems that tell the hardware how to behave. Software is generally categorized
into two types: System Software (like Windows, macOS, or Linux) which manages the
computer's internal resources, and Application Software (like web browsers or office tools)
which allows users to perform specific tasks. This layer acts as the interface between the
human user and the electronic circuitry, translating human-readable commands into machine-
executable binary code.

Beyond the internal processing, a computer system relies heavily on Storage and
Connectivity. Unlike the volatile memory (RAM) which loses data when the power is turned
off, storage devices like Hard Disk Drives (HDD) or Solid State Drives (SSD) provide a
permanent home for files and programs. In the modern era, connectivity via network
interfaces allows individual computer systems to join a Global System (the Internet),
enabling the exchange of data across the world. This transformation from a standalone
machine to a connected node has redefined the computer's role in society.

Ultimately, the most important element of the computer system is the User, often referred to
as "Liveware." The user provides the intent, the data, and the ultimate purpose for the
machine's operation. A computer system is characterized by its speed, accuracy, and
diligence—it does not suffer from fatigue or boredom. However, it is bound by the principle
of GIGO (Garbage In, Garbage Out), meaning the quality of the output is strictly
dependent on the quality and accuracy of the input provided by the user.

Four pillars of Information technology

At its core, a computer system is a data processing machine. It follows the Input-Process-
Output (IPO) cycle, which is the fundamental logic of all computing. Data (raw facts) enters
the system through an input device, undergoes a transformation in the processing unit, and is
then presented to the user as meaningful information. This cycle is supported by Storage,
which allows the data to be saved for future use. Without this logical flow, a computer would
just be a collection of idle electronic parts.

[Link] Heart of the Machine: Hardware

Hardware refers to the physical, tangible components of the computer. The most critical
component is the Central Processing Unit (CPU), often called the "brain." It contains the
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) for math and logic, and the Control Unit (CU) to manage
data traffic. To work efficiently, the CPU relies on Primary Memory (RAM), which acts as
a high-speed "workspace" for currently running tasks. This hardware foundation provides the
muscle and the memory required to execute every click and keystroke.

[Link] Intelligence Layer: Software

Software is the set of invisible instructions that tells the hardware exactly what to perform. It
is divided into two main categories: System Software and Application Software. The
Operating System (OS), like Windows or Linux, is the most important system software
because it acts as a translator between you and the hardware. Application software, on the
other hand, consists of programs designed for the user’s specific needs, such as a web
browser for the internet or a spreadsheet for accounting. Software is what makes a computer
versatile rather than a single-purpose tool.

3. Storage and Data Permanence

While RAM is fast, it is volatile, meaning it loses all data when the power is cut. To keep
your photos, documents, and programs safe, a computer system uses Secondary Storage.
Modern systems typically use Solid State Drives (SSDs) or Hard Disk Drives (HDDs).
These devices use magnetic or flash memory technology to store bits and bytes permanently.
This layer ensures that the results of your work are preserved across different sessions,
allowing the computer to function as a long-term library of information.
[Image comparing HDD vs SSD internal structure]

[Link] Human Element: Liveware

No computer system is complete without the User, or "Liveware." Humans provide the
instructions, the data, and the ultimate purpose for the machine's existence. While computers
are incredibly fast and accurate, they lack "common sense" and can only do exactly what they
are told. This leads to the principle of GIGO (Garbage In, Garbage Out): if a user provides
incorrect data or faulty instructions, the computer will flawlessly produce an incorrect result.
The interaction between human intent and machine execution is what defines a successful
system.

Summary Table: The Four Pillars

Pillar Function Examples

Hardware The physical body CPU, Monitor, Keyboard

Software The instructions Windows 11, Chrome, Python

Data The raw material Text, Images, Numbers

User The operator Programmers, Gamers, Students

Lesson 2: COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM
Components of a Computer System
A computer system is a complete set of devices and elements that work together to process
data and produce meaningful information. It is not only made up of machines but also
includes programs and the people who operate them. Each part of the computer system has a
specific function, and all parts must work together for the system to operate properly.
Without one component, the computer cannot perform tasks effectively.

A computer system is designed to receive input, process it, store data, and produce output.
These processes are made possible through the combined work of hardware, software, and
peopleware. Hardware provides the physical structure, software gives instructions, and
peopleware controls and manages the system. This teamwork allows computers to be useful
in daily life.

