General Chemistry (CHEM 111)

Chapter 3

Stoichiometry

Xueying Qin
Key Idea
The relationship between quantities of materials
in a chemical reaction
1

Avogadro’s Number: One Mole

§ Chemists often use a measuring unit called the mole

§ Mole or Avogadro’s number (NA) is defined as

1 Mole of atoms = 6.022 x 1023 atoms

602200000000000000000000 (huge number)

Conversion factor
• symbol: mol

1
 Counting Atoms Using Moles

Purchase: 1 bag of rice

50,000 grains
weigh 1,000 g

6.022 x 1023 atoms of zinc

weigh 65.39 g

Counting Atoms Using Moles

§ A mole happens to be the exact number of atoms present in a
sample that weighs the element’s atomic weight

6.022 x 1023 atoms of zinc

weigh 65.39 g

50,000 grains of rice

weigh 1,000 g

6.022 x 1023 atoms of magnesium

weigh 24.305 g

10,000 M&M’s
weigh 8,770 g 4

2
 Molar Mass
§ Molar mass of an element is mass in grams of one mole of atoms
of the element
§ One mole of element has mass in grams equal to its atomic weight
§ 1 mole of Fe has 6.022 x 1023 number of atoms and weighs
55.847 g
1 mole of Fe = 55.847 g Molar mass
of Fe

§ 1 mole of Al has 6.022 x 1023 number of atoms and weighs

26.98 g
1 mole of Al = 26.98 g Molar mass
of Al

Conversion factor 5

Counting Atoms Using Moles

§ How many atoms are in 5.5 moles of atoms

1 Mole of atoms = 6.022 x 1023 atoms

6.022×10!" 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠
5.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 × = 3.3×10!# 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒

§ How many moles of Cs are there in a sample that contains

6.21x1022 cesium atoms?

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
6.21×10!! 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠 × = 0.103 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
6.022×10!" 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠

3
 § What is the mass in grams of 4.30 moles of Aluminum?

26.98 𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑙
𝑀$% = 26.98 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 4.3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑙 × 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑙

= 116 𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑙

§ How many moles are present in 1.00 g of Fe?

𝑀&' = 55.8 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑒
1.00 𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑒 ×
55.8 𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑒

= 0.0179 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑒 7

You are given 1.0 g samples of He, Fe, Li, Si and C. Which
sample contains the largest number of atoms?

A. He 𝑔
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 =
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
B. Fe
C. Li
D. Si
For a particular weight, as the molar mass
E. C decreases, the number of atoms increases

iclicker
8

4
 Put the following elements in order from smallest to largest mass:
1. 3.79 x 1024 atoms of Fe (MFe = 55.85 g/mol)
2. 9.221 moles of Na (MNa = 22.99 g/mol)
3. 1.82 x 10 5 mg of Al (MAl = 26.98 g/mol)

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 55.8 𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑒
3.79×10!" 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠 × × = 351 𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑒
6.022×10!# 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑒

22.99 𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎
9.221 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎 × = 212 𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎
𝟑<𝟐<𝟏
1𝑔
1.82 ×10$ 𝑚𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑙 × = 182 𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑙
1000 𝑚𝑔
9

Molar Mass of Compounds/Molecules

§ Mass in grams of one mole of the compound
§ The molar mass of a molecule is the sum of the atomic weights of all the
atoms in the molecule

§ Molar mass of compound is also referred as molecular weight or formula

weight of the compound

Example:
What is the molar mass of NaCl?

From the periodic table atomic weights of Na = 22.990 g/mol and Cl = 35.453
g/mol
§ Therefore the molar mass of NaCl = 22.990 + 35.453 = 58.443 g/mol

§ One mole (6.022 x 1023 molecules) of NaCl weighs 58.443 grams

10

10

5
 Molar Mass
What is the molecular weight of methane gas (CH4)?

𝐶 = 12.01 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻 = 1.01 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝐻# = 12.01 + 4× 1.01

𝑀()% = 16.05 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

What is the molecular weight of Isopentyl acetate (CH3CO2C5H11)?

