Mathematics

Sets
A set is defined as the collection of well defined objects. The term well defined means
the object which has specific identity in the universe.
Sets are usually denoted by the capital letters A, B, C, ...... X, Y, Z, and small letters a, b,
c, ......... x, y, z are used to represent the members of the set.
1. Ways or Methods of sets representation
Description Method The common properties A set of even numbers
of the elements of a set less than 10.
are described by words.
Listing or Roster Method The elements of a set are E={2,4,6,8}
listed inside by curly
brackets
Set builder method or The elements are {x : x is an even number
Rule method represented by a variable less than 10}
stating their common
properties
2. Types of sets:
i. Null set: The set consisting no element is a null set and it is often denoted by the
symbols: , {}.
Example: X= {x: x ≠ x}
ii. Singleton set : The set consisting only one element is a singleton set.
Example: A= {x: 2x+1=0}
iii. Finite set: A set consisting finite numbers of elements is called finite set.
Example: V={a, e, i, o, u}
iv. Infinite set : A set consisting infinite number of elements is infinite set.
Example: N = {x: x is a natural numbers)
v. Universal set: A set consisting the members which are totality of our
consideration or matter of discussion is universal set. It is often denoted by U.
3. Relation between sets:
i. Equal sets: The sets A and B are said to be equal if every elements of set A is an
elements of set B.
consider any two sets ,X = {f, l, o, w}and Y = {f, o, l,l,o, w} then X = Y.
ii. Equivalent sets: The sets A and B are said to be equivalent if A and B consist
the elements which are equal in number. It is written as A  B.
Two sets X = {a, b, c, d, e}and Y = {1, 2,3,4, 5}are equivalent sets. Then we write
X  Y.
iii. Joint sets: The sets A and B are said to be joint, if both set has at least one
element common. The sets A = {1,2,3,4}, B = {x: 3 < x < 6} are joint sets.

46 KIST COLLEGE & SS

 iv. Disjoint sets: The sets A and B are said to disjoint, if they have no common
element.
The sets A = {vowel sound of English alphabet} B = {x, y, z} are disjoint sets.
v. Subsets: Set A is said to be said to be subset of set B if every element of set A is
also the elements of set B. Symbolically, if x ϵ A implies x ϵ B then AB.
 Proper Subset: Let A and B be two sets. The set A is said to proper subset of
set B if every elements of A is also an elements of set B and the set B
contains at least one element that is not contained in set A. It is denoted by
AB.
 Improper Subset: The set itself is called the improper subsets of the set.
Which is written as AA.
 There are 2n no. of possible subsets for any set. Where n is the counting
element in the set.
 There is only one improper subset for any set.
 There are 2n − 1 no. of proper subsets for any set.
 There are 2n − 2 no. of non-empty proper subsets for any set.
vi. Power set: Set P is said to be power set of set A if P consists the element that are all
possible subsets of set A.
Example : Let A = {a, b}
The possible no of subsets of set A is 2n = 22 = 4.
They are: A1 = , A2= {a}, A3 = {b}, A4 = {a, b}
Then, P = {, {a}, {b}, {a, b}}.
4. Operation on sets:
i. Union of sets : The union of two sets A and B is denoted by A  B and defined
by A  B = {x: x  A or x B}
ii. Intersection of sets: The intersection of two sets A and B is denoted by A  B
and defined by A  B = {x: x  A and x  B}
iii. Complement of sets: The complement of set A is denoted by A' or A and
–
defined by A = {x: x  U and x  A}
iv. The difference of sets : The difference of sets A and B is denoted by A - B and
defined by A - B = {x : xA and x  B}
v. Symmetric difference of sets: The symmetric difference of sets A and B is
denoted by A  B and defined by A  B = {x: x  (A – B) or x  (B – A)}
i.e. A  B = (A – B)  (B – A) = (A  B) – (A  B).
Laws of Set Algebra
1. A  A; Inclusion law
A  B, B  A  A = B
A
2. A  A = A, A  A = A Idempotent law
3. A   = A, A  =  Identity law

KIST COLLEGE & SS 47

  A  U = U, A  U = A
= Complement law
4. A  Ā = U, A = A
A  Ā = , U =  and  = U
5. A  B = B  A, A  B = B  A Commutative law
6. A  (B  C) = (A  B)  C Associative law
A  ( B  C) = (A  B)  C
7. A  (B  C) = (A  B)  (A  C) Distribution law
A  (B  C) = (A  B)  (A  C)
8. ( A  B) = ( A  B) De'morgans law

( A  B) = AB
9. A–(BC) = (A–B)(A–C) Difference law
A–(B C) = (A – B)  (A – C)
Some Important Result Results
* n(AB) = n(A) + n(B) – n(AB)
* n(AB) = n(A) + n(B) if n(AB) = 0
* n(ABC) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) – n(AB) – n(BC) – n(CA) + n(ABC)
* n(A – B) = n(A) – n(AB) = n0 (A) for two sets A and B.
* n(AB) will be maximum if n(AB) is minimum
* n(AB) will be minimum if n(AB) is maximum.
Number System
* Natural numbers is the set of counting numbers begins from 1. It is written as,
N = {1, 2, 3, 4, ..........}
* Whole numbers is the set of Natural numbers including zero. It is written as,
W = {0, 1, 2, 3, ......}
* Integers is the set of union of whole numbers and negative natural numbers, It is
written is Z = {.........3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3 .......}
p
* Rational numbers is the numbers which is expressed in the form of ;where
q
p, q  Z and q  0. The set of rational numbers is denoted by Q.A set of rational
numbers can also be expressed as a terminating or a repeating decimal.
* The set of numbers, which is neither terminating nor repeating decimals, is
irrational numbers. It is given by I= { , e, √2, √3…….}
* Real numbers is the set of rational and irrational numbers together. It is written as
R = {x: –  < x < }.
Infact, NW Z  Q  R.
Interval: The set of points on the real line between two numbers a and b is known as
an interval. Graphically, we have following types of intervals:
i. Open interval: An open interval between two real numbers a and b is denoted by
(a, b) and defined by ( a ,b) = {x: a< x< b}
48 KIST COLLEGE & SS
ii. Closed interval : A closed interval between two real numbers a and b is denoted by
[a,b] and defined by [a,b] = {x: a≤ x ≤b}
iii. Left open interval : A left open interval between two real numbers a and b is written
as ( a,b] and defined as ( a,b] = { x: a < x < b}
iv. Right open interval : A right open interval between two real numbers a and b is
written as [a, b) and defined as [a, b) = {x: a ≤ x < b}
Absolute Value
Let x be any real number. The absolute value (or modulus) of x, is a non negative
x if x > 0
number defined by |x| =
–x if x < 0
For any real numbers x and y the simple properties of absolute values are;
i. |x| ≥ 0
ii. |x| ≥ x and |x| ≥ - x
iii. − |x|≤ x≤ |x|
iv. |x + y|≤ |x| + |y|
v. |x − y| ≥ |x| − |y|
vi. For any real number x and positive number a, |x| ≤ a  − a ≤ x ≤ a.

MCQs
1. Let A = {1, 2, 3}, the possible numbers of non-empty proper subset for the set A is .....
a. 8 b. 7 c. 6 d. 9
2. If P is power set of set A = {x: x2 – x –2 = 0}, then n(P) = .....
a.  b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
3. If A = {x: x = (2n + 1), n  5, n N} and B = {x: x = 3n - 2, n  4, n N} then
(B – A) = .....
a. {3, 5, 7} b. {1, 4, 10} c. {1, 7, 10} d. {3, 9, 10}
4. If n(U) = 100, n(A) = 50, n(B) = 65, then min. possible of n(AB) = .....
a. 0 b. 15 c. 50 d. 65
5. If A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}, then (AB) = .....
a. {1, 2, 3, 4} b. {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
c. {2, 4} d. {1, 3, 6, 8, 10}
6. 20 teachers of a school either teach mathematics or physics. 12 of them teach
mathematics while 4 teach both the subjects. Then the number of teachers teaching
physics only is:
a. 12 b. 8 c. 16 d. None
7. Let A and B are any two non-empty sets then A  B = .....
a. A  B b. A c. A – B d. B – A
8. There are 150 students in a school. 66 plays baseball, 45 play cricket and 42 play
soccer. 27 students play exactly two sports and 3 students play all 3 of sports. How
many of 150 students play none of these?
a. 10 b. 40 c. 30 d. 25

KIST COLLEGE & SS 49

9. Which one of the following is the multiplicative inverse of -a?
a. -1/a b. a c. 1 d. 1/a
10. In a class of 175 students, 100 students are studying mathematics, 70 are studying
physics, 46 studying chemistry, 10 studying mathematics and physics, 28
mathematics and chemistry, 23 physics and chemistry and 18 studying all three
subjects. Find how many studying non of these three subjects?
a. 5 b. 2 c. 1 d. 0
11. Which one of the following is an irrational number?
a. 22/7 b.  c. 0.333.... d. 4.5679
12. The solution of x for the inequality -2  3x + 1  7 is:
a. (-2, 7) b. [-1, 7) c. (-1, 2) d. [-1, 2]
13. If A = (-2, 3] and B = (0, 5) then B – A = .....
a. (0, 5) b. (3, 5) c. [3, 5) d. None

Relation & functions

Ordered Pairs: Two elements a and b, listed in specific order, form an ordered pair and
denoted as (a, b). Two ordered pairs (a, b) and (c, d) are equal if a = c, b = d.
Cartesian Products: The Cartesian product A × B and defined as the set of all possible
ordered pairs such that.
A × B = {(x, y) : x A and y  B}
eg. Let A = {1, 2, 3}, and B = {5, 6}
A × B = {(1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 5), (3, 6)}
Note: Let A and B are any two non empty sets then n(A×B) = n(A) × n(B).
Relations: Relation is the subset of cartesian product A × B. a relation from A to B is
denoted by x Ry or simply R, and defined by R = {(x, y): x  A, y  B}  A × B.
Example:
Let A = {–1, 0, 1}. Find the relation on A such that {(x, y): x < y}
Solution:
Given A = { –1, 0, 1}
Now, A × A = {–1, 0, 1} × { –1, 0, 1}
A × A = {(–1, –1), (–1, 0), (–1, 0), (0, –1), (0, 0), (0, 1)(1, –1), (1, 0) (1, 1)}
R = {(x, y): x < y} = {(–1, 0), (0, 1), (–1, 1)}
which is required.
Note: The possible number of relations from set A to set B is n(B) n(A).
Domain and Range of a Relation: If R is a relation from A to B, then the set of all first
co-ordinates of elements of order pair of R is called the domain of R, while the second
elements of oder pair of R is called the range.

50 KIST COLLEGE & SS

Inverse relations: A relation obtained by interchanging the first and second element in
the ordered pairs of a relation is known as the inverse to given relation. If R denotes a
relation, its inverse is denoted by R–1.
Various Types of Relations
i. Reflexive: If aRa, for all a A.
ii. Symmetric: If aRb  bRa.
iii. Transitive: If aRb and bRc  aRc.
iv. Antisymmetric: If aRb and bRa  a = b

Equivalence Relation: A relation which is reflexive, symmetric and transitive is called

an equivalence relation.
Functions: A relation f from a set A to B is a function if for all x  A there exists unique
y  B such that y = f(x). And we write f: A  B.
One to one function (Injective): Let f : A  B be a function then f is called one to one, if
no two different elements in A have the same image. i.e. for all x 1, x2  A; x1  x2  f(x1)
 f(x2).
Many to one functions: A function f: A  B is said to be many to one function if more
then one elements of set A has same image in set B. i.e. for all x 1, x2  A; x1  x2  f(x1)
= f(x2).
Onto function (Surjective): A function f: A  B is said to be an onto function, if each
and every element of set B has at least one pre–image in set A.
Into function: A function f: A  B is said to be an into function, if at least one element
of set B has no pre-image in set A.
One to one and onto function (Bijective): A function f: A  B is said to be one to one
and onto if each and every element of set B has only one pre-image in set A.
Inverse function: Let f: A  B be one to one and onto function, then the inverse of f is
written as f-1 and defined as f-1: B  A and f-1(y) = x for x  A and y  B.
Composite function: Let f: A  B and g: B  C be any two function. Then the
composite of f and g is given by gof: A  C such that gof(x) = g(f(x)), for all x  A and
f(x)  B.
Domain and Range of a functions: Domain of a function f: AB is written as Dom(f)
and defined as Dom(f) = {x: x  A}. Range of a function f: AB is written as Ran(f) and
defined as Ran(f) = {x: xB, y = f(x)}
Properties of real valued functions: Let f and g are any two real valued functions:
a. (f  g)(x) = f(x)  g(x)
b. (f.g)(x) = f(x). g(x)
f f ( x)
c. ( x)  fo r g(x)  0
g g( x)
d. (kf)(x) = kf(x)
e. |f|(x) = |f(x)|
f. fn(x) = [f(x)]n
KIST COLLEGE & SS 51
MCQs
1. If f(x – 1) = 2x – 5, then f(x + 2) = ....
a. x b. 2x – 1 c. 2x – 5 d. 2x + 1
2. A function f: RR be defined by f(x): x2 – 4, then f is .....
a. one to one b. onto c. one to one onto d. neither one to one nor onto
3. Consider a set A = {–1, 0, 1}, then relation R satisfying the condition x < y, for all x, y  A
is ....
a. {(-1, 1), (0, -1), (0, 1)} b. {(-1, 0), (-1, 1), (0, 1)}
c. {(1, 1), (0, 0), (0, 1)} d. {(-1, 1), (0, -1), (0, 1), (1, 0)}
4. Let A and B are any two sets such that n(A) = 3, n(B) = 4, then the number of all possible
relations from set A to B is .......
a. 12 b. 64 c. 81 d. 63
5. Let R = {(x, y): x, y  N, 2x + y = 7}, then which one of the following is Range?
a. {3} b.  c. {1, 2, 3} d. {1, 3, 5}
6. If R = {(3, 2), (4, 2), (3, 1), (7, 1), (2, 3)} is to be a function. Then which one of the following
must be removed from the set?
a. (3, 2) b. (4, 2) c. (2, 3) d. (7, 1)
7. Which one of the following cannot be a domain of f(x): x  2 ?
x2
a. 2 b. –2 c. 0 d. 2 and –2
8. If p(x) = 4x – 6 and p(a) = 0, then a = .......
a. 3/2 b. –6 c. 2/3 d. -3/2
9. Which one of the following relation is both even and odd?
a. x2 + y2 = 1 b. x – y = 0 c. x + y = 0 d, x2 + y = 1
10. If f(x, y) = 3x + 2y and g(x, y) = x – y for all real number x and y then f(g(1, 2), 3) = ....
2 2

a. 40 b. –3 c. 9 d. 6
11. If g(x) = 3x + 2 and g(f(x)) = x, then f(2) = ...........
a. 6 b. 3 c. –1 d. 0
12. Which one of the following values must be excluded from the domain of f ( x) if f(x) = 3x2
g
– 4x + 1 and g(x) = 3x2 – 3?
a. 3 b. 1/2 c. –1 d. none
13. Let f: RR be defined by f(x) = 2x – 1 , then (f – 3)x = ......
a. 2x – 4 b. –x – 4 c. 5x –1 d. 5x – 3
14. Let f: R – {2}  R – {1} be defined by f(x) = x then which one of the following is the
x2
formula that defined f-1?
2x x x
a. does not exists b. c. d.
x 1 x 1 2
15. If f(x) = (10 – x)2 and m = f(6), then which one of the following equal to 4m?
a. f(12) b. f(18) c. f(24) d. f(8)
16. If f(x) +2f(x) = x and f(1/x) – 3f (1/x) = 1/2x, then f(x) is .....
x x 1
a. x b. c. d.
10 1 10x