In schools, computer systems help students learn, research, and complete assignments. In
offices, they are used to prepare reports, communicate, and manage records. At home,
computers are used for entertainment, social media, and online activities. This shows how
important computer systems are in different areas of life.

A computer system becomes effective when all its components function together smoothly.
Hardware cannot work without software, and software cannot operate without users.
Peopleware plays an important role because they operate the computer and make decisions.
Each component supports the other to perform tasks successfully.

As technology continues to improve, computer systems become more powerful and useful.
Understanding the components of a computer system helps users operate devices properly
and responsibly. It also helps students learn how computers work and how to take care of
them. Knowing these components is the foundation of basic computer education.

Main Components of a Computer System

A computer system has three major components:

1. Hardware
2. Software
3. Peopleware (Users)

A. Hardware
Hardware refers to the physical parts of the computer that can be seen and touched. These are
the actual devices that make up the computer system. Hardware performs the tasks of input,
processing, storage, and output. Without hardware, a computer would not exist in a physical
form.

Hardware includes both internal and external parts. Internal hardware is found inside the
system unit, such as the CPU, memory, and motherboard. External hardware includes devices
like the keyboard, mouse, and monitor. These devices allow users to interact with the
computer.

Hardware is important because it carries out the instructions given by software. It processes
data, stores information, and displays results. Each piece of hardware has a specific function
that supports the computer system. When all hardware components work together, the
computer performs efficiently.

Examples of hardware include input devices, output devices, storage devices, and processing
devices. These parts allow the computer to perform tasks such as typing, calculating, printing,
and saving files. Hardware is used in almost every field, including education, business, and
communication.

Modern hardware continues to improve in speed, size, and performance. New technologies
make computers faster and more reliable. Understanding hardware helps users know how to
use and take care of computer equipment properly.

Types of Hardware

• Input Devices – keyboard, mouse, scanner, microphone

• Processing Devices – CPU, RAM, motherboard
• Output Devices – monitor, printer, speakers
• Storage Devices – hard drive, USB, memory card

B. Software

Software refers to the programs and instructions that tell the computer what to do. It cannot
be touched because it exists in digital form. Software gives commands to the hardware so that
the computer can perform tasks. Without software, hardware would not know how to operate.

Software makes the computer useful by allowing users to create documents, browse the
internet, play games, and perform many other activities. It acts as a bridge between the user
and the hardware. When a user gives a command, the software tells the hardware how to
respond.

The most important software in a computer is the operating system. It manages the
computer’s memory, files, and devices. It also allows users to run applications. Other
software programs help users perform specific tasks such as writing, editing, and calculating.

Software is important in education, business, and entertainment. Students use software for
learning, while businesses use it for managing information. Software helps improve
productivity and makes tasks easier and faster. Regular updates also improve system
performance and security.

As technology grows, more software is developed to meet different needs. Understanding

software helps users choose the right programs and use them properly. It is an essential part
of every computer system.

Types of Software

• System Software – operating system like Windows and Linux

• Application Software – Word, Excel, browsers
• Utility Software – antivirus, disk cleanup
• Programming Software – tools used to create programs

C. Peopleware (Users)

Peopleware refers to the people who use and operate the computer system. It includes anyone
who interacts with the computer, from beginners to professionals. Peopleware is considered
the most important component because computers depend on users to function.

Users give instructions to the computer by using hardware and software. They enter data, run
programs, and interpret results. Without peopleware, the computer would not be able to
perform useful tasks. Human involvement makes the system meaningful and productive.

Peopleware includes different kinds of users with different roles. Some people use computers
for learning and communication, while others maintain and manage computer systems. Each
type of user contributes to the success of the system. Their knowledge and skills affect how
well the computer is used.

In schools, students and teachers use computers for research and presentations. In businesses,
employees use computers for communication and record keeping. At home, families use
computers for entertainment and daily tasks. Peopleware connects human activity with
technology.

As computers become more advanced, users must continue learning new skills. Responsible
use of computers helps protect data and equipment. Peopleware plays a major role in making
technology helpful and effective in daily life.