𝐶*𝐻+#𝑂!
𝑀(& )'% ,( = 7×12.01 + 14×1.01 + 2×16.00
𝐶 = 12.01 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐻 = 1.01 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 130.21 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑂 = 16.00 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
11

11

Moles and Molar Mass

How many moles in 127.5 grams of NaCl?

𝑀-.(% = 58.44 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟:

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
127.5 𝑔 × = 2.182 𝑚𝑜𝑙
58.44 𝑔

𝑜𝑟: 𝑔
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 =
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
127.5 𝑔
= = 2.182 𝑚𝑜𝑙
58.44 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 12

12

6
 Moles and Molar Mass

How many molecules in 2.00 g of NH3? Molar mass of NH3 = 17.03 g/mol

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 6.022×10!" 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠

2.00 𝑔 × ×
17.03 𝑔 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙

= 0.707×10!" 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠

= 7.07×10!! 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠

13

13

How many hydrogen atoms are present in 2.32 g of NH3?

(Molar mass of NH3 = 17.03 g/mole)

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝐻3 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐻 6.022×10!" 𝐻 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠

2.32 𝑔 𝑁𝐻3 × × ×
17.03 𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝐻3 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝐻3 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐻

= 2.46×10!" 𝐻 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠

14

14

7
 Capsaicin is the compound that gives the hot taste to Chili peppers
has the formula C18H27NO3

Calculate the number of moles of Carbon in 55 mg of Capsaicin (Cap)

Molar mass of C18H27NO3 = 305.42 g/mol

1𝑔
55 𝑚𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝑝 × = 55×10/" 𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝑝
10"𝑚𝑔

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝑝 18 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐶

55×10/" 𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝑝 × ×
305.42 𝑔 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝑝

= 3.2×10/" 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐶
15

15

Percent Composition by Mass

§ Percentage composition is the percentage, by mass, of each element
in the compound
§ Also referred to as percent by mass
§ In other words, % composition of an element is the mass of an element
present in exactly 100 g of a compound

#$%&'( *+ ,-*%. *+ %*0,( %,.. *+

-/' '0'%'1- -/' '0'%'1-
% composition of an element = x 100%
%*0,( %,.. *+ -/' 2*%3*$14

§ The sum of all the percent composition values for a compound must
equal to 100%

16

16

8
 Percent Composition
§ Calculate the percent composition, by mass, of C and H in C3H8

𝑀(* )+ = 3 × 12.01 + 8 × 1.01

= 36.03 + 8.08 = 44.11 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

3×12.01 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
% 𝑜𝑓 𝐶 = ×100% = 81.68% 𝑜𝑓 𝐶
44.11 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

8×1.01 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
% 𝑜𝑓 𝐻 = ×100% = 18.32 % 𝑜𝑓 𝐻
44.11 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑜𝑟, % 𝑜𝑓 𝐻 = 100% − 81.68 % = 18.32 %

17

17

Percent Composition
§ Calculate the percent composition, by mass, of oxygen in C3H6O3 (MC =
12.01 g/mol, MH = 1.01 g/mol, MO = 16.00 g/mol)

A. 53 𝑀(* ), ,* = 3×12.01 + 6×1.01 + 3×16.00

B. 41.77
C. 53.28
= 90.09 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
D. 17.76
3×16.00
% 𝑜𝑓 𝑂 = ×100%
90.09

= 53.28 %

iclicker
18

18

9
 Empirical Formula and Molecular Formula
§ Empirical formula is the simplest whole-number ratio of elements
present in the compound

§ Unlike molecular formula, empirical formula does not provide

information of number of atoms in a molecule

Example:
C6H12O6 (glucose) and C5H10O5 (ribose) have the same empirical formula
CH2O but different molecular formula

𝐶: 𝐻;< 𝑂: ÷ 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑡𝑠 𝑏𝑦 6 = 𝐶𝐻< 𝑂

𝐶= 𝐻;> 𝑂= ÷ 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑡𝑠 𝑏𝑦 5 = 𝐶𝐻< 𝑂
19

19

Empirical Formula and Molecular Formula

What are the empirical formulae of C3H8 (propane) and C6H14 (hexane)?