52 KIST COLLEGE & SS

 Polynomial
Polynomial function: An expression f(x) = a 0 x n  a1x n 1 + a 2 x n 2 ...........  a n , where
the constant a 0  0; n, n - 1, n - 2 ............ are in descending is called polynomial
function of degree n in x.
When f(x) = 0, the expression a 0 x n  a1x n 1  a 2 x n 2  ..............  a n  0 is known as
polynomial equation of degree n in x.
Value x = a is said to be zero's of polynomial f(x) whenever f(a) = 0.
let f(x) = x2 - 7x + 12,
Here, f(3) = 32 - 7.3 + 12 = 0
f(4) = 42 - 7.4 + 12 = 0
 3 and 4 are the zero's of f(x).
The values of the variable which satisfies the polynomial equation f(x) = 0 are called the
roots (solutions) of the equation.
Note: 1. Every polynomial equation has at least one root (fundamental theorem of
Algebra).
2. The number of the roots of any polynomial equation is not exceeds the
degree of the equation.
Factor theorem (Division Algorithm): When any polynomial function f(x) is divided
by x - a, there exists Q(x) the quotient and R(x) the remainder then F(x) = (x - a) Q(x) +
R(x)
If R(x) = 0, then f(x) = (x - a) Q(x)  (x - a) is a factor of f(x).
Remainder theorem: A polynomial f(x) is divided by x - a then the remainder R = f(a).
Quadratic equation:- The equation of the ferm ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b, c are
constant and a  0 is known as quadratic equation in x. i.e. second degree polynomial
equation in a certain variable is called a quadratic equation.
The quadratic equation of the form ax2 + c = 0 is known as pure quadratic equation.
The roots of pure quadratic equation are x =  c
.
a

Let  and  are roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0, such that  = b b 2  4ac ,

2a
2
 =  b  b  4ac .
2a

Then sum of roots,  +  =  b  b 2  4ac + b b2  4ac

2a 2a

= b b 2  4ac  b  b 2  4ac

2a
=  2b
2a
= b

a

KIST COLLEGE & SS 53

 (b  b 2  4ac ) (b  b 2  4ac )
Product of roots , . =
2a 2a
(  b) 2  ( b 2  4ac ) 2
=
4a 2
b 2  b 2  4ac
=
4a 2
c
=
a
The quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 for a  0
 x2 + ab x + ac  0
 x2 –  ba x  ac  0
 x2 – (sum of roots)x + product of roots = 0
For any quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, b2 – 4ac is discriminant of the roots.
1. When b2 - 4ac > 0, the roots of the equation are real and unequal. In particular,
b2 - 4ac > 0 and perfect square, the roots of the equation are rational and unequal
provided a, b, c are rational.
2. When b2 - 4ac = 0, the roots of the equation are real (rational) and equal.
3. When b2 - 4ac < 0, the roots of the equation are imaginary and unequal.

 If one root of equations a 1 x 2  b1 x  c 1  0 and a 2 x 2  b2 x  c 2  0 is common

then (a 1 b 2  a 2 b 1 ) ( b 1 c 2  b 2 c 1 ) = (c 1 a 2  c 2a 1 ) 2 .

 If both roots of the equations a 1 x 2  b1 x  c 1  0 and a2x2 + b2x + c2 = 0 are

common then a1  b1  c1 .
a2 b2 c2
 If root of ax2 + bx + c = 0 is reciprocal of other then a = c.
 If one root of ax2 + bx + c = 0 is equal to the other roots in magnitude but opposite
in sign then b = 0.
 The roots of a quadratic equation having rational co-efficient are not rational.
o Then they are both irrational or both imaginary
o The roots appears as conjugate to each other.
 The roots of quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are real and same sign if a and c has
same sign but b has opposite sign and are in opposite sign if a and c has opposite
sign.

54 KIST COLLEGE & SS

MCQs
1. The Remainder when 4x3 – 3x2 + 2 is divided by x - 2 is:
a. 20 b. 22 c. 16 d. 24
2. 2 and 3 are the zeros of f(x) = 2x3 + mx2 – 13x + n then the values of m and n
respectively are:
a. -5, -30 b. -5, 30 c. 5, 30 d. 5, -30
3. The remainder when x3 – 3x2 – 2x + a is divided by x + 2 is twice the remainder when
it is divided by x – 3. Then the value of a is:
a. 6 b. 0 c. 2 d. -4
4. The sum of the roots of 3x2 – 4x + 4 = 0 is:
4 4
a. b. 3 c.  d. 4
3 3
5. If sum and product of roots of any quadratic equations are 2 and 3 then the
equation is:
a. x2 - 2x + 3 = 0 b. x2 + 3x - 2 = 0 c. x2 + 5x + 6 = 0 d. x2 - 5x + 6 = 0
6. For what value of k one root of 2x – (6 + k)x + (2 + k) = 0 is zero?
2

a. 0 b. 6 c. 2 d. -2
7. For what value of m will the quadratic equation x2 - 2(5 + 2m) x + 3(7 + 10m) = 0
have reciprocal roots?
1 2 2
a. b. 2 c.  d.
2 3 3
8. Which one of the following is the quadratic equation whose roots are twice the roots
of 7x2 + 4x + 3 = 0?
a. 2x2 - 5x + 4 = 0 b. 3x2 + 4x - 7 = 0
c. 7x - 8x + 12 = 0
2 d. 12x2 - 7x + 5 = 0
9. If roots of the equation x - px + q = 0 be in the ratio 2:3 then .......
2

a. 2p2 = 9q b. 6p2 = 25q c. 4q2 = 9p2 d. 3q2 = 25p

10. For what value of k which the equation 3x – (7 – k) x + 9 = 0 has roots numerically
2

equal but opposite in sign.

a. 3 b. - 9 c. -7 d. 7
11. If  and  are the roots of the equation x2 – x – 2= 0 then 2 + 2 = ........
a. 5 b. 2 c. -2 d. 9
12. The roots of the equation 7x2 – 3x – 4 = 0 are ...................
a. real and unequal b. real and equal
c. rational and unequal d. imaginary and unequal

13. The value of the expression 6  6  6  ..........   

a. 1, 0 b. 2, -1 c. 3, 1 d. -3, 2

KIST COLLEGE & SS 55

 Trigonometry
System of measurement of angles ii. The minute hand of a clock rotate
a. Sexagesimal system: through an angle of 600 in one
In this system, the unit of minute.
measurement of angles is degree. i.e. in 60 minutes = 3600
60 seconds = 1 minute (symbolically 0
1 minute = 360  60
60'' = 1') 60
60 minutes = 1 degree (symbolically iii.   Circ umferenc e o f a c irc le
60' = 10) Diameter o f a c irc le
Types on angles:  2r 
  
i. an acute angle: 00   < 900  2r 
ii. an obtuse angle: 900 <  < 1800 s
iv.   (radian measure)
iii. a reflex angle: 1800 <  < 3600 r
iv. a right angle:  = 900
v. a straight angle:  = 1800 where
Note: s  length of an arc
i. The hour hand of a clock rotate   angle subtended by the arc at
through an angle of 300 in one hour. the centre of the circle
i.e. in 12 hrs = 3600 r  radius of the circle
0
1 hr = 360  300 1
are of sector (A) = r 2 
12 2
Trigonometric ratios: (ii) sec2 - tan2 = 1
sin  cos  (iii) cosec2 - cot2 = 1
a. tan = , cot  
cos  sin  c. |sin|  1, |cos|  1
sin. cosec = 1 |cosec| 1, |sec|  1, for all real 
cos .sec = 1 tan, cot  
tan. cot = 1
b. (i) sin2 + cos2 = 1

Table of values of Trigonometric function and different angles.

 00 300 450 600 900 1200 1350 1500 1800
sin 0 1/2 1/2 3/2 1 3/2 1/2 1/2 0
cos 1 3/2 1/2 ½ 0 -1/2 -1/2 -3/2 -1
tan 0 1/3 1 3  -3 -1 -1/3 0
cosec  2 2 2/3 1 2/3 2 -3 
sec 1 2/3 2 2  -2 -2 -2/3 -1
cot  3 1 1/3 0 -1/3 -1 -3 

56 KIST COLLEGE & SS

Formulas for t-ratios
I. II.
i. sin (-A) = sinA i. sin (90 + A) = cosA
ii. cos (-A) = cosA ii. cos (90 + A) = -sinA
iii. tan (-A) = -tanA iii. tan (90 + A) = -cotA
iv. cot (-A) = cotA iv. cot (90 + A) = -tanA
v sec (-A) = secA v. sec (90 + A) = cosecA
vi. cosec (-A) = cosecA vi. cosec (90 + A) = secA
III. IV.
i. sin(90 - A) = cosA i. sin(180 - A) = sinA
ii. cos(90 - A) = sinA ii. cos(180 - A) = -cosA
iii. tan(90 - A) = cotA iii. tan(180 - A) = -tanA
iv. cot(90 - A) = tanA iv. cot(180 - A) = -cotA
v cosec(90 - A) = secA V cosec(180 - A) = cosecA
vi. sec(90 - A) = cosecA vi. sec(180 - A) = -secA
V. VI.
i. sin(180 + A) = -sinA i. sin(270 - A) = -cosA
ii. cos(180 + A) = -cosA ii. cos(270 - A) = -sinA
iii. tan(180 + A) = tanA iii. tan(270 - A) = cotA
iv. cot(180 + A) = cotA iv. cot(270 - A) = tanA
v sec(180 + A) = -secA V sec(270 - A) = -cosecA
vi. cosec(180 + A) = -cosecA vi. cosec(270 - A) = -secA
VII. VIII. For n  I
i. sin(270 + A) = -cosA i. sin(n.360 + ) = sin
ii. cos(270 + A) = sinA ii. cos(n.360 + ) = cos
iii. tan(270 + A) = -cotA iii. tan(n.360 + ) = tan
iv. cot(270 + A) = -tanA iv. sec(n.360 + ) = sec
v sec(270 + A) = cosecA V cosec(n.360 + ) = cosec
vi. cosec(270 + A) = -secA vi. cot(n.360 + ) = cot

Results on compound angles cot A. cot B  1

h. cot(A –B) =
a. sin(A + B) = sinA. cosB + cosA. sinB cot B  cot A
b. sin(A – B) = sinA. cosB – cosA. sinB i. sin(A + B). sin(A - B) = sin2A – sin2B =
c. cos(A + B) = cosA cosB – sinA. sinB cos2B – cos2A
d. cos(A – B) = cosA. cosB + [Link] Multiple angles
tan A  tan B 2 t an
e. tan(A + B) = i. sin2 = 2sin. cos =
1  tan A. tan B 1  t an2 
tan A  tan B cos2   sin 2 
f. tan(A – B) = ii. cos2 = 
1  tan A. tan B  1  2 sin 
2
 2 cos2   1
cot A. cot B  1 
g. cot(A + B) =
cot B  cot A

KIST COLLEGE & SS 57

 = 1  t an  Transformation formulae
2

1  t an2  a. 2sinA. cosB = sin(A + B) + sin(A – B)

2 t an b. 2cosA. sinB = sin(A + B) – sin (A – B)
iii. tan2 =
1  t an2  c. 2cosA. cosB = cos(A + B) + cos(A – B)
iv. 2cos2A = 1 + cos2A d. 2sinA. sinB = cos(A – B) – cos(A + B)
1  cos 2A e. sinC + sinD = 2sin  C  D . cos C  D 
 cos2A =  2   2 
2
2sin2A = 1 – cos2A f. sinC – sinD = 2cos  C  D . sin C  D 
 2   2 
1  cos 2A
 sin2A = g. sin(A + B). sin(A – B) = sin2A – sin2B
2
= cos2B – cos2A
v. sin3A = 3sinA – 4sin3A
h. cos(A + B). cos(A – B) = cos2A – sin2B
vi. cos3A = 4cos3A – 3cosA
= cos2B – sin2A
3 tan A  tan3 A
vii. tan3A =
1  3 tan2 A Inverse Trigonometric Function:
cot A  3 cot A
3 If x = sin, cos, tan ........... then the
viii. cot3A = functions sin-1x, cos-1x, tan-1x ...........
3 cot2 A  1
represents inverse trigonometric
Half Angles
A
function.
A A 2 tan 2
a. sinA = 2 sin . cos 
2 2 1  tan2 A Properties of Triangle
2
A A  Cosine law: For any triangle ABC,
b. cosA = cos 2  sin 2
2 2 b2  c 2 – a 2
A A 1. cos A=
= 1  2 sin 2  2 cos 2 1 2bc
2 2 2 2 2
2. cos B= c  a – b
1  t an2 A
2 2ac
=
1  t an2 A2 2
a  b2 – c 2
3. cos C =
2 t an A2 2ab
c. tanA =
1  t an2 A2  Sine Law:
1. For any triangle ABC,
A
d. 2 cos 2  1  cos A a b c
2  
sin A sin B sin C
A
e. 2 sin 2  1  cos A 2. For any triangle ABC,
2 a b c
A A    2R
f. sin A  3 sin  4 sin 3 sin A sin B sin C
3 3 Where R is circum radius.
A
g. cos A  4 cos 3  3 cos
A  Projection Law:
3 3 For any triangle AB C,
3 tan A3  tan3 A 1. a=b cosC + c cos B
h. tan A  3
1  tan2 A3 2. b=c cosA + a cos C
3. c= a cosB + b cos A
58 KIST COLLEGE & SS
 Area of triangle: abc
=
1.  = 1  base  height 4R
2
2. For any triangle ABC. 4.  = s(s  a)(s  b)(s  c)
 = 1 bc sin A  1 ac sin B  1 ab sin C abc
2 2 2 where s =
2
3.  = 1 bc sin A
s(s  a )(s  b)(s  c)
=
2
4.
  = 1 bc.
a
[sine law] ,
2 2R = 1
2a 2 b  2b 2 c 2  2c 2 a 2  a 4  b 4  c 4
4

MCQs
1. The radius of a circle if an angle of 200 is subtended at its centre by an area of length 44 cm is:
a. 220 cm b. 396 cm c. 144cm d. 126 cm
2. Value of sin2250 + sin2650 = .........
a. 0 b. 1 c. -1 d. none
3. The minimum value of sin4+cos4 = ………………..
1 1
a. 0 b. c. 2 d.
2 √2
4. The maximum value of 3cos+4sin is :
a. 3 b. 4 c. 5 d. 1
0
5. Value of cos22 1 = ……….
2
–1+√5 –1−√5
a. b. c. 2 1 d. 1 
4 4  2 2 
2 2 2 