Types of Peopleware

• End Users – students, teachers, office workers, home users

• IT Professionals – programmers, technicians, network administrators
• Data Encoders – people who input information into the system
• Managers – people who use computer data for decision-making
What to do : Question-and-answer sessions using real computer parts or images

What to do:
The PC Hardware Challenge
Q1: The Brain

Question: This component executes instructions and processes data. It’s often called the
"brain" of the computer. What is it?

Answer: The CPU (Central Processing Unit).

Q2: The Short-Term Memory

Question: This long, thin stick provides high-speed, volatile storage for applications
currently running. What is it?

Answer: RAM (Random Access Memory).

Q3: The Foundation

Question: This is the main circuit board that connects every other part of the computer
together. What is it?

Answer: The Motherboard.

Q4: The Heavy Lifter

Question: Essential for gamers and video editors, this part handles the rendering of images
and video. What is it?

Answer: The GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) or Video Card.

Q5: The Silent Storage

Question: This storage device has no moving parts and uses flash memory to load files
almost instantly. What is it?

Answer: SSD (Solid State Drive).

Q6: The Power Plant

Question: This box converts electricity from your wall outlet into the specific voltages your
PC components need. What is it?

Answer: The PSU (Power Supply Unit).

Q7: The Heat Dissipator

Question: Without this metal finned block (and usually a fan), your CPU would overheat in
seconds. What is it?

Answer: The Heatsink (or CPU Cooler).

Q8: The Legacy Storage

Question: This device uses spinning magnetic platters to store large amounts of data at a
lower cost. What is it?

Answer: HDD (Hard Disk Drive).

Q9: The Interface

Question: This is the specific slot on the motherboard where you plug in your Graphics Card.
What is it called?

Answer: The PCIe Slot (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express).

Q10: The Small Protector

Question: This tiny silver circle on the motherboard keeps the BIOS settings and system
clock running even when the PC is unplugged. What is it?

Answer: The CMOS Battery.

Lesson 3 : HARDWARE COMPONENTS

Hardware components are the physical parts of a computer that work together to perform
tasks. These components allow users to input data, process information, store files, and
produce output. Each hardware component has a specific function, and when combined, they
make the computer system fully operational. Below are the main hardware components and
their types with detailed explanations.

a. Input Devices

Input devices are hardware components used to enter data and instructions into the computer.
They serve as the communication link between the user and the computer system. Through
input devices, users can type, click, speak, or scan information so that the computer can
process it. Without input devices, it would be difficult for users to interact with the computer.

These devices help convert human actions into digital signals that the computer can
understand. For example, when a user types on a keyboard, the computer receives the data
and processes it. Input devices make it possible to perform tasks such as writing documents,
browsing the internet, and creating designs. They are essential in both personal and
professional environments.

Input devices are widely used in schools, offices, hospitals, and businesses. They make work
easier and faster by allowing users to send commands quickly. Modern input devices have
become more advanced and user-friendly. Some devices now support touch, voice, and
motion control. These developments improve user experience and productivity.

Types of Input Devices

1. Keyboard
The keyboard is the most common input device used to enter text, numbers, and commands.
It contains letters, numbers, and special keys that allow users to communicate with the
computer. It is widely used for typing documents, sending emails, and entering data. The
keyboard is important because it allows fast and accurate input. Almost every computer
system uses a keyboard as a basic input tool.

2. Mouse
The mouse is a pointing device used to move the cursor on the screen. It helps users click,
select, drag, and open files or programs. It makes navigation easier and more interactive. The
mouse is especially useful when working with graphics and menus. It allows users to control
the computer with simple hand movements.

3. Scanner
A scanner is used to convert printed documents or images into digital form. It captures text
and pictures and saves them on the computer. This device is useful for keeping digital copies
of important papers. It helps reduce the need for manual typing. Scanners are commonly used
in offices and schools.

4. Microphone
A microphone is used to input sound into the computer. It records voice, music, or any audio
signal. This device is useful for online meetings, voice recordings, and video calls. It also
supports voice commands in some systems. Microphones make communication easier and
more natural.

b. Processing Devices (CPU, Memory)

Processing devices are responsible for performing calculations and executing instructions in
the computer. These components handle the actual work of turning input data into meaningful
information. They control how data is processed, stored, and transferred. The processing part
is often called the "brain" of the computer because it manages all operations.