𝐶? 𝐻@ : Both molecular formula and empirical formula

6 𝐶 3 𝐶
𝐶: 𝐻;A : = 𝐶? 𝐻B : empirical formula
14 𝐻 7 𝐻

Formula Molar mass (g/mol)

C3H7 43.10
C6H14 86.20

molecular formula is a whole-number multiple of its empirical formula

20

20

10
 Empirical Formula from % Mass
§ A pure compound always consists of the same elements combined in
the same proportions by weight

§ We can determine the empirical formula from a compound’s elemental

% mass

Example:

Hydrazine is composed of 87.42% Nitrogen and 12.58% Hydrogen. Molar

mass = 32.06 g/mole. What is the empirical and molecular formula of
hydrazine

Step A: Determine the empirical formula

Step B: Use empirical formula and molar mass to determine the molecular
formula
21

21

Empirical Formula from % Mass

Step A: Determine the empirical formula

Hydrazine is composed of 87.42% Nitrogen and 12.58% Hydrogen. Molar

mass of hydrazine = 32.06 g/mole. What is the empirical and molecular
formula of hydrazine

Step 1: Convert the data given to grams for each element. If you are given
in % for each element, then just change the units from % to grams

87.42 % 𝑜𝑓 𝑁 → 87.42 𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑁

12.58 % 𝑜𝑓 𝐻 → 12.58 𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐻

22

22

11
 Empirical Formula from % Mass
Step A: Determine the empirical formula

Step 2: Convert grams of each element to moles by dividing by the atomic

mass of the element

𝑀- = 14.01 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑀) = 1.01 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑁
87.42 𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑁 × = 6.240 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑁
14.01 𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑁

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐻
12.58 𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐻 × = 12.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐻
1.01 𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐻

23

23

Empirical Formula from % Mass

Step 3: Divide each value from step 2 by the smallest of the values from
step 2 and round your answers to whole numbers
6.240 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑁
= 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑁
6.240

12.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐻
= 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐻
6.240

Step 4: The resulting mole values are the subscripts in the empirical
formula
𝑁 𝐻O

24

24

12
 Molecular Formula from Empirical Formula
Step B: Use empirical formula and molar mass of compound (Mhydrazine =
32.06 g/mol) to determine the molecular formula

Step 1: Calculate the molar mass of the empirical formula

𝑁𝐻O 𝑀- = 14.01 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑀) = 1.01 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑀-)( = 1 × 14.01 + 2 × 1.01 = 16.03 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

Step 2: Divide the molar mass that is given by the number obtained in step
1 and round your answer to the nearest whole number

𝑀1234.567' 32.06 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

= =2
𝑀'89646:.% 16.03 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
25

25

Molecular Formula from Empirical Formula

Step 3: Multiply the subscript for each element in empirical formula by the
whole number obtained in step 2

𝑁𝐻O ×2 = 𝑁O𝐻P

26

26

13
 Empirical Formula from % Mass
Nicotine has a % composition of 74.0% C, 8.65% H and 17.35% N.
What is the empirical formula of Nicotine?

𝐶 = 74.0 𝑔 𝑀( = 12.01 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝐻 = 8.65 𝑔 𝑀) = 1.01 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑁 = 17.35 𝑔 𝑀- = 14.01 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶: 74.0 𝑔 × = 6.16 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐶
12.01 𝑔

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐻: 8.65 𝑔 × = 8.56 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐻
1.01 𝑔

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 Lowest
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁: 17.35 𝑔 × = 1.238 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑁 moles
14.01 𝑔
27

27

Empirical Formula from % Mass

Nicotine has a % composition of 74.0% C, 8.65% H and 17.35% N.
What is the empirical formula of Nicotine? 6.16 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐶
8.56 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐻
1.238 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑁

Divide all mole quantities by 1.238 moles

6.16 1.238
𝐶= = 4.98 ≈ 5 𝑁= =1
1.238 1.238

8.56
𝐻= = 6.91 ≈ 7
1.238

𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎: 𝐶= 𝐻B 𝑁
28

28

14
 An Intro to Chemical Equations
Stoichiometric Stoichiometric
coefficient coefficient
“Goes to”
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

Physical state*

+ +

Same numbers and kinds of atoms on each side of the arrow

(g) = gas (s) = solid (l) = liquid (aq) = aqueous which means
dissolved in water
29

29

An Intro to Chemical Equations

Law of Conservation of Matter: Matter can be

neither created nor destroyed. Atoms are
conserved in chemical reaction

Antoine Lavoisier

CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

C: 1 C: 1
H: 4 H: 4
O: 4 O: 4

The equation is balanced 30

30

15
 Balance a Chemical Equation

1. Begin with atoms that appear in only 1 compound on the left

and only 1 compound on the right

2. If an element appears in more than 1 compound in the

reactants or products, balance that one later.

3. If an atom occurs as free element, balance this element last

4. Only coefficients change, NEVER change the subscripts within a

chemical formula

5. Coefficients are the lowest possible whole numbers

31

31

Balancing Chemical Equations

§ Combustion of Mg: Burning Mg in the presence of oxygen (O2)

Mg(s) + O2(g) MgO(g)

Mg: 1 Mg: 1
O: 2 O: 1

Mg(s) + O2(g) 2 MgO(g)

Mg: 1 Mg: 2
O: 2 O: 2

2 Mg(s) + O2(g) 2 MgO(g)

Mg: 2 Mg: 2
O: 2 O: 2
Balanced
32

32

16
 Balancing Chemical Equations
§ To correctly describe a reaction we must balance the reaction equation
C3H8(g) + O2(g) CO2(g) + H2O(g)
C: 3 C: 1
H: 8 H: 2
O: 2 O: 3

C3H8(g) + O2(g) 3 CO2(g) + H2O(g)

C: 3 C: 3
H: 8 H: 2
O: 2 O: 7

33

33

Balancing Chemical Equations

C3H8(g) + O2(g) 3 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(g)

C: 3 C: 3
H: 8 H: 8
O: 2 O: 10

C3H8(g) + 5 O2(g) 3 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(g)

C: 3 C: 3
H: 8 H: 8
O: 10 O: 10

Balanced
34

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17
 Balancing Chemical Equations

aC2H5OH(l) + bO2(g) → cCO2(g) + dH2O(l)

A. a = 2, b = 1, c = 2, d = 5
B. a = 1, b = 1, c = 1, d = 1
C. a = 1, b = 3, c = 2, d = 3
D. a = 2, b = 6, c = 2, d = 3

iclicker
35

35

Balancing Chemical Equations

C2H5OH(l) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(l)
C: 2 C: 1
H: 6 H: 2
O: 3 O: 3

C2H5OH(l) + O2(g) → 2 CO2(g) + H2O(l)

C: 2 C: 2
H: 6 H: 2
O: 3 O: 5

C2H5OH(l) + O2(g) → 2 CO2(g) + 3 H2O(l)

C: 2 C: 2
H: 6 H: 6
O: 3 O: 7

C2H5OH(l) + 3 O2(g) → 2 CO2(g) + 3 H2O(l)

C: 2, H: 6, O: 7 C: 2, H: 6, O: 7 36
iclicker
36

18
 Reaction Stoichiometry
§ Is the study of the relationships between the amount of reactants and
products on the macroscopic scale

Determine the amount (moles) of H2SO4 consumed and the amount

(moles) of MgSO4 produced when 3.5 mol of Mg3N2 reacts

Mg3N2(s) + H2SO4(aq) MgSO4(s) + (NH4)2SO4(s)