10
6. Value of cot7
2
3  2 1 3 1
a. 2 2 b. 2 2 c. 6  3  2  2 d. 3  2 1
 9
7. Value of sin + sin =
10 10
√3 1 1 √5−1
a. b. c. - d.
2 √2 2 2
8. Value of cos120 + cos840 + cos1560 + cos1320 = ………..
1 1 1
a. b. 1 c. - d. −
2 2 8
9. If tan+sin = m and tan – sin= n, then m2-n2= ……..
a. 4mn b. 4√mn c. 2√mn d. m2 + n2
10. If sin+sin = a, cos + cos = b. Then sin( + )= ………..
2ab ab ab ab
a. b. c. d.
a2 +b2 a2 −b2 a2 +b2 a+b
11. If sinA+cosecA =2. Then sin 8 A+cosec16A = ……..
a. 2 b. 1 c. 0 d. -2
12. If sinQ1+sinQ2+sinQ3= 3, then cosQ1+cosQ2+cosQ3 = ………….
a. 3 b. 2 c. 1 d. 0
13. If cos-sin = √2 sin, then cos+ sin = ………….
a. √2cos b. √2sin c. 2cos d. −√2cos

KIST COLLEGE & SS 59

14. Tan10.Tan20 …………..Tan890 =………
1 1
a. ∞ b. c. 1 d.
2 √2
15. If three sides of a triangle are 1, 3 , 2 then the smallest angle of the triangle is …….
a. 300 b. 900 c. 1200 d. 1500
16. In a triangle ABC, x +x+1, 2x+1 and x -1 , represent the sides, then the greatest angle of a
2 2

triangle is:
a. 600 b. 900 c. 1200 d. 1350
17. If the ratio of angles of a triangle is 1:2:3 then which one of the following is ratio of
its sides?
a. 1:2:3 b. 1: 2 : 3 c. 1: 3 : 2 d. 2:3: 6

Arithmetics
Percentage
Percent refers a specified amount in every hundred. The fraction of x parts out of
hundred equal parts is known as x percentage and written as x%.
Fraction Decimal Percentage
4 80
0.8  80 %
5 100
 To find the value of given percentage of a given quantity, multiply the quantity by
40
the given percentage. i.e. 40% of 60 =  60  24
100
 To express the part of whole quantity as the percent of a whole quantity, make the
ratio of part to the whole quantity and multiply it by 100%. i.e. the percentage of 40
40
out of 200 =  100 %  20 % .
200
 To find the whole quantity when its value of certain percentage is given, divide the
given value by given percentage.
40
40
i.e. the number whose 25% is 40 =  25  160.
25% 100
 The percentage increase of a quantity = actual increase  100%
original quantity

 The percentage decrease of a quantity = actual decrease  100%

original quantity
 To increase a number by x% multiply it by (1 + x%)

60 KIST COLLEGE & SS

 To calculate the net% increase or decrease for two successive increase or decrease.
Use the formula tabulated below.
change in x change in y net change %
1. Increase by x% Increase by y% xy
x+y+
100
2. Increase by x% Decrease by y% xy
x–y–
100
3. Decrease by x% Increase by y% xy
–x + y –
100
4. Decrease by x% Decrease by y% xy
–x – y +
100
The net change will be increase or decrease according as the results occurs positive
(+ve) or negative (-ve).
 If a number is result of increment of another number by x%, then the original
Increase amount
number =
1  x%
 If a number is result of decrement of another number by x%, then the original
Decrease amount
number =
1  x%
Profit and Loss
When an article is sold higher price than its cost price then one can make a profit.
Instead, if an article is sold for lower price than its cost price then one can make a loss.

 A sum of money paid to agent or sellers by the company or a manufactures at a

fixed rate based on the type of goods sold is called commission. In general, the
commission is expressed as percentage (%).
 The deduction of the sum of money from the marked price of the goods is called
the discount. The discount is usually expressed as the percentage.
 Bonus is the lump sum of money paid annually besides the salaries of the
employees of the company as an incentive on the basis of the profit gained by the
company. It is usually expressed in percentage and is decided by the management.

Some formulae
1. Discount = Ac tual Disc o unt 100
MarkedPr ic e

2. Reduction in consumption after the price increment =  r  100 %

 100  r 
3. Increasing rate in consumption after the reduction in price =  r  100 %
 100  r 
4. Profit = S.P. – C.P.
5. Loss = C.P. – S.P.

KIST COLLEGE & SS 61

 Pr ofit
6. Profit % =  100
C.P.
Loss
7. Loss% =  100
C.P.
(100  P%) C.P. (100  L%) C.P.
8. S.P. = Or,
100 100
100  S.P. 100  S.P.
9. C.P. = Or,
100  P% 100  L%
10. Marked Price (M.P) = S.P. + Discount
11. MP – Discount = CP + Profit
12. If the price of an article is Rs. x and a discount of d% and VAT of V% is applied on
x  (100  d%)( 100  V%)
it, then the price after VAT =
100  100
13. If two articles are bought for Rs. p and one is sold for x% profit and other for x%
loss so that the selling price of both are equal then there will be always loss and
2
 x 
percentage of loss =   %.
 10 
14. Meaning of x% profit; S.P. = x% of (100 + x)%
15. Meaning of x% loss; S.P. = (100 – x)% of C.P.

Simple interest and Compound interest

If principal = P, Time = T, Annual rate of interest = R, Compound interest = C.I. and
compound amount = C.A., then
PTR
1. Simple interest (I) =
100
2. Time taken by certain sum of money to be n times itself is given by,
100( n  1)
T=
R
3. According to annual compound interest
 R 
T   R 
T
C.I. = P  1    1 and C.A. = P 1  
 100    100 
4. According to semiannual compound interest
 2T  2T
R   R 
C.I. = P  1    1 and C.A. = P 1  
 200    200 

Compound depreciation and population growth

T
 R 
1. Compound Depreciation; PT = P 1  
 100 
Here, PT = Price after T years

62 KIST COLLEGE & SS

 P = Initial Price
R = Depreciation Rate
T = Time
T
 R 
2. Population Growth; PT = P 1  
 100 
Here, Population after T years
P = Initial population
R = Growth Rate
T = Time

Mensuration
Mensuration is the branch of mathematics which deals with the study of different
geometrical shapes, their areas and Volume. In the broadest sense, it is all about the
process of measurement.
SN Name Area Perimeter Nomenclature
1. Rectangle A=l×b 2(l + b) l = length;b = breadth
2. Square a2 4a a = side
1 b = base;
bh or h = height.
3. Triangle 2 2s = a+b+c
a, b, c are sides;
s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c) s = semi-perimeter
1 hypotenuse =
4. Right triangle bh 2s = h+d+b
2 b2+d2
Equilateral 1 3 2 a = side
5. ah or a 3a
triangle 2 4 h = altitude
d = hypotenuse =
Isosceles right 1 a 2;
6. a2 d + 2a
triangle 2 a = each of equal
side
h = height; b = base;
7. Parallelogram b×h 2(a + b)
a = side
1 a = side; d1 & d2 are
8. Rhombus d1 . d2 4a
2 diagonals
1 d = diagonal where
9. Quadrilateral d(h1 + h2) sum of 4 sides
2 heights h1 & h2 rests.
1 a & b are parallel
10. Trapezium h(a+b) sum of 4 sides
2 sides and h is height
11. Path outside 2d(l+b+2d) - d = width of paths
12. Path inside 2d((l+b-2d) - b = breadth
13. Path crossing d(l+b-d) - l = length

KIST COLLEGE & SS 63

14. Circle r2 2r r = radius
1
15. Semicircle r2 r + 2r -
2
R = outer radius; r =
16. Circular ring (R2-r2) -
inner radius
  = central angle; r =
 l+2r where, l =
17. Sector of circle × r2 360 radius;
360
×r2 l = length of arc.
r = radius;
 
r2 
 sin
18. Segment of circle ×2r + 2r sin  = angle of the
360 - 2  360 2
related sector

Total
Lateral
SN Name Surface Volume Nomenclature
Surface Area
Area
l = length;
1. Cuboid 2h(l+b) 2(lb+bh+lh) lbh b = breadth;
h = height
2. Cube 4a2 6a2 a3 a = side
Right
r = radius of base;
3. Circular 2rh 2r(r+h) r2h
h = height
cylinder
4
4. Sphere - 4R2 R3 R = Radius
3
2
5. Hemisphere 2R2 3R2 R3 R = Radius
3
Spherical
4 R = outer radius;
6. Shell - 4(R2+4r2) (R3-r3)
3 r = inner radius
(Hollow)
r = radius;
1
7. Cone rl r(l+r) r2h h = height;
3
l = slant height
3 3a2 2a3
8. Tetrahedron 3 a2 a = side
4 12
1 Area of
(perimeter 1
Right 2 base + (area of base) ×
9. 3 -
pyramid of base) × lateral
height
(slant height) surface area
Square
a2 1 a = side;
10. based a 4h2+a2 a2h
+ 4h +a 2 2 3 h = height
Pyramid
MCQs
64 KIST COLLEGE & SS
1. The area of square field is 144 m2, then its perimeter is ...
a. 12m b. 48m c. 144m d. 150m
2. If length of diagonal of square field is 7 2 m, then which one of the following is its
area?
2
a. 28 2m b. 98m2 c. 49m2 d. 14m2
3. The breadth of a rectangular garden having 120m length is one third less than
length. What will be the cost of pairing the garden with square stones of length
40m at Rs.20 for each stone?
a. Rs. 270 b. Rs. 400 c. Rs. 600 d. Rs. 900
4. 2m wide paths are crossed each other at the middle of rectangular field. If the area
of cross path is 196m2 and it's length 60m, then what will be its breadth?
a. 48 b. 40 c. 38 d. 28
5. If the circumference of a circle is 4. Then its area is ...
a.  b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
6. If a motor car is driven at the rate of 66km/hr. Each of its wheel makes 500
revolution per minute. What is the radius of wheel?
a. 0.35m b. 0.67m c. 0.7m d. 0.87m
7. Which one of the following is the area of triangle ABC?
455 1
a. cm2 b. 455 cm2 c. 4 455 c m2 d. 12 cm2
4 4
8. The area of sector AOP in the adjoining figure is .... O
2 4 2
a. 4 b. 6 c. d.
3 3 600
A P
9. How many cubes with 4 cm can be made from a cube with 16 cm in length?
a. 4 b. 16 c. 64 d. 404
10. Which one of the following is circumference of a cylinder of which the total surface
area is 1628 cm2 and sum of height and radius is 148 cm?
a. 11.3 cm b. 12 cm c. 10.5 cm d. 11 cm
11. A solid sphere of radius 2 cm has been cut into two equal halves. Then the total
surface area of single half is .....
a. 16 cm2 b. 8cm2 c. 12cm2 d. 4cm2
12. How much litre of water be occupied by a tank of length 3m, breadth 2m and
weight 1m?
a. 6 ltr b. 600 ltr c. 6000 ltr d. 60,000 ltr
13. A square pyramid is inscribed in a cylinder whose base radius is 4 and height is 9.
What is the volume of the pyramid?
a. 108 b. 96 c. 144 d. none

14. A right circular cone whose base radius is 12 is inscribed in a sphere of radius 13.
What is the volume of the cone?
a. 720 b. 1440 c. 2592  d. 864 
KIST COLLEGE & SS 65
15. Three tennis balls that fit in cylindrical tennis ball cane. If each ball is 2.5 inches in
diameter, what is the volume of air left between the balls and the cane?
a. 8.2 b. 65.4 c. 8.2 d. 12.3
16. Which one of the following is the curved surface area of the given solids?
a. 616 cm2 b. 700 cm2 c. 132 cm2 d. 748 cm2
28 cm

7 cm

40 cm

17. In the figure ABCD is a rectangle, BC = 5, AB = 2, BE and CF are the areas of the
circle centered at A and D. What is the area of shaded region?
a. 2 b.  c. 10 – 2 d. 5 – 

B C

A E F D
18. What will be the area of adjoining Trapezium?
a. 276 cm2 b. 240 cm2 c. 195 cm2 d. 225 cm2

16 cm C
B

13 cm
15 cm

A D
30 cm

19. If the diameter of a sphere is doubled then the volume is increased by .....
a. 2 times b. 4 times c. 6 times d. 8 times

66 KIST COLLEGE & SS

Arithmetic
MCQs
1. If x is increased by 20%. Then by how much x 2 is increased?
a. 20% b. 400% c. 44% d. 444%
2. If A man losses Rs. 60 if 15% discount is offered for a marked price and makes the
profit of Rs. 60 if 10% discount is offered. Then the marked price of the goods is....
a. Rs. 2400 b. Rs. 2100 c. Rs. 2000 d. Rs. 1800
3. The salary of A is 25% more than the salary of B. The by how much salary of B is
less than salary of A?
2 1
a. 25% b. 16 % c. 22 % d. 20%
3 2
4. By selling watch for Rs. 4500 a dealer losses 10%. At what price should he sell so as
to gain 10%.
a. 4500 b. 5000 c. 5050 d. 5500
5. If the radius of a circle is decreased by 30%, by what percent will the area of
circular region be decreased?
a. 15% b. 49% c. 51% d. 60%
6. If there are two containers of sugar solution, the first is 4% concentration and
second is 8% concentration. How much of each should we combine to get 40
gallons of 5% concentrate solution?
a. 20, 20 b. 10, 30 c. 30, 10 d. 15, 25
7. If a tourist paid Rs. 5610 for a carvel window mode of wood with a discount of
15% including 10% VAT, what is the marked price of window?
a. 5000 b. 6000 c. 6500 d. 6700
8. The price of commodities is increased by 20% then by how much the consumption
should to reduce so as to maintain the previous status?
2
a. 20% b. 18% c. 16 % d. 25%
3
9. A milkman mixes 120 l of milk containing 5% of water with 80 ltr. of milk
containing 10% of water. Then the percentage of water in mixture is,
a. 7.5% b. 7% c. 10% d. 15%
10. The population of a village is 18000. When the male popu7lation is increased by
5% and female population is decreased by 5%, the total population remains the
same. Then which one of the following is the female population of the village?
a. 10,000 b. 8,000 c. 9,000 d. 7200
11. The sum of money that yields daily interest of Rs 5 at 10% per annum is
a. Rs. 50 b. Rs. 1800 c. Rs. 18,250 d. Rs. 6400
12. A bank reduces the interest rate from 12% p.a. to 10.5% p.a. to expand its business.
By how much is the yearly interest on Rs. 8,400 decreased?
a. Rs. 126 b. Rs. 1008 c. Rs. 882 d. None