The most important processing device is the Central Processing Unit (CPU). It interprets
instructions from software and carries them out step by step. Another important component is
memory, which temporarily stores data that the CPU is currently using. These devices work
together to ensure smooth and fast performance.

Processing devices make it possible for computers to perform tasks such as opening
programs, editing files, and running applications. They handle millions of instructions every
second. Without processing components, the computer would not be able to function or
respond to user commands. They are essential for system speed and performance.

As technology improves, processing devices become faster and more efficient. Modern
computers now have powerful processors and large memory capacity. These improvements
allow users to run multiple programs at the same time. Processing devices play a major role
in the overall performance of a computer system.

Types of Processing Devices

1. Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The CPU is the main processor of the computer. It performs calculations and carries out
instructions from software and users. It controls all the operations of the computer system.
The CPU processes data step by step and produces results quickly. It is often called the brain
of the computer because it manages all activities.

2. Random Access Memory (RAM)

RAM is a temporary memory that stores data currently being used by the computer. It helps
the CPU access information quickly. When a program is opened, it is loaded into RAM for
fast processing. RAM improves the speed and performance of the system. However, the data
in RAM is lost when the computer is turned off.

3. Read-Only Memory (ROM)

ROM is a type of memory that permanently stores important instructions needed to start the
computer. It contains basic system information that does not change. Unlike RAM, the data
in ROM remains even when the computer is turned off. It helps the computer boot up
properly. ROM is essential for system startup.

c. Output Devices

Output devices are hardware components that present the results of processed data to the
user. They allow users to see, hear, or receive information from the computer. After the
computer processes input data, the output devices display the results in a form that humans
can understand. These devices complete the communication process between the computer
and the user.

Output devices are important because they show the final outcome of the computer’s work.
For example, when a document is typed, the monitor displays it on the screen. When printing
is needed, the printer produces a hard copy. These devices make the information useful and
accessible.

They are used in many environments such as schools, offices, and homes. Output devices
support learning, entertainment, and communication. They allow users to watch videos, listen
to music, and print reports. Without output devices, users would not be able to see or hear the
results of their commands.
Types of Output Devices

1. Monitor
The monitor is the main output device that displays text, images, and videos. It allows users
to see what they are doing on the computer. It is essential for almost all computer tasks. The
monitor provides visual feedback for input and processing activities. It is commonly used in
homes, schools, and offices.

2. Printer
A printer produces a physical copy of documents and images. It is useful for printing reports,
assignments, and pictures. Printers are widely used in offices and schools. They make it easy
to share and keep records in paper form. Printers help turn digital information into printed
output.

3. Speakers
Speakers produce sound output from the computer. They allow users to hear music, videos,
and system alerts. They are commonly used for entertainment and communication. Speakers
improve the multimedia experience. They are often built into laptops and external devices.

4. Headphones
Headphones provide private listening. They are useful for online classes, gaming, and music.
They prevent sound from disturbing others. Headphones improve sound clarity and focus.
Many users prefer them for personal use.

d. Storage Devices

Storage devices are hardware components used to save data, programs, and information for
future use. They allow users to keep files even after the computer is turned off. Storage plays
an important role in keeping important documents, pictures, videos, and software safe.
Without storage devices, all data would be lost once the computer shuts down.

These devices come in different types and sizes depending on storage capacity and speed.
Some storage devices are built inside the computer, while others are portable. They make it
possible to transfer data from one computer to another. Storage devices support both
temporary and permanent storage needs.

Storage is essential in daily computer use. Students use storage to save schoolwork, while
businesses use it to keep records and reports. The development of modern storage devices has
made it easier to store large amounts of data. They have become faster, smaller, and more
reliable.

Types of Storage Devices

1. Hard Disk Drive (HDD)

The hard disk drive is the main storage device found inside a computer. It stores large
amounts of data, including the operating system, programs, and files. It keeps information
even when the computer is turned off. HDDs are commonly used because they provide large
storage capacity. They are important for long-term data storage.
2. Solid-State Drive (SSD)
SSD is a faster type of storage device compared to HDD. It has no moving parts, which
makes it more durable. It allows the computer to start faster and open programs quickly.
SSDs improve overall system performance. Many modern computers use SSDs for speed and
reliability.