37

37

Reaction Stoichiometry
Step 1: Balance the chemical reaction
Mg3N2(s) + H2SO4(aq) → MgSO4(s) + (NH4)2SO4(s)
Mg: 3 Mg: 1
N: 2 N: 2
H: 2 H: 8
S: 1 S: 2
O: 4 O: 8

Mg3N2(s) + 4 H2SO4(aq) → 3 MgSO4(s) + (NH4)2SO4(s)

Mg: 3 Mg: 3
N: 2 N: 2
H: 8 H: 8
S: 4 S: 4
O: 16 O: 16
38

38

19
 Reaction Stoichiometry
Determine the amount (moles) of H2SO4 consumed and the amount
(moles) of MgSO4 produced when 3.5 mol of Mg3N2 reacts

Step 2: Convert the amounts all reactant to moles and use the
stoichiometric coefficients to create a reactant-to-product ratio

Mg3N2(s) + 4H2SO4(aq) 3MgSO4(s) + (NH4)2SO4(s)

For balanced reaction:

1mol Mg3N2 = 4 mol H2SO4 = 3 mol MgSO4 = 1 mol (NH4)2SO4

All relationships are conversion factors!

39

39

Reaction Stoichiometry
Determine the amount (moles) of H2SO4 consumed and the amount
(moles) of MgSO4 produced when 3.5 mol of Mg3N2 reacts

Step 2: Convert the amounts all reactant to moles and use the
stoichiometric coefficients to create a reactant-to-product ratio

Mg3N2(s) + 4H2SO4(aq) 3MgSO4(s) + (NH4)2SO4(s)

4 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻! 𝑆𝑂"
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓𝐻! 𝑆𝑂" = 3.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 Mg3N2 ×
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 Mg3N2
= 14 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠

3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂"
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂" = 3.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 Mg3N2 ×
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 Mg3N2
= 11 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
40

40

20
 Reaction Stoichiometry

Calculate the mass in grams of CO2 produced when 2.48 mol of HCl are
consumed. Molar mass of CO2 = 44.01 g/mol
CaCO3(s) + HCl(aq) CaCl2(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

A. 2.48 g of CO2
B. 109 g of CO2
C. 218 g of CO2
D. 54.6 g of CO2
E. 1.00 g of CO2

41

41

Reaction Stoichiometry

Calculate the mass in grams of CO2 produced when 2.48 mol of HCl are
consumed. Molar mass of CO2 = 44.01 g/mol
CaCO3(s) + HCl(aq) CaCl2(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

CaCO3(s) + 2 HCl(aq) CaCl2(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑂!
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓𝐶𝑂! = 2.48 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝐶𝑙 × = 1.24 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝐶𝑙

44.01 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓𝐶𝑂! = 1.24 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 × = 54.6 𝑔
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙

42

42

21
 Stoichiometry
— How many grams of nitrogen, N2, are required to produce 7.50 g of ammonia,
NH3, given the following balanced equation.
N 2 (g ) + 3H2 (g ) 2NH3 ( g)

First find how many mol of NH3 are in 7.50 g of NH3

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝐻𝟑
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓𝑁𝐻𝟑 = 7.50 𝑔 𝑁𝐻𝟑 × = 0.441 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
17.0 𝑔 𝑁𝐻𝟑

Next find how many mol of N2 are required to produce this many mol of NH3
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑵!
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓𝑁! = 0.441 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝐻𝟑 × = 0.221 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝐻𝟑

Finally, calculate grams of N2

28.0 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓𝑁! = 0. 𝟐𝟐𝟏 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 × = 6.18 𝑔
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 43

43

Limiting Reagent/Reactant

§ It is the reactant that runs out first in a chemical reaction

§ When the limiting reactant is all used up, no more product can form,
and the reaction stops
§ Excess reactant is what is left over after the reaction stops because the
limiting reactant got all used up
44

44

22
 Limiting Reagent
In a complete combustion reaction of C4H10 a 12 mol of C4H10 is combined
with 120 mol of oxygen. Which is the limiting reactant?