KIST COLLEGE & SS 67

13. At what time a sum of money double itself at the rate of 8% p.a.?
a. 8 year b. 10 year c. 12.5 year d. 16 year
14. A man deposited a part of Rs.1200 for 4 years at 12% p.a. in a finance company and
3
he deposited remaining part for 3 years at 8% p.a. in a bank. If he received the
5
same amount interest from the company and the bank. Then the sum deposited in
these two places is.
a. Rs. 1200, 450 b. Rs. 1200, 750 c. Rs. 1200, 1000 d. Rs. 450, 750
1
15. The sum of money increases by of itself every year. If it amounts to Rs. 1440 in
20
4 year then which one of the following is the sum?
a. Rs. 1400 b. Rs. 1350 c. Rs. 1200 d. Rs. 1000
16. Which one of the following is the compound amount when Rs. 4500 is invested for
3 years at 15% per annum?
A. Rs. 2343.94 b. Rs. 6843.94 c. Rs. 6000.45 d. Rs. 6063.06
Ans (b)
17. Ramesh deposits Rs. 1000 in a finance company at the rate of 12% per annum. If
the finance pays the interest compounded half yearly then which one of the
following is the interest paid by the company at the end of 2 year?
a. Rs. 1240 b. Rs. 120 c. Rs. 262.48 d. Rs. 254.40
18. If Rs. 1326 = $17 and Rs.1650 = £15, how many dollars can be exchanged for £195?
a. $ 275 b. $ 225 c. $ 195 d. $ 625
19. The monthly minimum charge for 100 local calls each of 3 minutes duration is Rs.
180. The charge for per extra call of 3 minutes duration is Rs. 3. If a household paid
a telephone bill of Rs.726 for a month including 10% TSC and 10% VAT, the
number of extra calls in the month is,
a. 420 b. 180 c. 140 d. 120
20. A can do a piece of work in 20 days, 'B' in 30 days 'C' in 40 days. All of them
started the work together but A leaves its after 5 days and 'C' before 10 days of
completion. Then B completes the work then the total time taken by work is ......
1 1 1 1
a. 17 days b. 7 days c. 7 days d. 7 days
7 17 7 17
21. A tank is filled up by a pipe in 12 minutes and another pipe empties it in 15
minutes. If initially tank is empty and both pipes are left open then how long it
takes to filled up?
2
a. 6 min b. 60 min. c. 10 min. d. 9 min.
3
22. There was food for 1500 solders which would last them for 48 days. After 13 days
some more soldiers joined them and the remaining food stuff lasted for 25 more
days. Find how many solders joined them?
a. 200 b. 400 c. 600 d. 800

68 KIST COLLEGE & SS

 Coordinate Geometry
A system of geometry where the position of points on the plane is described by using
an order pair of numbers. The points are placed on the co-ordinate plane determined
by two mutually perpendicular lines. The perpendicular distance of a point from y-axis
is known as x-coordinate and is also known as ‘abscissa’ and the perpendicular
distance of the point from x-axis is called y-coordinate and is also known as ordinate.
The coordinate of any point is written in the form (x, y). Y

p(x, y)

The Distance and Slop of a Line between two Points y

If P(x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2) be any two points in the plane,
then the distance between two points is:
X’ O x X
PQ = (x2 - x1)2 + (y2 -y1)2
y2 -y1
Slope of PQ =
x2 - x1
Area of the Triangle Y’
The area of the triangle formed by the three points (x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (x3, y3) is:
1
∆ = {x1(y2 – y3) + x2(y3 – y1) + x3((y1 – y2)}
2
x1 y1 1
1
Area of the triangle may be expressed in determinant form as: x y2 1
2 2
x3 y3 1
Section (Division) Formula
If a point (x, y) divides the line joining A( x 1, y1 ) and B ( x2 , y2 ) in the ratio m:n
internally, then the coordinates (x, y) can be obtained by
mx2 + nx1 my2 + ny1
x= ; y=
m+n m +n
mx2 -nx1 my2 - ny1
and for external division , x = ; y=
m -n m-n
Mid-point formula: If(x, y) is the mid-point of lane joing the points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2)
Then
x1 + x2 y1 + y 2
x= ,y=
2 2

KIST COLLEGE & SS 69

The Centroid of Triangle
The concurrent point of three medians of a triangle is called the centroid of the triangle,
if A( x1, y1 ) , B ( x2 , y2 ) and C ( x3, y3 ) are three vertices of a triangle ABC then the
centroid ( x , y ) of triangle is given by
x1 + x2 + x 3 y1 + y2 + y 3
x= ,y=
3 3
Locus and Equation
A path traced out by a point moving under some geometrical condition is called the
locus of the point. The equation which satisfies every point on the locus but not the
other points is called the equation of the locus.

Standard Equation of a Straight Lines

(i) Slope – intercept from: y = mx + c
x y
(ii) Double – intercept from: + = 1
a b
(iii) Point slope from: y – y1 = m(x – x1)
y2 - y1
(iv) Two point from: y – y1 = (x –x1)
x2 -x1
(v) Normal from: x cos + y sin = p
Collinear Points
Any three points A, B and C are said to be collinear if they all lie on the same straight
line. Three points A, B and C are collinear if any one of the following conditions is
satisfied.
(i) AB + BC = AC or BC + CA = AB or CA + AB = BC
(ii) Slope of AB = Slope of BC
(iii) Co-ordinate of C satisfies the equation of the line passing through the points
A and B.
(iv) Area of triangle ABC = 0.
Parallel Lines: Two lines are said to be parallel if their slopes are equal i.e. m 1 = m2
Perpendicular Lines: Two lines are said to be perpendicular if the product of their
slopes is -1. i.e. m1.m2 = -1.
Concurrent Lines: Any three lines are said to be concurrent if each of them passes
through the point of intersection of the other two.
Angle between two Lines
The angles  between two lines y = m1x + C1 and y = m2x + C2 is:

tan =  
m1 - m2 
  = tan-1  
m1 - m2 
1 + m1m2 1 + m1m2
The equations A1x + B1y + C1 = 0 and A2x + B2y + C2 = 0 in general form will be
perpendicular if A1A2 + B1B2 = 0 and they will be parallel if A1  B1
A2 B2

70 KIST COLLEGE & SS

Length of the Perpendicular from a Point on a Straight Line
(1) The perpendicular distance from a point (x1, y1) to the line xcos + ysin = P is:
 (x1cos + y1sin - P)
(2) The perpendicular distance from a point (x1, y1) to the line Ax + By + C = 0 is:
Ax1  By1  C
A 2  B2
 If ax + by + c1 = 0 and ax + by + c2 = 0 are two parallel lines then distance between
C1  C 2
them is
a 2  b2
 Line parallel to x-axis is y = b.
 Line parallel to y-axis is x = a.
 Equation of x-axis is y = 0.
 Equation of y-axis is x = 0.
 The single equation (a1x + b1y + c1) (a2x + b2y + c2) = 0 represents two straight lines
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0.
Pair of straight lines
An equation in which the sum of the indices of unknown variables involving in the
equation is the same to each term known as homogeneous equation.
An equation in which the sum of indices of unknown variable to each term is 2, known
as homogeneous equation of degree-two.

ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 always represents a line pair through origin.

Angle between the line pair represented by ax 2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0
m1-m2 2 h2-ab
is given by Tan =    = Tan-1 
1+m1m2 a+b
The lines represented by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 will be parallel if h2 = ab and will
perpendicular if a + b = 0
 The general equation of 2nd degree is ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0.
 The condition that the given equation of second degree represents a pair of
straight line is
abc + 2fgh – af2 – bg2 – ch2 = 0.
a h g
i.e. h b f =0
g f c
 The lines represented by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 will be real and distinct if h2 > ab.
 If lines represented by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 are given by y = m1x and y = m2x then
2h a
m1 + m2 = - and m1m2 = .
b b

KIST COLLEGE & SS 71

Circle
A circle is a locus points which moves in a plane such that its distance from a fixed
point is always constant. The fixed point is called the centre and the constant distance is
called the radius of the circle. Y

Equation of a Circle P(x, y)

r
(i) Centre at the origin (standard form) X' X
O
x2 + y 2 = r 2
(ii) Centre at any point (h, k)
(x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r2 Y'

(iii) The General equation x + y + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents a circle whose centre is
2 2

at (-g, -f) and radius g 2 + f2 - c .

 The general equation of second degree ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
represents a circle if a = b and h = 0.
 The equation of circle on the join of (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) as diameter is (x-x1) (x-x2) +
(y-y1) (y-y2) = 0.
 The circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is real or imaginary accordingly as g2 + f2 – c > 0
or g2 + f2 – c < 0.
 If g2 + f2 – c = 0 then circle is point circle.
 The point p(x1 ,y1) will be inside or on or outside the circle x 2+y2 = a2 accordingly as
x12 + y12 is less, equal or greater than a2 respectively.
 If C1 and C2 be the center of two circle with radii r 1 and r2 then they will touch
externally if C1C2 = r1+r2 and internally if C1C2 = r1-r2.
Some Important Points
(a) Centroid: The medians of a triangle meet at a point. This point is called centroid.
(b) Orthocentre: The perpendiculars drawn from the vertices on their opposite sides
meet at a point. This point is known as ‘orthocentre.’
(c) Circumcentre: The perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle meet at a
point. Then the point is known as circumcentre. The circumcentre is equidistance
from vertices of the triangle. The equidistance is called circum radius, is denoted
by R and the circle formed by the centre and the radius is called circumcircle.
(d) In centre: The bisectors of the internal angles of a triangle meet at a point known
as incentre. The perpendicular distance from incentre to each sides of a triangle
are equal, is called inradius, denoted by r. The circle formed by the centre and
radius is called in circle.
(e) Excentre: The bisector of two external angles of a triangle meet at a point, called
excentre. The distance between excentre to the substanded side, is called exradius
and the circle formed by the centre and radius is called excircle. There are three
excircle and the corresponding radius are denoted by r1, r2, r3.

72 KIST COLLEGE & SS

 x1 + x2 + x 3 y1 + y2 + y 3
Centroid: ( x , y ) = ( , )
3 3
ax1 + bx2 + cx3 ay1 + by2 + cy3
Incentre: (x , y ) = ( , ).
a+b+c a+b+c

MCQs
1. If (4, y) divides the join of (6, -1) and (3, 2) in the ratio of 2:1 then the value of y is:
a) 2 b) 8 c) 1 d) 1/2
2. The acute angle between the line x – 3y -6 = 0 and y =2x +5 is:
a) 300 b) 600 c) 450 d) 750
3. For what value of k, the three lines x -2y +1 = 0 and 2x – 5y + 3 = 0 and 5x + 9y + k
= 0 are concurrent?
a) -14 b) 4 c) 4 d) 14
4. The line x–y = 2 cuts the join of (3, -1) and (8, 9) in the ratio of …..
a) 1:3 b) 2:3 c) 3:1 d) 3:2
5. The distance between 4x + 3y = 11 and 8x + 6y = 15 is:
a) 7/2 b) 4 c) 7/10 d) None
6. Find the equation of line passing through (3, 2) and perpendicular to the line y = x
is:
a) x – y = 5 b) x + y = 5 c) x + y = 1 d) x – y = 1
7. The length of perpendicular from the point (a, 3) on line 3x + 4y + 5 = 0 is 4 then a =
a) 1 b) -3 c) -3/4 d) 2
8. For what value of K will the points (1, 4), (-3, 16) and (K, -2) are collinear?
a) 1 b) 3 c) 6 d) 10
9. The lines represented by the equation x2 + 2xy + y2 – 2x -2y -15 = 0 are
a) x +y = 5 and x + y = 3 b) x + y = -5 and x – y =3
c) x + y = -5 and x + y = 3 d) x + y =5 and x+ y = -3
10. The angle between the pair of lines given by
x2 + 6xy + 9y2 + 4x +12y -5 = 0 is
a) 00 b) 600 c) 300 d) 900
11. The equation 8x2 +8xy+2y2+ 26xy +13y+15 = 0:
a) Represents a pair of perpendicular lines
b) Represents a pair of parallel lines
c) Does not represents a pair of lines
d) Represents a pair of lines inclined at certain angle
12. For what value of a will (5a + 4)x2 – (10a + 4)xy + (5a + 3)y2 = 0 represent two
coincident lines?
8 8 16
a. b. c. 0 d.
15 25 25

KIST COLLEGE & SS 73

13 The angle between the pair of lines given by equation x 2 + 2xy – y2 = 0 is:
  
a) b) c) d) 0
3 6 2
14. For what value of k, the equation
4x2 + 10xy + ky2 + 5x + 10y = 0 may represent two lines:
-3
a) 2 b) -4 c) 2, d) 4
2
15. What will be the angle between the pair of the straight lines represented by the
equation
x2 –2xy Cosec2  + y2 = 0?
a) (900 - 2) b) (900 + 2) c) (1800 - 2) d) (1800 + 2)
16. The angle between the lines xy = 0 is:
a) 60o b) 90o c) 0o d) 120o
17. For what value of  will ( – 5)x + 2y – 5x + 6y – 3 = 0 represents a circle.
2 2

a) 5 b) 10 c) 2 d) -5
18. What is the area of circle x2 + y2–2x–8y–16 = 0?
a) 36 b) 24 c) 33 d) 16
19. The centre of the circle through origin, (p, 0) and (0, q) is ……

b) 
p q
a) (p, q) ,  c) (2p, 2q) d) (0, 0)
2 2
5
20. If the radius of the circle x2 + y2 -2x – 3y – k = 0 is
then the value of k is …..
2
a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 5
21. ABC is an equilateral triangle of side 24cm. If the centroid O is the centre of the
circle, then the radius of the circle is
a) 2 3 cm b) 3 3 cm c) 4 3 cm d) None of these

74 KIST COLLEGE & SS

 Algebra I
An algebra is the branch of mathematics that deals with the general statements of
relations, using the symbols or letters to represent specific sets of numbers, values,
vectors, etc., in the description of such relations.
1. a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b) 2. (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2
3. (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 4. a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 – ab + b)2
5. a – b = (a – b) (a + ab + b )
3 3 2 2 6. (a + b)3 = a3 + 3ab(a + b) + b3
7. (a – b)3 = a3 – 3ab(a – b) + b3 8. a2 + b2 = (a + b)2 – 2ab
9. a – b = (a - b) + 2ab
2 2 2 10. a3 + b3 = (a + b)3 -3ab(a + b)
11. a3 - b3 = (a - b)3 +3ab(a - b) 12. (a + b)2 = (a – b)2 + 4ab
(a + b)2 + (a - b)2
13. (a – b)2 = (a + b)2 – 4ab 14. a2 + b2 =
2
(a + b)2 - (a - b)2
15. ab =
4
16. (a + b + c)3 = a3 + b3 + c3 + 3(a + b) (b + c) (c + a)
17. (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
18. a3 + b3 +c3 – 3abc = ( a + b + c) ( a2 +b2 +c2 – 2ab – 2bc – 2ca)

Indices
1. am × an = (a)m+n 2. am  an = (a)m-n
3. (am)n = (a)mn 4. (ambn)p = amp bnp
n
5. a m = am/n 6. (a)0 = 1
Ratio and proportion
x x2
1. The duplicate ratio of is .
y y2
x √x
2. The sub duplicate ratio of is .
y √y
x x3
3. The triplicate ratio of is
y y3
3
x √x
4. The sub triplicate ratio of is 3 .
y √y

5. Two quantities are said to be commensurable, if their can be exactly as the ratio of
two integers, otherwise they will be incommensurable .
6. Quantities are said to be in continued proportion when the first is to the second as
second is to the third, as third is to fourth ; and so on. i.e. a, b ,c, d are in
continued proportion when a:b = b:c = c:d.
7. If three quantities a, b, c be in continued proportion, then b is called mean
proportional between a and c.