3. USB Flash Drive

A USB flash drive is a small, portable storage device. It is used to store and transfer files
between computers. It is easy to carry and simple to use. It connects through the USB port.
USB drives are useful for saving documents and presentations.

4. Memory Card
Memory cards are small storage devices commonly used in cameras and mobile devices.
They store photos, videos, and files. They can also be used in computers through a card
reader. Memory cards are convenient and portable. They are useful for expanding storage
capacity.

What to do:

A hands-on identification guide is the best way to understand how a computer works. Below
is a detailed breakdown of the internal and external hardware components you would
encounter when opening a computer case or setting up a workstation.
What I have learned: unit test

Name: Year & section: Score:

Test I: Multiple Choice (15 Items)
Choose the best answer for each question write your answer before the number.
1. Which cycle describes the fundamental logic of all computing?
a. Process-Input-Output
b. Input-Process-Output (IPO)
c. Output-Storage-Input
d. Input-Storage-Delete
[Link] called the "brain" of the computer, this component executes instructions.
a. Motherboard
b. RAM
c. CPU
d. Hard Drive
[Link] component of "Peopleware" is responsible for inputting information into the
system?
a. IT Professionals
b. Data Encoders
c. Managers
d. System Software
[Link] type of software acts as a translator between the user and the hardware (e.g.,
Windows or Linux)? . [Link] Software
b. Programming Software
c. Operating System
d. Utility Software
[Link] principle "GIGO" stands for:
a. Graphics In, Graphics Out
b. General Input, General Output
c. Garbage In, Garbage Out
d. Global Input, Global Output
[Link] part of the CPU is specifically responsible for mathematical calculations and
logic?
a. Control Unit (CU)
b. ALU
c. CMOS
d. PCIe
7. RAM is considered "volatile" memory because:
a. It is very fast
b. It is expensive
c. It loses data when power is turned off
d. It permanently stores the BIOS
8. Which device is used to convert printed documents into digital form?
a. Printer
b. Scanner
c. Monitor
d. Microphone
[Link] storage device has no moving parts and is known for high speed?
a. HDD
b. SSD
c. DVD
d. Magnetic Platter
[Link] component keeps the system clock running even when the PC is unplugged.
a. PSU
b. CMOS Battery
c. RAM
d. Heatsink
11. Which of the following is an example of "Application Software"?
 a. Windows 11
b. Linux
c. Web Browser
d. Antivirus
12. The main circuit board that connects all computer parts together is the:
a. Motherboard
b. CPU
c. PSU
d. System Unit
[Link] output device provides a "hard copy" of a document?
a. Monitor
b. Speaker
c. Printer
d. USB Flash Drive
14. What is the primary function of the Power Supply Unit (PSU)?
a. To store files
b. To process graphics
c. To convert wall outlet electricity to usable voltages
d. To cool the CPU
15. "Liveware" is another term for:
a. Hardware
b. Software
c. Users
d. Storage

Test II: True or False

Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if it is incorrect write your answer
before the number.
16. Hardware refers to the intangible digital instructions of a computer.
17. A computer can function effectively even if one of its major components
(Hardware, Software, Peopleware) is missing.
18. System software manages the computer's internal resources.
19. Without a user, a computer system has no ultimate purpose or intent.
20. Application software is designed for specific user tasks like accounting or
browsing.
21. The Control Unit (CU) performs the actual arithmetic calculations.
22. ROM (Read-Only Memory) is lost when the computer is shut down.
23. The PCIe slot is used to plug in components like Graphics Cards.
24. A Heatsink is necessary to prevent the CPU from overheating.
25. RAM serves as a high-speed "workspace" for currently running tasks.
26. A Keyboard is an example of an output device.
27. Secondary storage (like an HDD) provides permanent home for files.
28. SSDs are generally slower than HDDs because they use flash memory.
29. A Microphone is used to input sound into the computer.
30. The "GIGO" principle means the computer will correct any mistakes made by the
user automatically.
Test III: Matching Type
Match the component/term in Column A with its description in Column B. Write the
letter of the correct answer before the number .
Column A (Term) Column B (Description)
31. Hardware A. People who maintain and manage systems
32. Peopleware B. The physical, touchable components
33. IT Professionals C. The users, programmers, and operators
34. Software D. Examples are Word, Excel, and Chrome
35. Application Software E. Digital instructions for the hardware
36. CPU F. The main circuit board
37. Motherboard G. The "Brain" of the system
38. RAM H. Short-term, volatile memory
39. ROM I. Contains startup instructions (non-volatile)
40. GPU J. Handles rendering of images and video
41. HDD K. Uses spinning magnetic platters
42. SSD L. Portable storage connecting via USB port
43. USB Flash Drive M. Fast storage with no moving parts
44. Monitor N. Main visual output device
45. Keyboard O. Most common text input device
Students output: Mapping the Computer Ecosystem
Objective: Organize the provided terms into a logical hierarchy that reflects how a computer
system processes data into information.