C4H10(g) + O2(g) CO2(g) + H2O(l)

45

45

Limiting Reagent
Step 1: Balance the chemical reaction
C4H10(g) + O2(g) CO2(g) + H2O(l)
C: 4 C: 1
H: 10 H: 2
O: 2 O: 3

C4H10(g) + O2(g) 4 CO2(g) + H2O(l)

C: 4 C: 4
H: 10 H: 2
O: 2 O: 9

C4H10(g) + O2(g) 4 CO2(g) + 5 H2O(l)

C: 4 C: 4
H: 10 H: 10
O: 2 O: 13
46

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23
 Limiting Reagent
Step 1: Balance the chemical reaction
13
C4H10(g) +
2 2
O (g) 4 CO2(g) + 5 H2O(l)
C: 4 C: 4
H: 10 H: 10
O: 13 O: 13

2 C4H10(g) + 13O2(g) 8 CO2(g) + 10 H2O(l)

C: 8 C: 8
H: 20 H: 20
O: 26 O: 26

47

47

Limiting Reagent
In a complete combustion reaction of C4H10 a 12 mol of C4H10 is combined
with 120 mol of oxygen. Which is the limiting reactant?
2C4H10(g) + 13O2(g) 8CO2(g) + 10H2O(l)

Step 2: Convert the amounts all reactant to moles if given in grams

Step 3: Based on the stoichiometric ratios of reactants in the equation,
determine which of your reactant is limiting reagent (the one consumes
less other reagents or produces less product)
13 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑂!
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓𝑂! = 12 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑓 𝐶6 𝐻78 × = 78 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐶6 𝐻78
12 moles of C4H10 require 78 moles of O2, We have 120 moles of O2,
therefore C4H10 is the limiting reagent
JKL KM NKJOKPQR
Limiting reagent is also the least
SKJOKPQR SKTMUVSVTQW
+! 8;% +!< 8;%
C4H10 :
!
= 6.0 𝑚𝑜𝑙 O2 :
+"
= 9.3 𝑚𝑜𝑙
48

48

24
 Limiting Reagent
A 2.00 g of NH3 is combined with 4.00 g of oxygen. What is the limiting
reactant? Calculate the amount in mol of NO formed. (MN = 14.01 g/mol,
MH = 1.01 g/mol, MO = 16.00 g/mol)
NH3(g) + O2(g) NO(g) + H2O(l)
N: 1 N: 1
H: 3 H: 2
O: 2 O: 2
3
NH3(g) + O2(g) NO(g) + H O(l)
2 2
2 NH3(g) + 2 O2(g) 2 NO(g) + 3 H2O(l)

N: 2 N: 2
H: 6 H: 6
O: 4 O: 5
49

49

Limiting Reagent
A 2.00 g of NH3 is combined with 4.00 g of oxygen. What is the limiting
reactant? Calculate the amount in mol of NO formed. (MN = 14.01 g/mol,
MH = 1.01 g/mol, MO = 16.00 g/mol)
5
2 NH3(g) + O2(g) 2 NO(g) + 3 H2O(l)
2
N: 2 N: 2
H: 6 H: 6
O: 5 O: 5

4 NH3(g) + 5 O2(g) 4 NO(g) + 6 H2O(l)

50

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25
 Limiting Reagent
A 2.00 g of NH3 is combined with 4.00 g of oxygen. What is the limiting
reactant? Calculate the amount in grams of NO formed. (MN = 14.01
g/mol, MH = 1.01 g/mol, MO = 16.00 g/mol)
4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) 4NO(g) + 6H2O(l)
𝑀-.! = 1 × 14.01 + 3 × 1.01 = 17.04 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀/" = 2 × 16.00 = 32.00 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀-/ = 14.01 + 16.00 = 30.01 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
7 %*0 6 "8.87 ;
If 𝑁𝐻" 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡: 2.00 𝑔 × × × = 3.52 𝑔 𝑁𝑂
79.86 ; 6 7 %*0

7 %*0 6 "8.87 ;
If 𝑂! 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡: 4.00 𝑔 × × × = 3.00 𝑔 𝑁𝑂
"!.88 ; < 7 %*0

O2 is the limiting reagent!