KIST COLLEGE & SS 75

 a c a+b c+d
8. If = , then = is called componendo and dividendo .
b d a−b c−d
9. A quantity is said to be vary directly as another, if change in one make the change
in other in the same proportion.
10. A quantity is said to be vary inversely as another, when the first varies directly as
the reciprocal of the second.

MCQs
1
1. If x = 3 + 8 , then the value of x3 + is:
x3
a. 6 b. 216 c. 198 d. 196
3 2 3+ 2
2. If x = and y = , then the value of x2 + xy + y2 is:
3 2 3- 2
a. 5 - 2 6 b. 5 + 2 6 c. 10 d. 99
3. If 2x+3 = 32, what is the value of 3x+2?
a. 5 b. 9 c. 27 d. 81
4. If x = 3a + 7 and y = 9a2, what is 'y' in terms of x?
(x-7)2
a. (x – 7)2 b. 3(x-7)2 c. d. (x+7)2
3
1 1
5. If y - = 3, find the value of y2 + 2 .
y y
a. 12 b. 11 c. 9 d. 8
3 3
6. Simplify: a-5.b-2 × a2b5
a b
a. b. ab c. d. a b
b a
3x+2 - 3x
7. Simplify:
8.3x
a. 1 b. -1 c. 0 d. None of above
8. If ab = ba and a = 2b, then value of a is...
1
a. 1 b. 0 c. − 1 d.
2
9. If a = bx, b = cy and c = az, then x.y.z = ….
a. 2 b. 1 c. 0 d. abc
10. If x = 31/3 – 32/3, then x3 + 9x + 6 = …..
a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. 3
11. Which one of the following represents the degree of the f( x, y) = x 3y2 + 2x2y + 4x4 ?
a. 11 b. 4 c. 3 d. 5
12. If 50100 = k (10050) the value of k is

c.  
1 50
a. 2550 b. 5050 d. None
2
76 KIST COLLEGE & SS
 1 1
13. If x + = 2 then x+ is
x x
2
a. 2 b. -2 c. d. 2
3
1
14. If a2 - 6a - 1 = 0, then the value of a2 + is
a2
a. 30 b. 36 c. 38 d. 40
1
15. The factors of a2 + 2 - 11 are
a

a. a + + 3, a - + 3 b. a - - 3 ,a - + 3
1 1 1 1
 a  a   a  a 
c. a - - 3, a + + 3 d. a + - 3, a - - 3
1 1 1 1
 a  a   a  a 
16. If x1/m = y1/m = z1/p and xy = 1 then m + n + p is
a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. Cannot determined
2 x+4
17. If (x - 1)  then
3 6
5 8 5 5
a. x  b. x  c. x  d. x 
3 3 4 3
18. If a = 10 b = 10 and a b = 100, then which of the following is true
x y x y

x y
a. = 10 b. xy = 100 c. xy = 1 d. = 100
y x
19. A boy is 3 years older than his sister. Two years ago the sum of their ages was 19.
How old is the boy now?
a. 13 years b. 12 years c. 11 years d. 10 years
20. The ratio of present age of Alex and his father is 1:4. After 6 years if the ratio of
their ages will be 5:14, then which one of following represents their respective ages
?
a. 5 and 20 b. 7 and 21 c. 9 and 36 d. 3 and 12
21. For first 100 km of trip, Mr. A drove at 40 km per hour,then he drove at 40 km per
hour for the next 120 km. What was his average speed in the entire trip ?
a. 45 km/hr b. 44 km/hr c. 60 km/hr d. 80 km/hr
22. In a race of 1 km, if A beats B by 50 m and B beats C by 50m. Then by how much
A beats C ?
a. 250m b. 150m c. 147.5m d. 145m
23. If 2x = 3y = 4z,then x:y:z =...
a. 2:3:4 b. 4:3:2 c. 6: 4:3 d. 2: 6:9

KIST COLLEGE & SS 77

 Sequence and Series
A sequence is an ordered set of numbers. The algebraic sum of the terms of the
sequence is called series. A sequence is also called progression. In practice, we have
following sequences:
Arithmetic Sequence: An ordered set of numbers in which the difference between any
two successive terms always has the same value is called an arithmetic sequence. It is
also called Arithmetic Progression ( AP )
Geometric Sequence: An ordered set of numbers in which the ratio of each successive
term to its preceding term is always has same value is called geometric sequence. It is
also called Geometric Progression ( GP )
Harmonic Sequence: An ordered set of numbers which is formed by taking the
reciprocal of terms of an arithmetic sequence is known as harmonic sequence. It is also
called Harmonic Progression (HP )
Means: The terms which are inserted between any two terms of a sequence is known as
means.
For AP:
 If a, b, c are in AP, then b is called arithmetic mean between a and c such that b =
a+c
2
 nth term tn = Sn – Sn-1 and common difference d = Sn – 2Sn-1 + Sn-2
 nth term tn = a + (n-1)d
 Common difference (d) = tn – tn-1 for n>1
n n
 Sum of first n terms Sn = (a+l) or [2a + (n-1)d]
2 2
 If a+d, a+2d, a+3d, ---, a+nd are the n arithmetic means between a and b then the
b-a
common difference d =
n+1
n(n+1)
 Sum of first n natural numbers =
2
 Sum of first n even natural numbers = n(n+1)
 Sum of first n odd natural numbers = n2
n(n+1)(2n+1)
 Sum of the squares of first n natural numbers =
6
2
 n( n  1) 
 Sum of cubes of first n natural numbers =  
 2 

78 KIST COLLEGE & SS

For GP:
 nth term, tn = arn-1
tn ak+1
 Common ratio ,r = i.e r = for k ≥ 1
tn-1 ak

 Sum of first n terms,

𝑎(1−𝑟 𝑛 )
Sn = for |r| < 1
1−𝑟
a(r -1)
n
And, Sn = for |r| > 1
r-1
a
 Sum of infinity S∞ = for |r|<1
1-r
 Geometric mean between a and b is ab
 If ar, ar2, ar3, ---, arn are n GM inserted between two numbers a and b. then the
1
 b  ( n 1)
common ratio, r =  
a
For HP:
1 1 1
 If a, b, c are in AP then, , , are in H.P.
a b c
2ab
 If a, b, c are in HP then b is harmonic mean between a and c such that b =
a+b
1
 nth term of HP is given by tn =
a+(n-1)d
The AM, GM and HM between any two unequal positive numbers satisfy the
following relations:
a) (GM)2 = AM × HM
b) AM > GM > HM

MCQs
1. The sum of 1st 20 terms of an A.P. whose 1st term is 2 and common difference 3 is..
(a) 520 (b) 610 (c) 400 (d) 730
2. If 1 + 6 + 11 + ............. + x = 148, then x
(a) 36 (b) 8 (c) 30 (d) none
3. The value of 9 . 9 .9 ...........  is
1/3 1/9 1/27

(a) 9 (b) 18 (c) 27 (d) 3

4. A.M. between two numbers is 15 and G.M. is 9, then H.M. is
9 7 27 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
13 5 5 2
5. If a, b, c are in G.P. and a1/x = b1/y = c1/z, x, y, z are in
(a) A.P. (b) G.P. (c) H.P. (d) none
KIST COLLEGE & SS 79
6. If S11 of A.P. is 77 then t6 is..
(a) 7 (b) 8 (c) 12 (d) 4
7. a, b, c are in A.P. and x, y, z are in G.P. then
[Link]-b = ….
a) 0 b) -1 c) 1/2 d) 1
8. If Sn = n2 +5 then t10 is equal to ……
a) 20 b) 21 c) 19 d) 10
9. The minimum number of terms of the series
1 + 3 + 9 + 27 + --- so that the sum may exceed 1000 is:
a) 7 b) 5 c) 3 d) None
1 1 1 81
10 Which of the following is the number of terms in the G.P of    ...... ?
18 6 2 2
a) 6 b) 3 c) 7 d) 4
11. The second, fourth and eighth terms of an arithmetic progression are in geometric
progression. What is the common ratio of GP?
a) 3 b) 4 c) 5/2 d) 2

Geometry
Euclid's Postulates
1. A straight line segment can be drawn joining any two points.
2. Any straight line segment can be extended indefinitely in a straight line.
3. Given any straight lines segment, a circle can be drawn having the segment as
radius and one endpoint as center.
4. All Right Angles are congruent.
5. If two lines are drawn which intersect a third in such a way that the sum of the
inner angles on one side is less than two Right Angles, then the two lines inevitably
must intersect each other on that side if extended far enough. This postulate is
equivalent to what is known as the Parallel Postulate.

Properties of Triangle
 The sum of angles of any triangle is equal to two right angles.
 The exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of two opposite interior angles.
 The sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the third side.
 In any triangle, the angle opposite to the longer side is greater than the angle
opposite to shorter side.
 If any two sides of triangle are equal the angle opposite to them are equal and vice
versa.
 The bisector of a vertical angle of a isosceles triangle is the perpendicular bisector
of the base.

80 KIST COLLEGE & SS

Condition of congruency of triangles
i. S.S.S. axiom: When three sides of a triangle are respectively equal to three
corresponding side of another triangle, they are said to be congruent.
ii. S.A.S. axiom: When two sides of one triangle and angle made by them are
respectively equal to the corresponding sides and angle of another triangle they
are said to be congruent triangles.
iii. A.S.A. axiom: When two angles and their adjacent side of one triangle are
respectively equal to the corresponding angles and sides of another triangle, they
are said to be congruent triangles.
iv. R.H.S. axiom: In two right-angled triangles, when the hypotenuse and one of the
two remaining sides are respectively equal, they are said to congruent triangles.
v. A.A.S. axiom: When two angles and a side of one triangle are respectively equal to
the corresponding angles and sides of another triangle, they are said to be
congruent triangles.

Condition of similarity of triangles

i. When all angles of one triangle are respectively equal to the corresponding angles
of another triangle, the triangles are said to be similar.
ii. When the ratios of the corresponding sides of triangles are equal, i.e. the
corresponding sides of triangles are proportional, the triangles are said to be
similar.
iii. Two equiangular triangles are similar.
iv. If any two corresponding sides of triangles are proportional and the angles
included by them are equal, the triangles are similar.
v. If two triangles have their corresponding sides proportional, then the triangles are
similar.

Properties of polygon
i. The sum of n interior angles of a polygon with n number of sides is (n – 2)180.
( n  2)180
ii. Each angle of a regular polygon of n number of sides is
n
iii. The sum of exterior angle of a polygon is 3600.
iv. The sum of each exterior angle of a regular polygon with n number of sides is 360 .
n
n( n  3)
v. The number of diagonals in a polygon is , where n is number of sides in
2
polygon.

Properties of Parallelogram
i. Properties of rectangle
a. Its opposite sides are equal.
b. Each of its angle is a right angle (900)

KIST COLLEGE & SS 81

 c. It's diagonals are equal.
d. Diagonals of a rectangle bisect each other.
ii. Properties of square
a. Its all sides are equal.
b. Each of its angle is a right angle.
c. Its diagonals bisect each other at right angle.
d. Its diagonals are equal and bisect the opposite angle.
iii. Properties of rhombus
a. Its all sides are equal.
b. Its opposite angles are equal.
c. Its diagonals are not equal and bisect each other at right angle.
d. Its diagonals bisect the opposite angles.
 The straight line segments that join the ends of two equal and parallel line
segments towards the same sides are also equal and parallel.
 The straight line segments that join the ends of two equal and parallel line
segments towards the opposite sides bisect each other.

Properties of circle
 The perpendicular drawn from the centre of a circle to a chord, bisects the chord.
 Equal chords of a circle are equidistant from the centre.

82 KIST COLLEGE & SS

MCQs
1. The supplement of an angle is five times the angle, then the angle is ....
a. 1500 b. 600 c. 1200 d. 300
2. The complement of an angle is 20 less than 4 times the angle then the angle is .....
0

a. 240 b. 220 c. 330 d. 440

3. An exterior angle of a regular polygon is equal to an interior angle of regular
triangle. Then the number sides of the polygon is ....
a. 4 b. 5 c. 6 d. 8
4. In the figure along side what will be the value of x?
a) 450 b) 250 A c) 600 d) 300

x
M N
1050
0
25
550
B C

5. In the figure along side, what will be the value of x, if O is the centre of the circle?
a) 900 b) 600 c) 700 d) 1200
B C
x

A 300
D
O

6. In the figure along side, what will be the value of x, if O is the centre of the circle?
a) 300 b) 900 c) 600 d) 450
D

O C

30 0

x
A
B

7. In the figure, O is the centre of circle and AB is the diameter. If BOD = 1200, then
what will be the value of x.
a. 600 b. 900 c. 1200 d. 300
D
A

x
O
C

KIST COLLEGE & SS 83

8. In the given figure, ABCD is a parallelogram. BCD = 1200 and AB = AE. Find the
size of  AEB.
a. 1200 b. 600 c. 300 d. 450
A D

1200

B E C
9. In the given figure AB = AC, BD = EC and DAE = 250. Then the value of
ADE = ...
a. 600 b. 750 c. 77.50 d. 850
A

250

C
B D E
10. In the adjoining figure which one of the following is the value of x?

A
a. 570 b. 670 c. 470 d. 370

OO

x 240

B C D

11. The value of x in the adjoining figure is A

a. 1300 b. 2300 c. 1150 d. 2150 80

x

B C

84 KIST COLLEGE & SS

 Statistics and Probability
Statistics is the branch of mathematics in which facts and information are collected,
sorted, displayed and analyzed. Statistics are used to make decision and prediction
about the future plans and policies.
The collected statistical data can present using the diagrams: histogram, line graphs
and pie chart. Similarly, the collected data can be present graphically using the
frequency curve which is known ogive or cumulative frequency curve.
Measures of central tendency: The degree of clustering of the values of a statistical
distribution that is usually measured by mean, median and mode is known as central
tendency.
i. Mean: Arithmetic mean is the most common type of average. It is the number
obtained by dividing the sum of all the items by the number of items.

i.e. Mean= sum o fall the items   x , where x is numerical value of all observation.
the number o f items N
Types of individual discrete Continuous data
data data data
Mean
x  fx  fm , m is mid value of class interval
N N N
If n1 and n2 be the sizes, x1 and x2 the arithmetic means then the combined
mean of series x1 and x2 is given by x 12 = n 1 x 1  n 2 x 2
n1  n2
ii. Median: Median represents the value of middle most observation, when the data
are arranged in the ascending or descending order of magnitude.