1. The Visual Framework

2. Terms to Categorize

Use the "Word Bank" below to fill in your map. Start with the Computer System at the top,
then branch out into the Three Major Components.

Word Bank:

 Hardware: CPU, RAM, SSD, Keyboard, Monitor, Motherboard, Mouse, Printer.

 Software: Operating System (Windows/Linux), Application Software (Chrome/Word),
System Software.
 Peopleware: End Users, IT Professionals, Data Encoders.
 Concepts: Input, Process, Output, Storage, GIGO, Volatile vs. Non-Volatile.

Step-by-Step Construction Guide

To build a high-quality map, follow these logical connections (Propositions):

1. The Core Cycle: Connect Input Devices to Processing Devices, then to Output
Devices. Label the arrows "sends data to" or "displays results from."
2. The Memory Split: Create two branches under Memory.
o RAM (Label: Volatile/Temporary)
o SSD/HDD (Label: Non-Volatile/Permanent)
3. The Software Bridge: Draw a line from Users to Application Software, and from
Application Software to System Software. This shows the "layers" of interaction.
4. The "Brain" Detail: Under the CPU, create two sub-nodes for the ALU (Math) and
the CU (Direction).

Critical Thinking Challenge

Once your map is drawn, answer these three "Connection Questions":

 The Power Cut: If you remove the connection between the PSU and the
Motherboard, which other components immediately stop functioning?
 The GIGO Link: Draw a dashed line from Peopleware to Output. Label it "GIGO."
Why is the user responsible for the quality of the output?
 The OS Anchor: Why is the Operating System placed between the User and the
Hardware?
 Rubric: Mapping the Computer Ecosystem (100 Points)
Developing (60-74 Beginning (Below 60
Categories Mastery (90-100 pts) Proficient (75-89 pts)
pts) pts)

All terms from the Word

Bank are present and 3-5 terms are
I. Categorization & 1-2 terms are missing or Major categories are
perfectly categorized misplaced (e.g.,
Word Bank (30 placed in the wrong missing or terms are
under Hardware, RAM under
Points) sub-category. randomly placed.
Software, and Software).
Peopleware.

The IPO flow (Input $\ The cycle is

II. The "Core
rightarrow$ Process $\ IPO flow is correct, but incomplete (e.g.,
Cycle" & No clear logical flow
rightarrow$ Output) is labels on the arrows are missing Output) or
Propositions (25 or cycle is illustrated.
clear with perfect labels generic or missing. arrows point the
Points)
like "sends data to." wrong way.

CPU is split into ALU/CU. Only one sub-node No technical sub-

III. Technical CPU sub-nodes are
Memory is correctly (either Memory nodes; internal parts
Depth (Memory & present but definitions
split into Volatile (RAM) split or CPU split) is are just listed as a
CPU) (20 Points) are slightly unclear.
vs. Non-Volatile (SSD). included. group.

Answers are correct but

All 3 challenge Only 1-2 questions Questions are skipped
IV. Critical lack the "why" (e.g.,
questions are answered are answered, or or answers show no
Thinking Answers "everything stops"
with deep technical answers contain understanding of the
(15 Points) without mentioning the
logic and clarity. significant errors. IPO/GIGO principles.
Motherboard).

The map is
The map is professional, The map is mostly The map is
V. Presentation & cluttered and
easy to read, and flows organized but has some disorganized, making
Hierarchy (10 difficult to follow;
logically from general to overlapping lines or it nearly impossible to
Points) hierarchy is
specific. messy layout. trace connections.
inconsistent.