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51

Percent Yield
§ The efficiency of a reaction is given by % yield

'=9'468'7>.% 26'%3
% yield =
>1';46>6:.% 26'%3
×100%

§ Experimental yield: The actual amount of product produced in the

experiment

§ Theoretical yield: The calculated amount of product from a given

amount of reactant

Find out the limiting reagent first !!!

Calculate theoretical yield
Calculate % yield

52

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26
 Percent Yield
Consider the reaction of Pb(NO3)2 with NaCl to form PbCl2 and NaNO3.
If 24.2 g Pb(NO3)2 reacted with excess NaCl and 17.3 g of PbCl2 is
isolated, what is the theoretical yield and percent yield of the reaction?
Molar mass of (Pb(NO3)2 ) = 331.2 g/mol and PbCl2 = 278.1 g/mol

Pb(NO3)2 + 2NaCl PbCl2 + 2NaNO3

From the question:

Limiting reagent: Pb(NO3)2
Experimental yield: 17.3 g

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53

Percent Yield
Consider the reaction of Pb(NO3)2 with NaCl to form PbCl2 and NaNO3.
If 24.2 g Pb(NO3)2 reacted with excess NaCl and 17.3 g of PbCl2 is
isolated, what is the theoretical yield and percent yield of the reaction?
Molar mass of (Pb(NO3)2 ) = 331.2 g/mol and PbCl2 = 278.1 g/mol
Pb(NO3)2 + 2NaCl PbCl2 + 2NaNO3

Theoretical yield of PbCl2:

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1
24.2 𝑔 × × = 0.073 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑃𝑏𝐶𝑙2
331.2 𝑔 1
278.1 𝑔
0.073 𝑚𝑜𝑙 × = 20.3 𝑔 𝑃𝑏𝐶𝑙2
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙

54

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27
 Percent Yield
Consider the reaction of Pb(NO3)2 with NaCl to form PbCl2 and NaNO3.
If 24.2 g Pb(NO3)2 reacted with excess NaCl and 17.3 g of PbCl2 is
isolated, what is the theoretical yield and percent yield of the reaction?
Molar mass of (Pb(NO3)2 ) = 331.2 g/mol and PbCl2 = 278.1 g/mol
Pb(NO3)2 + 2NaCl PbCl2 + 2NaNO3

𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
% 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = ×100%
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
17.3 𝑔
= ×100%
20.3 𝑔

= 85.2 %

55

55

Hydrated Compounds
§ Ionic compounds that has a well-defined amount of water trapped
within the crystalline solid
§ This water associated with the compound is called the water of
hydration

56

56

28
 Hydrated Compounds
A 32.86 g sample of a hydrate of CoCl2 was heated thoroughly in a
porcelain crucible until its weight remained constant. After heating,17.93 g
of the dehydrated compound remained in the crucible. What is the formula
of the hydrate? [Link] of CoCl2 = 129.84 g/mol and H2O = 18.02 g/mol

heating
CoCl2.xH2O(s) CoCl2(s) + xH2O(g)

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡: 32.86 − 17.93 = 14.93 𝑔

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡: 14.93 𝑔× = 0.8285 𝑚𝑜𝑙
18.02 𝑔
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑜𝐶𝑙2: 17.93 𝑔× = 0.1381 𝑚𝑜𝑙
129.84 𝑔

0.8285 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐻2𝑂 𝑡𝑜 𝐶𝑜𝐶𝑙2: =6 CoCl2 ● 6H2O
0.1381 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
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29