Types of individual discrete Continuous data

data data data
Position th th th
 N 1  N 1  N
Median      
 2   2  2
for continuous data, the actual value of median is determined by,
N
 c.f
Md = L+ 2 h , where L=lower limit of class interval, c.f. = Cumulative
f
frequency, f=corresponding frequency, h=height of interval.
iii. Mode: Mode is the highest repeated observation of the data.
 For individual and discrete data mode is corresponding value for highest
frequency.
 For continuous data model class is corresponding to highest frequency and
the actual mode is given by, Mode = L  f1  f2  h
2f1  f0  f2
where, f1 = maximum frequency
f0 = frequency preceding modal class

KIST COLLEGE & SS 85

 f2 = frequency following modal class
h = size of the modal class.
Relation between various measures of central tendency
i. For symmetrical distribution, mean = median = mode.
ii. If the distribution is not symmetrical, then Mode = 3 Median – 2Mean
Partition of data: The well arranged data which are divided into n – equal parts is
called partition of data which are given by:
a. Median: Data is divided into two equal parts.
b. Quartile: Data is divided into four equal parts.
c. Decile: Data is divided into ten equal parts.
d. Percentile: Data is divided into hundred equal parts.
Measure of dispersion: Dispersion is the measure of scatterness or variation of the
items from the central value. We have following methods of measuring dispersions:
a. Range: Range is defined as the difference between the largest item and the
smallest item in the set of observations. So in a set of observations if L is the largest
item and S the smallest item, then the range is defined by Range = L – S.
b. Semi interquartile range or Quartile Deviation: The difference between the upper
and lower quartiles is known as Interquartile range. Half the interquartile range is
known as semi-interquartile range or quartile deviation.
Q3  Q1
Quartile deviation =
2
c. Mean deviation: Mean deviation (M.D.) is defined as the arithmetic mean of the
deviations of the items from mean, median or mode, when all the deviations are
considered positive. M.D. from mean =  xx
n

 fxx

Also, M.D. from mean = N

M.D. from median and mode can similarly be obtained by replacing x by Md and
Mo respectively.
d. Standard Deviation:- Standard deviation (S.D) is defined as the positive square
root of the mean of the square of the deviations taken from the arithmetic mean. It
is denoted by .
If x be the variate values and x their arithmetic mean then the S.D. denoted by x
or simply  is given by
 =  ( x  x) 2 = Also  =  f(x  x)2 =
2
 fx 
2

n
x 2 


 x 
 N
2 


fx 

N  N  N  N 
   

Combined standard deviation:- If n1 and n2 be the sizes, x1 and x2 the

arithmetic means and 1 and 2 the respective standard deviations of two
component series, then their combined standard deviation denoted by 12 is given
by, 12 = n 1  1 2  n 2  22  n 1 d 1 2  n 2d 22 , where d1 = x1  x1 & d2 = x2  x2
n1  n2

86 KIST COLLEGE & SS

MCQs
1. Which one of the following is the graphical representation of cumulative frequency
of a statistical distribution
a. Bar diagram b. Histogram c. Pie-chart d. Ogive curve
2. The mean of 17 observation is 20. If the mean of first 9 observation is 23 and that of
last 9 observation is 18, then 9th observation is
a. 29 b. 19 c. 14.5 d. 15
3. In a hospital account of 900 patient the different blood group patient in a year are
observed as: A – 41%, B – 10%, AB – 4%, O – 45%. What will be the angular
measurement for blood group O in a pie chart?
a. 157 b. 147.60 c. 1620 d. 1750
4. In a survey at a village a surveyor found that the mean age of 20 girls was 15 years
and that of 15 boys was 20 years. What is their mean age?
a. 15.5 year b. 20 year c. 16 year d. 17.14 year
5. If the average of the wages: 30, 36, p, 40, 44; received by 5 worker is Rs.35; the
value of p is ....
a. 25 b. 27 c. 30 d. 35
6. For what value of m the mean of the given data is 17?
x 5 10 15 20 25 30

f 2 5 10 m 4 2

a. 21 b. 15 c. 14 d. 7
7. The mean marks of 200 students was calculated to be 50. Later it is found that 80
was mistakenly written for 150 and 8 was written for 88. Then, what should be the
mean value?
a. 50 b. 50.75 c. 51.2 d. 52.8
8. For given individual data if observed values are doubled then arithmetic mean of
new set data is ......
a. doubled b. tripled c. halved d. four times
9. If x + y – z = 3, x – y + z = 8 and – x + y + z = 4, then the average value of x, y, z is:
a. 3 b. 15 c. 45 d. 5
10. The s.d. of the data: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 is .....
a. 2 b. 2.5 c. 3 d. 5

KIST COLLEGE & SS 87

 Probability
The chance or likelihood of happening of some event is known as probability. The
subject of probability tries to estimate the degree of happening in a trial and to decide
our course of action.
Some basic terms which are frequently used in probability are discussed below:
 Any experiment whose outcome cannot be predicted is called a random
experiment.
 Every possible outcome or group of outcomes of a random experiment is called an
event.
 A sample space is the set of all possible outcomes of an experiment.
 The total number of all possible outcomes of a random experiment is known as
exhaustive cases.
 Two events E1 and E2 are said to be independent events if occurrence of one event
does not depend upon the occurrence of other.
 Two events associated with an experiment are mutually exclusive if the subjects of
sample space representing the two events are disjoint.

Probability: If E is any event, the probability of occurrence of E is given by

number of favourable outcomes
P(E) =
total number of possible outcomes
number of times event occurs
Empirical probability: P(E) =
total numbers of experimental trials
 If E is impossible, P(E) = 0.
 If E is sure event, P(E) = 1.
 For any event E, 0  P(E)  1.
 The probability of non-happening of the event is given by P'(E) = 1 – P(E).
 If E and F are mutually exclusive events, then P(EF) = P(E) + P(F)
Addition theorem of probability: Let A and B are any two equally likely events. Let an
experiment then probability of occurrence of at least one events is given by
P(AB) = P(A) + p(B), where P(AB) is simultaneous occurrence of at events A and B.
Multiplication theorem of probability: Let A and B are any two equally likely events
of an experiment. Then the probability of simultaneous occurrence of events A and B is
the product of their individual probability. i.e. P(AB) = P(A). P(B).
Conditional probability: If A and B are events in a sample space S with P(B) > 0, then
conditional probability of event A, given event B, is denoted by P(A/B), is defined by
P(A/B) = P( A  B) . Here, P(A/B) denotes the probability of happening B before A.
P( B)

88 KIST COLLEGE & SS

MCQs
1. What is the probability of getting a 2 or a 6 in a roll of a dice?
a. 1/2 b. 1/3 c. 1/4 d. 1/6
2. A card is drawn at random from a shuffled deck of 52 cards. What is the
probability that it is a face card?
a. 1/4 b. 3/13 c. 1/13 d. 4/13
3. For any events A, B and C, if P(A) = P(B) = 1/2 P(C), then P(C) = ............
a. 1/2 b. 4/5 c. 2/5 d. 1/5
4. A coin is weighted so that the head is three times as likely to appear as tail then
what will be the probability occurrence of head?
a. 1/2 b. 1/4 c. 3/4 d. none
5. If A and B are two mutually exclusive events such that P(A) = 5/6 and P(B) = 1/4.
Then which one will be P(AB)?
a. 11/12 b. 5/24 c. 5/12 d. 1/12
6. The probability of A can solve a problem is 1/3 and probability that B can solve the
problem is 2/3. What is the probability that the problem will be solved if both of
them try?
a. 7/9 b. 2/9 c. 1/3 d. 1/9
7. A couple plans to have three children, what is the probability that exactly two will
boys?
a. 1/3 b. 2/3 c. 2/8 d. 3/8
8. A and B are two events where P(A) = 0.25 and P(B) = 0.5, the probability of both
happening together is 0.14. The probability of both A and B not happening is .....
a. 0.39 b. 0.25 c. 0.11 d. 0.2
9. A and B appear for an interview for two posts. The probability of A's selection is
1/3 and that of B's selection is 2/5. Find the probability that only one of them will
be selected.
a. 4/15 b. 7/15 c. 2/3 d. 3/5
10. A box contains 5 yellow, 4 red and 3 blue balls if a ball is drawn at random what is
the probability of its not being yellow?
a. 7/12 b. 5/12 c. 5/7 d. 7/8
11. Three coins are tossed simultaneously what is the probability of getting not more
than two heads?
a. 1/2 b. 2/3 c. 5/8 d. 7/8
12. If the probability of germinating a seed of a pea plant is 0.85 how many seeds out
of 1000 will germinate?
a. 85 b. 150 c. 850 d. 1000
13. A number card numbered from 1 to 30. What is the probability of getting the card
which is multiple of 5 or 6?
a. 1/3 b. 1/6 c. 1/5 d. 11/30

KIST COLLEGE & SS 89

14. A bag contains 4 white and 6 red balls. Two balls are drawn in succession. Find the
probability that the first ball will be white and second will red if first ball is not
replaced?
a. 16/25 b. 11/15 c. 8/15 d. 4/15
15. A pair of dice is thrown. Find the probability that the sum is 10 or greater if a 5
appear on at least one of the dice.
a. 1/3 b. 3/11 c. 11/36 d. 5/18
16. What is the probability that a leap year has 53 Sunday?
a. 1/4 b. 1/3 c. 1/7 d. 2/7

90 KIST COLLEGE & SS

Answers & explanations: 9. Ans (c): Let n(P) be no. of students
Sets who do not play any 3 of the
1. Ans (c): n(A) = 3, no. of possible sports.
subsets 2n = 23 = 8 From diagram, 150 – n(p) = 66 – x –
no. of non-empty proper subsets = y – 3 + 45 – x – z – 3 – 42 – y – z – 3
2n – 2 = 2 3 – 2 = 6 +x+y+z–3
2. Ans (d): Solution of x2 – x – 2 = 0  150 – n(P) = 153 – (x + y + z) – 3
are x = 2, -1.  A = {2, -1}.  n(P) = 30.
no. of subset of A = 2n = 22 = 4.
so P = {, {2}, {-1}, {2, -1}} U = 150 n(B) = 66 n(C) = 45

 n(P) = 4.
3. Ans (b): A = {x: x = (2n+1), n < 5, n N}
x
putting n = 1, 2, 3, 4 we get,
A = {3, 5, 7, 11}. 3
y
Also, B = {x: x = 3n - 2, n  4, n N}, z

putting n = 1, 2, 3, 4 we get,
B = {1, 4, 7, 10}
so, B – A = {1, 4, 7, 10} – {3, 5, 7, 11}
= {1, 4, 10}
n(S) = 42
4. Ans (b): Here, n(A) = 50, n(B) = 65
Now, n(A) + n(B) = 50 + 65 = 115 > 100 10. Ans (b): n() = 175, n(m) = 100, n(p)
Min. possible of n(AB) = 115 – 100 = 15 = 70, n(c) = 46 n(m  p) = 10, n(m 
5. Ans (d): A – B = {1, 3}
c) = 28, n(p  c) = 23, n(m  p  c)
B – A = {6, 8, 10}
= 18
Now, AB = (A – B)  (B – A)
= {1, 3, 6, 8, 10} Now, n(mpc) = n(m) + n(p) +
6. n(c) – n(mp) – n(pc) – n(c  m)
Ans (a): Let P, M are the sets who
+ p(m  p  c)
teaches maths and physics
= 100 + 70 + 46 – 10 – 28 – 23 + 18
respectively.
n(PM) = n(P) + n(M) – n(PM) = 234 – 61 = 173
 20 = n(P) + 12 – 4 So, n(m  p  c) = n(U) –
 n(P) = 12 n(mpc) = 175 – 173 = 2
7. Ans (d): A  B = {x: x  A and x  B } 11. Ans (b): By definition,  is an
= {x: x  A and x  B} irrational number
= {x: x  (A – B)} 12. Ans (d): -2  3x + 1  7
 -3  3x  6 [subtracting all sides by 1]
=A–B
 -1  x  2 [dividing all sides by 3]
8. Ans (a): Let x be multiplicative
 [-1, 2]
inverse of -a then x. - a = 1
13. Ans (b): B – A = (0, 5) – (2, 3]
 x = -1/a is multiplicative inverse
= (3, 5)
of -a.

KIST COLLEGE & SS 91

Relation & functions
1. Ans (d): f(x – 1) = 2x – 5 g(f(2)) = 2
 f[(x + 3) – 1] = 2(x + 3) – 5  3(f(2)) + 2 = 2
 f(x + 2) = 2x + 6 – 5 = 2x + 1  3f(2) = 0
2. Ans (d): f: RR, f(x) = x2 – 4  f(2) = 0
let, –1, 1  R, then, 12. Ans (c): Since f (x)  f(x) for g(x)  0
f(1) = –3, f(–1) = –3 g g( x)
2
so, –1  1  f(1) = f(-1) = 3x  4x  1 for 3x2 – 3  0
 f is not one to one. 3x 2  3
Again, f(x) = x2 – 4 If 3x2 – 3 = 0
 y = x2 – 4  x2 = 1
 x =  y  4  R for all y  R  x = 1 must excluded.
13. Ans (a): Since, (f – 3)x = f(x) – 3
 f is not onto
= 2x – 1 – 3
3. Ans (b): A × A = {–1, 0, 1} × {–1, 0, 1}
= 2x – 4.
= {(–1, –1), (–1, 0), (–1, 1), (0, –1), (0,
14. Ans (b): Here f is one to one and onto
0), (0, 1), (1, –1), (1, 0), (1, 1)}
both
R = {(x, y): x < y} = {(-1, 0), (-1, 1), (0, 1)}
f-1(x) exists
4. Ans (b): Number of relations from A
x
to B is n(B)n(A) = 43 = 64. let y =
x2
5. Ans (d): Here, 2x + y = 7, x, y  N
Interchanging x & y
So, we have following pairs (x, y) y
x=
satisfies 2x + y = 41 y 2
i.e. R = {1, 5}, (2, 3), (3, 1)  xy – 2x = y
 Range = {5, 3, 1}  xy – y = 2x
6. Ans (a): Either (3, 1) or (3, 2) must  y(x – 1) = 2x
removed because only 3 is paired 2x
y= 2x  f-1(x) =
with two elements 1 and 2. x 1 x 1
7. Ans (a): For x = 2, f(2) =  (undefined) 15. Ans (b):4m = 4.f(6) = 4(10 – 6)2
So, 2 do not have its image. = 4.42 = 64
8. Ans (a): p(x) = 4x – 6 Also, f(18) = (10 – 18)2 = (–8)2 = 64
 p(a) = 4a – 6  4m = f(18)
 0 = 4a – 6 16. Ans (b): f(x) + 2f(x) = x ..... (i)
 a = 3/2 1 1
Also, f(1/x) – 3f(1/x) = .
9. Ans (a): There is no change found x2 2 x
+ y2 = 1 even x and y are replaced by Replace, 1/x by x, we get,
-x and -y. So the relation x2 + y2 = 1 is 1
f(x) – 3f(x) = x .... (ii)
an even. 2
10. Ans (b): g(1, 2) = 12 – 22 = –3 Subtracting (ii) from (i)
so, f(g,(1, 2),3) = f(-3, 3) = 3. –3 + 2.3 = –3 x
5f(x) = x –
2
11. Ans (d): for x = 2,  f(x) = 2x  x

x
10 10

92 KIST COLLEGE & SS

Polynomials
1. Ans (b): f(x) = 4x3 – 3x2 + 2 Now, the equation with roots 2 and
R = f(2) = 4(2)3 – 3(2)2 + 2 = 20 2 is
2. Ans (c): x2 - (2 + 2)x + 2.2 = 0
f(2) = 2(2)3 – m(2)2 – 13 × 2 + n = –10 -  x2 - 2( + )x + 4 = 0
4m + n = 0 ...... (i) 4 3
 x2 - 2. x + 4 . = 0
f(3) = 3(3)3 – m(3)2 – 13 × 3 + n = 15 – 7 7
9m + n = 0 ....... (ii)  7x2 - 8x + 12 = 0.
From (i) and (ii) 9. Ans (b): let one root = 2
 m = 5, n = 30 Them next root = 3
3. Ans (d): Here, f(x) = x3 - 3x2 - 2x + a ( p)
By question,f(-2) = 2f(3) Now, 2 + 3 = 
1
 -8 - 12 + 4 + a = 2(27 - 27 - 6 + a)  5 = p
 -16 + a = -12 + 2a  -a = -12 + 16 p
 a = -4. = .
5
4. Ans (a): on comparing equation to ax2
q
+ bx + c = 0 we get, Again 2.3 =  62 = q
1
a = 3, b = -4, c = 4.
2
b ( 4 ) 4 p
 sum of roots =      6     q  6p2 = 25q
a 3 3 5
5. Ans (d): x2 – (sum of roots) x + product 10. Ans (d) : let  be one root, then next
of roots = 0 root = - 
 x2 – 2x + 3 = 0 (7  k )
6. Ans (d): Putting x = 0 in 2x2 - (6 + k)x + Now sum of roots,  + (-) = 
3
(2 + k) = 0 7k
we get, 2.02 – (6 + k).0 + (2 + k) = 0 0= k=7
3
2+k=0  k = -2.
( 1)
or, if one root zero, 11. Ans (a): Sum of roots,  +  =  1
1
then product of root = 0
2k 2
c
 0   0  k = -2. Product of roots . =  2
a 2 1
7. Ans (c) : Let  be one root then next Now, 2+2 = ( + )2 – 2
= (1)2 – 2.(-2) = 1 + 4 = 5
1
root = 12. Ans (c): Here, b2 – 4ac = (-3)2 – 4.7. (-4)

