CLASS VIII
SOCIAL SCIENCE
CHAPTER 6 Manufacturing Industries
REFERENCE NOTES
Meaning of manufacturing:-
The literal meaning of manufacturing is “to make a product by hand”. The
conversion of raw material into more useful and valuable commodity with
the help of machines or tools is called manufacturing.
For example, processing of iron ore to get steel, cotton to get cloth, wood to
get pulp and pulp for paper, etc.
Utility of a product:-
The value and utility of a product increases with the change in the form of
raw material through processing.
For example, the utility and value of iron-ore increases many times when it
is converted to steel. Its value increases when it is transformed into machines
and tools.
Industrial development is recognized as a yardstick for
measuring the economic development of a country.
Importance of Manufacturing Industries:-
1. Industry converts raw material into a useful finished product.
2. The manufacturing process transforms natural resources into useful and
saleable products.
3. It also generates scope for employment and increases national earnings
through local and foreign trade.
4. An industrial labourer earns more wages than an agricultural labourer.
5. Thus, industries play an important role in making a country economically
prosperous.
CLASSSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIES
Nature of Source of Raw
Size Finished Ownership
Material
Product
• Cottage or • Basic • Agro-based • Public Sector
Household • Consumer • Forest-based • Private
• Small Scale • Animal-based Sector
• Large Scale • Mineral- • Joint Sector
based • Co-operative
Sector
COTTAGE OR SMALL SCALE LARGE SCALE
HOUSEHOLD INDUSTRY INDUSTRY INDUSTRY
These are the smallest Small scale industry is Large scale industry
manufacturing units. an extended form of a uses heavy machinery,
cottage industry. The which is driven by
manufacturing is done power.
by machines in
In cottage industry, a addition to manpower. It requires a wide
craftsman variety of raw
manufactures the It requires small materials, large scale
goods by using locally machines driven by investment and work
available raw material. power, small amount force to manufacture
of capital investment the final product.
She/ He carries out the and less human labour.
work at home where The basic raw material For example, iron and
the family members is obtained from steel, textile, heavy
join in making the outside, if not available machines and tools,
goods. in local market. ship-building
petrochemicals, etc.
For example, potter, The finished products
blacksmith, weaver are sold in open market
and craftsman, etc. through traders.
For example, paper
goods, toys, furniture,
edible oils, leather
products, etc.
BASIC INDUSTRY CONSUMER GOODS INDUSTRY
Finished products of this industry are This industry produced goods for
used as raw material for other direct use by consumers.
industries.
For example, edible oils, bread,
For example, iron and steel industry biscuits, soap, radio, television, etc.
produces steel which is used in the
manufacturing of machine tools. Thus,
iron and steel industry becomes a basic
industry.
AGRO-BASED FOREST BASED ANIMAL BASED MINERAL BASED
INDUSTRY INDUSTRY INDUSTRY INDUSTRY
The industries The industries These These
using which use industries use industries are
agricultural forest products animal dependent on
products as as their raw products as minerals as
their raw material are raw material. their raw
material are called forest material.
known as agro- based industry. For example,
based milk, egg, For example,
industries. For example, leather, fish, iron and steel,
paper, etc. copper
For example, furniture, smelting,
tea, sugar, packing petrochemical,
cotton textile, material, cement, etc.
vegetable oil, medicines
etc. from medicinal
plants, etc.
PUBLIC SECTOR PRIVATE SECTOR JOINT SECTOR CO-OPERATIVE
SECTOR
When the This type of It is owned It is owned and
ownership and industry is and managed managed by a
management owned and jointly by the group of people
of an industry managed by an government belonging to a
is in the hands individual, and private co-operative
of the family or a sector. society.
government or corporate body.
its department, For example, For example,
it is called Individuals Indian Oil, Amul of Gujarat
public sector invest their Ruchi and Lijjat Papad
industry. own capital, or Biofuels, LLP, of
capital is raised Indian Oil Maharashtra(Wo
The through loans PETRONAS men Co-
government or public issues Private Ltd. operative)
establishes and to establish
runs these these industries
industrial and they
decisions. manage them
as private
For example, enterprise.
Bhilai Steel
industry, For example,
Bharat Heavy TISCO(Tata
Electricals. Iron and Steel
Company) at
Jamshedpur,
Reliance at
Ahmedabad
and Vadodra,
Birla Mills at
Delhi, etc.
Needs of an Industry
Availability of raw materials, resources, power, transportation, capital,
manufacturing process, skilled manpower, distance to the trading centre,
FACTORS INFLUENCING LOCATION OF AN INDUSTRY
GEOGRAPHICAL FACTORS:- These include land, climate, availability of raw
materials, means of power in order to reach the market and also the sources where
raw materials are available.
NON-GEOGRAPHICAL FACTORS:- These include government policies,
capital, management, banking, labour and developed means of transport and
insurance, personal preferences of the owners of the industry.
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