= 9 + 112 = 121 > 0 and perfect square.
1 3(7  10 m )
So, product of roots, . = So, roots are rational and unequal.
 1 13. Ans (d):
[product of roots = c/a]
 3(7 + 10m) = 1  m = -2/3 Let x = 6  6  6  .........
8. Ans (c): let,  and  are roots of 7x2 –
 x2 = 6  6  6  .........
4x + 3 = 0
(4) 4 3  x2 = 6  x  x2 - x - 6 = 0  x = 3, -2
Then,  +  =   , . 
7 7 7

KIST COLLEGE & SS 93

Trigonometry
c
1. Ans (d) : Here,  = 200 =    c let A = 150 then,
 20   
 180  9 0 1 cos15 0
44  9  7 cot 7 1 =
Now, r = s  44 =  126 . 2 0
sin 15
  22
9 3 1
1
2. Ans (b): sin2250 + sin2650 = sin2250 + 2 2

[sin(900 – 250)]2 31
= sin2250 + cos2250 = 1 2 2
3. Ans (b) sin4 + cos4 = (sin2 + cos2)2 
2 2  3 1

3 1
– 2sin2.cos2 3 1 3 1
1 2 6 2 2 3 3  3 1
= 1 – (sin2) 2 
2 31
Which will be minimum if (sin2)2 is 2 6 2 2 2 3 4

maximum 2
but maximum of (sin2)2 = 12 = 1 = 6  3  2 2
So minimum of sin4 + cos4 = 1 –  9
1 1 7. Ans (d): sin  sin
.1 = 10 10
2 2 = sin180 + sin1620
4. Ans (c): Since, maximum value of = sin180 + sin(1800 – 180)
acos + bsin is a 2  b2 = sin180 + sin180
So, maximum value of 3cos + 4sin = 2sin180
5 1
is 32  4 2  5 =2×
4
5. Ans (d): Since, cos A = 1  c o sA 5 1
2 2 =
2
Let A = 45 , 0

0
8. Ans (c): cos120 + cos840 + cos1560 +
So, cos 45 1  cos 450
 cos1320
2 2
0 1
= (cos120 + cos1320) + (cos840 + cos1560)
1
 cos22 1 = 2 = 2c os120  1320 . c os120  1320  2c os840  1560
2 2 2 2 2
= 2 1 2 840  1560
 . c os
2 2 2 2
= 2cos720.cos600 + 2cos1200.cos360
2 2
= = 2sin180.cos600 + 2cos1200. (1 – 2sin21800)
4   5 1 
2
= 5 1 1
2. .  2.  1 2 1  2  
  
4 2
  4  
= 1
2 2
2 = 5 1 1 5

4 4
= 1 2
9. Ans (b): tan + sin = m tan – sin = n
6. Ans (c) : Since, cot A = 1  cos A m2 – n2 = (tan + sin)2 . (tan – sin)2
2 sin A
94 KIST COLLEGE & SS
 = 4tan.sin  cos = (1 + 2 ) sin
= 4 (tan . sin )2  cos + sin = (1 + 2 ) sin + sin
2 2
= 4 (sec   1) sin  = (1 + 2 +1) sin
2
= 4 (tan   sin  2 = (2 + 2 ) sin
= 4 (tan   sin )(tan   sin ) = 2 ( 2 +1) sin

= 4 mn = 2 cos
10. Ans (a): sin + sin = a, cos + cos = b 14. Ans (c): Given
tan10.tan20.tan30 .....tan 890
Now, sin   sin   a
cos   cos  b take a pair tan10.tan890
   = tan(00 – 890).tan890
2 sin .cos
 2 2 a = cot890.tan890 = 1
 b b
2c os . sin Similarly, tan20 tan880 = 1
2 2
  a tan30.tan890 = 1
 tan 
2 b ...........................
Now, sin( + ) = tan440.tan460 = 1
  tan450 = 1
2 tan 2. a b
2 2ab
  2 So, multiple of each pairs will be 1.
2   2
1a 2 a  b
2
1  tan
2 b
11. Ans (a): sinA + cosecA = 2 15. Ans (a): The angle opposite smallest
1 side is the
 sinA + 2
sin A smallest angle of triangle
 sin2A + 1 = 2sinA So, for any triangle ABC, consider
 (sinA – 1)2 = 0 a = 2, b = 3, c = 1 Then c is the
 sinA = 1 smallest one
 sin8A + cosec16A = sin8A + 1 2 2 2
sin 16
A Now, cos c = a  b  c
1 2ab A
4 31
=1 +
8 1 16
=1+1=2  cosc = c=1 b= 3
12. Ans (d): sinQ1 + sinQ2 + sinQ3 = 3 2.2 3
 Q1 = Q2 = Q3 = 900 6
 cosc =
4 3 B
 cosQ1 + cosQ2 + cosQ3 = cos900 +
a=2
cos900 + cos900 3
 cosc =  c = 300 C
=0+0+0=0 2

13. Ans (a): cos – sin = 2 sin 

KIST COLLEGE & SS 95

16. Ans (c): let a = x2 + x + 1, b = 2x + 1, 17. Ans (c): Here A:B:C = 1:2:3
c = x2 – 1  A = x, B = 2x, C = 3x
For x = 2  a = 7, b = 5, c = 3 Now, A + B + C = 1800
Here a is longest. So A is greatest.  6x = 1800  x = 300
2 2 2
Using cosine law, cosA = b  c  a  So, A = 300, B = 600, C = 900
2bc Since, a:b:c = sinA:sinB:sinC
cosA = 25  9  49   1  A = 1200 = sin300:sin600:sin900
2.5.3 2
3
= 12 : :1 = 1: 3 :2
2

Mensuration
1. Ans (b): Area (A) = 144m2 6. Ans (a): In 1 min wheel makes 500
 l2 = 144m2  l = 12m revolution.
So, perimeter = 4l = 4×12m = 48m. Also, In 1 hr it travels 66 km
2. Ans (c): Diagonal of square = l 2 66
In 1 min it travels km
60
 7 2l=7
66
So, A = l2 = 72 = 49. So, 500 revolution = km
60
3. Ans (a): Breadth (b) = 120 66
Here, breadth = one third less than 1 revolution = km
60  500
length 66
l i.e. 2r = km
 b = l – l/3  120 = 2 60  500
3 22 66
2 × r = km
 l = 180. 7 60  500
Area, A = l × b = 180 × 120m2 66 7
r=  2  22  km  0.35m
Area of paving stone = 402 = 1600 60 500
m2 7. Ans (b): Let a = 3, b = 4, c = 6
Now 160m2 cost Rs. 20 a  b  c 13
S= 
20 2 2
1m cost Rs.
2
1600 Now, A = s(s  a)(s  b)(s  c)
 180 × 120m2 cost Rs 13  13
=  13  13 
20   3   4   6
 180  120  270 2  2  2  2 
1600
= 13 7 5 1
4. Ans (b): A = d(l + b – d) . . .
2 2 2 2
196 = 2(60 + b – 2)
455 1
98 = 58 + b =  455
16 4
b = 40 
5. Ans (d): Circumference = 4 8. Ans (c): Area of sector =  r 2
360
 2r = 42 60
=    22
r=2 360
So, A = r2 = 4. 2
= .
3
96 KIST COLLEGE & SS
9. Ans (d): Volume of cubes of Volume of cane = r2h = ×
length 4 cm = 43 = 64cm3 3 3
 2.5  (2.5)
Volume of cubes of length 16 cm =    3  2.5  3
 2  4
163 = 25856 cm3
 Volume of air = 3
25856
 no. of cubes =  404 (2.5) 3 (2.5) 3 (2.5)3
64    12.3
10. Ans (d) Total S.A. = 2r (r + h) 4 2 4
 1628 = 2r × 148 16. Ans (d): Length of cylindrical part
1628 (h) = 28 cm
 2r =  11 cm radius of cylinder (r) = 7/2 cm =
148
11. Ans (c): T. S.A. of hemisphere = 3.5cm
So, C.S.A. of cylinder = 2rh = 2×
3r 2  3.22  12
22
= 3r2  3.5  28  616c m2
7
= 3.22 = 12 Length of central part (h) = 40 – 28 =
12. Ans (c): l = 3m, b = 2m, h = 1m 12
Now, volume, v = l × b × h radius of cone (r) = 7/2 cm = 3.5 cm
= 3 × 2 × 1 = 6m3 C.S.A. of cone = rh =
Since, 1m occupy 1000 ltr
3
22
 3.5  12  132c m2
 6m3 occupy 6000 ltr. 7
13. Ans (b): If the base of radius is 4,  C.S.A of solid figure = (616 + 132)
the side of square is 4 2 . cm2 = 748 cm2
1 17. Ans (c): In the figure, BC = 5, AB = 2
Volume of pyramid =  area of
3 So, area of rectangle = 5  2 = 10
1 radius of sectors = AB = DC = 2.
base × h = .(4 2 ) 2  9  96
3 Also, area of sector (BAE + CDF) = 2
14. Ans (d): height of cone = 18 1 2
 r  = r2 = 4  /2 = 2.
1 1 2
V = r 2 h  ..144.18
3 3 13 Required area of shaded part = 10 –
= 864 2.
5 13
18. Ans (a): Draw BM and CN 1r to AD
12
such that
DN = x  AM = 14 – x.
AB2 = BM2 + AM2
15. Ans (d): Volume of one tennis ball  132 = BM2 + (14 – x)2
3 3
4 3 4  2. 5   2.5  BM2 = 169 – (14 – x)2 ...... (i)
= r =   =   Similarly, CD2 = CN2 + DN2
3 3  2   6 
 152 = BM2 + x2 [CN = BM]
So, volume of all three balls =
 BM2 = 152 – x2 ..... (ii)
(2.5)3 (2.5) 3
3   Combining (i) and (ii)
6 2
169 – (14 – x)2 = 152 – x2
 169 – 296 +28x – x2 = 225 – x2

KIST COLLEGE & SS 97

 x=9 19. Ans (d): Let d be the diameter, then
So, from (ii) BM = 12 radius = d/2
 Area of Trapezium = 1/2 [AD + Volume of sphere = 4/3  d  = d
3 3

BC]× BM 2 6
= 1/2[30+16]× 12 = 276 sq. unit If diameter is doubled = 2d, then new
radius = 2d  d.
2
So, new volume of sphere = 4
d 3
3
Times of increment = Inc reasedVolume
OriginalVolume
4 d3
= 3 = 8 times
d3
6
Arithmetic
1. Ans: (c) x is increased to x + 20% of x 9x
60 = – C.P
20 x 6x 10
=x+ =
100 5 9x
2
CP =  60 ....... (ii)
 x2 is increased to  6x  36 x 2 10
  
 5  25 From (i) and (ii)
36 x 2 17 x 9 x
 x2 60    60
So increased % in x2 = 25
 100% 20 10
x2 1200  17 x 9x  600

11x 2 20 10
=  100% = 44%
25x 2 1200 + 17x = 18x – 1200 x = 2400
2. Ans (a): Let x be M.P. of the article 3. Ans (d): Let salary of A = 100
For 1st offer salary of B = 100 + 25% of 100 = 125
S.P. = x – 15% of x less salary is 25 in 125.
25
=x–
3x
=
17 x  less salary % =  100 % = 20%
125
20 20
17 x 4. Ans (d):
 60 = C.P. – C.P  4500
20 10 =  100
C.P.
17 x
C.P. = 60 + .......... (i)  C.P. = 10C.P. – 45000 9C.P = 45000
20
 C.P = 5000
For 2nd offer
S.P  5000
S.P. = x – 10% of x Again, 10 =  100
5000
x 9x
=x– =  500 = SP – 5000  SP = 5500.
10 10

5. Ans (c): Let, r be radius circle, then

area = r2

98 KIST COLLEGE & SS

 Decreased amount of radius = r = –  % of mixture = amountof wat er 100%
7r T ot alamount
30% of r =
10 14
=  100%  7%
2 120  80
 7r  49 2
 decreased area =    =  r 10. Ans: (a): Let x be male population then,
 10  100
Female population = (18000 – x)
r 2   100
49 r 2
Now % decreased region =  100 The increased male population = 5%
r 2
x
= 51r 2
= 51% of x =
 100 20
100r 2
Decreased female population = 4%
6. Ans (c): Let x and y are amount of 4%
18000  x
and 8% sugar concentration of (18,000 –x) =
25
Now, 5% concentration = 4% of x  8% of y
xy x 18000  x
Since, 
20 25
 5 = 4x  8y  5x + 5y = 4x + 8y
xy  x = 8000
 x – 3y = 0 …….. (i) Female population = 10,000
Also, x + y = 40 ….. (ii) 11. Ans (c): Here, I = Rs. 5, R = 10% p.a.,
1
From (i) & (ii) we have x = 30, y = 10. T = 1 day = years
365
7. Ans (b) : Let M.P = x
I  100 5  100  365
17 x Since, P=   Rs.18,250
SP = x – 15% of x = TR 1 10
20
12. Ans (a): Here, P = Rs.8,400, T = 1
17 x 17 x
VAT = 10% of = year, reduced rate = 1.5% p.a.
20 200
Reduced amount= PTR  8400  1 1.5  Rs.126
187 100 100
Amount paid = SP + VAT = x
200 13. Ans (c): Number of year = T, double
187 x amount (n) = 2, Rate (R) = 8% p.a.
i.e.  5610
200 T=
 x = Rs.6000 14. Ans: (d): Let, P1 = x then P2 = (1200 – x)
8. Ans (c): 3 18
T1 = 4 yr T2 = 3 yr = year
Suppose, the price of commodities = 100 5 5
After the increment of 20%, new price = 120 R1 = 12% p.a. R2 = 8% p.a.
The amount of consumption to decrease = 20
Here I1 = I2
20 100
Required % =  100 % = =16 2 % x  4  12 (1200  x )  18  8
120 6 3  
100 100  5
9. Ans: (b) The amount of water in 120 l
 x = Rs. 450 P2 = 1200-x = 750
of milk = 5% of 120l = 6l
15. Ans (c): Here, A = 1440
The amount of water in 80l of milk = 1
10% of 80l = 8l Rate =  100%  5%
20
 Total amount of water in mixture = let p be sum of money
6l + 8l = 14l Then 1440 = P + I

KIST COLLEGE & SS 99

 PTR  y = Rs 600.
 1440 = p +
100  Charge for extra call = Rs 600− Rs 180
p 45 Hence number of extra calls = 420/3 =140.
 1440 = p +
100 20. Ans (a): Let x be total days. In one
 1440 = p +
p 1 1 1
day A, B, C works , , of
5 20 30 40
6p whole works. By questions, A
 1440 =
5 works 5 days B works x days and C
 p = 1200 works (x – 10) days.
16. Here, P = Rs. 4500, R = 15%, T = 3 years But A + B +C = 1 work
Since, A =  R 
T
5 x x  10
P1   i.e.   1
 100  20 30 40
3 3 30  4x  3x  30
= 4500 
1 
15 
 = 4500  115 
   1
 100   100  120
115 115 115  7x = 120
= 4500 ×   = Rs. 6843.94 1
100 100 100  x = 17 days.
17. Ans (d): Here, P = Rs. 1000, R = 12% 7
T = 2 year = 2× 2 half year = 4 half 21. Ans (b): First pipe can fill a tank in
year 12 min.
1
Now, C.I. =  R 
2T  So, in 1 min. part of tank will
P  1    1 15
 200  
22 emptied.
C.I. = 1000 1  12   1 1 1 1
 200   Now, in 1 min     part
 12 15  60
= 1000 212   1
4
of tank will filled.
 200    The tank will filled in 60 min.
= 262.48 22. Ans (c): 1500 soldiers have food for
18. Ans (a): Let x be required dollars 48 days.
We have, $17 = Rs. 1326 After 13 days, 1500 soldiers have
Rs. 1650 = £ 15 food for 35 days.
£195 = $x If x additional solders be joined
Using chain rule, we get after 13 days.
x × 15 × 1326 = 195 × 1650 × 17 Then, (1500 + x) soldiers have food
 x = $ 275 for 25 days.
19. Ans (c): min. charge for 100 local Using the relation of indirect
calls = Rs. 180 proportion.
1500 25
Charge for telephone calls without So,   1500 × 25 =
1500  x 35
VAT = Rs. 2
35 (1500 + x)
 x + 100 % of x = Rs.726
 1500 × 7 = 5(1500 + x)
 x = Rs 660.
 5x = 30,000
Let y be telephone call without TSC
 x = 600
So, y +100% of y = Rs 660
100 KIST COLLEGE & SS
Coordinate Geometry 5. Ans (c): Given lines, 4x + 3y = 11 ..
1. Ans (c): Using section formula we (i)
get, (4, y) =  2.3  1.6 , 2.2  1.  1  8x + 6y = 15
 21 21  15
 4x + 3y = ...... (ii)
 (4, y) = (4, 1) 2
y=1 c 1 = 11, c 2 = 15 , a = 4, b = 3.
2. Ans (c): Slope of line x – 3y – 6 = 0 2
1 1 7 7
is, m1 =  d= c1  c2 = 11  15 2 = =
3 3 10 10
2 2 2
a  b2 4 3
Slope of line y = 2x + 5 is, m2 = 2
So, angle between the lines, 6. Ans (d): Given line y = x
-1  
 = Tan   m 1  m 2   x – y = 0 ..... (i)
 1  m .m 
 1 2 line 1r to x – y = 0 is x – y + k = 0
16
= Tan-1   3


But x – y + k = 0 pass through (3, 2)
 5  So, 3 – 2 + k = 0
 3 
 k = -1
= Tan-1   1
 x – y = 1 is required line
= Tan-1 (1) = 450
7. Ans (a): Here, length of 1r from (a,
3) on the line
3. Ans (a): Solving first two equations:
3x + 4y + 5 = 0 is 4
x – 2y + 1 = 0 and 2x – 5y + 3 = 0,
3.a  4.3  5
we get, (x, y) = (1, 2) 4 = 
Substituting (x, y) = (1, 1) in 5x + 32  42
3.a  17
9y + k = 0 we get, 4= 
5.1 + 9.1 + k = 0 5
 k = – 14  20 =  (3a + 17)
4. Ans (b): Let the line x – y = 2  20 = 3a + 17, 20 = –3a – 17
divides (3, -1) and (8, 9) in the  a = 1, a = 37 3 .
ratio k:1 at (x, y). 8. Ans (a): Consider the points A(1,
So, (x, y) =  k.8  1.3 , k.9  1.  1  4), B(–3, 16), C(k, –2)
 k 1 k 1  Here, A, B, C are collinear
 (x, y) =  8k  3 , 9k  1  So, slope of AB = Slop of BC
 k 1 k 1  16  4 2  16
 
Since, the point lie on x – y = 2 31 k 3
8k  3 9k  1 12 18
  2  
k 1 k 1 4 k 3
 8k + 3 – 9k + 1 = 2k + 2 k+3=6
 –k + 4 = 2k + 2 k=3
 –3k = –2 9. Ans (b):  = 1 2 6 6 2
 k = 2/3 2 1 1 3 1
1
= (2  6)  (18  6)  ( 6  6)
2

KIST COLLEGE & SS 101

 1 25
= 8  12  0 = 10 sq. unit  0 + 125 – 100 – k. 0  0
2 4
10. Ans (d): The combination of 25
 k  25  k = 4
equations, 4
x + y = 5 and x + y = –3 is 15. Ans (a): Comparing the equation
(x + y – 5) (x + y + 3) = 0 x2 – 2xy cosec2 + y2 = 0 to
x2 + xy + 3x + xy + y2 + 3y – 5x – 5y – 15 = 0 ax2 + 2bxy + by2 = 0 we get,
 x2 + 2xy + y2 – 2x – 2y – 15 = 0 a = 1, h = cosec2, b = 1
11. Ans (b): Taking homogeneous Now, Tan = 2 h 2  ab

part of the equation as ab

x2 + 6x + 9y2 = 0  Tan = 2 c o sec2 2  1


2
Here, a = 1, h = 3, b = 9
 Tan2 = cosec22 – 1
 2 h 2  ab 
   Tan2 = cot22
Now,  = Tan-1  a  b 
 Tan2 = Tan2(90 – 2)
 
  = 90 – 2
2.0 
= Tan-1   16. Ans (b): The lines xy = 0 gives two
 10  separate lines
= Tan-1 0 = 00 x = 0 and y = 0
12. Ans (b): Lines (5a + 4)x2 – (10a + which are y and x axis.
4)xy + (5a + 3)y2 = 0  angle between lines is 900.
represent co-incident lines if h2 = 17. Ans (d): ( – 5)x2 + 2y2 – 5x + 6y –
ab 3 = 0 represent a circle if,
2
 10a  4  co-efficient of x2 = co-efficient of
   (5a  4)(5a  3)
 2  y2
 100a2 + 40a + 16 = 4(25a2 + 35a + 12)   – 5 = 2
 100a2 + 40a + 16 = 100a2 + 140a + =–5
48 18. Ans (c): Comparing x2 + y2 – 2x –
 100a = -32 8y – 16 = 0 with
 a = 8 25 x2 + y2 + 29x + 2fy + c = 0, we get
g = -1, f = 21, c = -16
13. Ans (c): Given equation x2 + 2xy – y2 = 0 So, radius (r) = g 2  f 2  c
a - 1, h = 1, b = -1
New, a + b = 1 – 1 = 0 = 1  16  16 = 33
So, lines are perpendicular to each other. Area of circle = r2 = 33
14. Ans (d): Given equation 19. Ans (b): The centre of circle
4x2 + 10xy + ky2 + 5x + 10y = 0 passing through (p, 0), (0, q) and
on comparing ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + (0, 0)
2gx + 2fy + c = 0  centre of circle =  p  0 , 0  q  =  p , q 
we get, a = 4, h = 5, b = k, g = 5/2,  2 2  2 2
f = 5, c = 0 20. Ans (b): Comparing x + y – 2x – 2 2

equation represents a pair of lines 3y – k = 0

 abc + 2fgh – af2 – bg2 – ch2 = 0 x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0, we get
102 KIST COLLEGE & SS
 a = 1, b = 1, g = -1, f = 3/2, c = k
So, radius = g2  f 2  c

9
 5/2 = 1 k
4
13  4k
 5/2 =
2
 25 = 13 + 4k  k = 3
abc
21. Ans (d): Area of triangle = ,
4R
R = radius
3 2 a3
.a  [a = b = c]
4 4R
a
 3
R
24
R=
3
 R = 8 3 cm

Algebra I
1 1 4. Ans (a): x = 3a + 7
1. Ans (c): Hints: x + = 3 +√8 + =6  3a = x – 7
x 3 +√8
1 1 1 1
x3 + = (x + )3 – 3.x. ( x + ) Now, y = 9a2
x3 x x x
= 63− 3 .6 =198.  y = (3a)2  y = (x – 7)2
2. Ans (d): xy = 1 5. Ans (b): y – 1  3
y
x2 = 3  2 6  2  5  2 6 2
3 4 3 2 52 6  
So, y 2  1   y  1   2
2  
y2 = 3  2 6  2  5  2 6 y y 
34 3 2 52 6 = 32 + 2 = 11
x2 + xy + y2 = 5  2 6  1  5  2 6 6. Ans (c): 3 3
a 5 b 2  a 2 b 5
52 6 52 6
= (a-5.b-2)1/3 × (a2.b5)1/3
=
(5  2 6 )2  (5  2 6 )(5 – 2 6 )  (5  2 6 )2
= a-5/3.b-2/3.a2/3.b5/3
(5  2 6 )(5 – 2 6 ) = a2/3-5/3.b5/3-2/3
= a-3/3.b3/3 = a-1b = b/a.
= (25  20 6  24)  (25  24)  (25  20 6  24) x 2
25  24 Ans (a): 3  3x 3 x .32  3 x
7.
x
 x
= 99 8.3 8.3
3 x (9  1) x
3. Ans (d): 2x+3 = 32  = 3 .8  1
 2x+3 = 25 x + 3 = 5 8.3 x 8.3 x
x=2  3x+2 = 32+2 = 81
8. Ans (d): We have, 2a = b
KIST COLLEGE & SS 103
 2
Choose the value of a = 2 15. Ans (b): (a + 3)2 –  1 
from the given options a
Then, 2a = b  b = 4 From given options, the product of
and ab = ba  1 

 a   3 and a  1 a  3 is 
 24 = 42  16 = 16 true  a = 2.  a 
9. Ans (b): Here, a = bx = b = cy, c = a3  1 

 a   3 a  1 a  3
 a 

a = bx = (cy)x = cxy = (a3)xy = axyz
 a2 = axyz  xyz = 1  
= a  1 2  32
a

 
10. Ans (a): Here, x = 31/3 – 32/3 1 1 2
Then x3 + 9x + 6 = (31/3 – 32/3)3 + = a2 – 2a.  a 9
a
9(31/3-32/3) + 6 1
= (31/3)3 – (32/3)3 – 3.31/3.32/3.(31/3-32/3) = a2 – 2 + 9
a2
+ 9 (31/3-32/3) + 6 1
= 3 – 32 – 3.31/3+2/3 (31/3 – 32/3) + 9 = a2 +  11
a2
(31/3-32/3) + 6
 b is the correct choice
= 3 – 9 – 9(31/3 – 32/3) + 9(31/3-32/3) + 6
16. Ans (d): Let x1/m = y1/m = 31/p = k
=–6+6=0
 x1/m = k, y1/m = k, 31/p = k
11. Ans (d): Oder of first term x3y2 is
 x = km, y = kn, z = kp
3 + 2 = 5, is greater than other
Now, xyz = km, [Link]
term in the function
 xyz = km+n+p [xy = 1]
so, 5 is degree of function
 km+n+p = z
12. Ans (a): 50100 = k(10050)
m+n+p, is not determined
 50100 = k.(2.50)50 2 x4
 50100 = k.(250.5050) 17. Ans (b): ( x  1) 
50
3 6
 k.250 = 5050  k =  50   2550 x4
 2   2(x-1) 
3
13. Ans (a):
2 2
 4(x-1)  x + 4

 x

1 
 
x 
 x 2  2. x.
1  1 
 
x  x 
 4x – 4  x + 4

 3x  8  x = 8/3
18. Ans (c): a = 10x, b = 10y
2
 
  x  1    x  1   2 Now, axby = 100
 x   x  [Link] = 10.10
  1 
2
 x  1 2  (10x)x.(10y)y = 10.10
 x  4
 x 
2 2
 x  10x .10 y  10.10
14. Ans (c): a – 6a – 1 = 0
2
on comparing
 a2 – 1 = 6a x2 = 1, y2 = d
1  x2y2 = 1  xy =  1  xy = 1
a– 6
a 19. Ans (a): Let x and y are current
2
 a 2  1   a  1   2a. 1 ages of boy and his sister such
2  a
a a that x = y + 3.... (i)
= 6 + 2 = 38
2

104 KIST COLLEGE & SS

 Since, two years ago the sum of 21. Ans (b): For first trip, at the rate
their ages was 19. of 50 km/hr
So, x – 2 + y – 2 = 19 100 km is travelled is 2 hr
 x + y = 23 For second trip, at the rate of 40
 y + 3 + y = 23 km/hr, 120 km is travelled in 3
 2y = 20  y = 10 hr.
 x = 10 + 3 = 13 So, average speed =
20. Ans (c): Let x and y are the Total dis tan c e 100  120
  44km / hr
present ages of Alex and his Total time 23

father. Then x  1 .....(i)

y 4 22. Ans (d): Race course = 1 km = 1000m
After 6 years their ages will be 5:14 A beats B by 100m and B beats C
So, x  6  5
by 50m
y6 14 A 1000 B 1000
So,  , 
 14x + 84 = 5y + 30 B 900 C 950
 14x – 5y + 54 = 0 A 1000 1000 1000
Now,   
 14x – 5.4x + 54 = 0 [using i] C 900 950 855
 6x = 54  x = 9  A beats C by 1000 – 855 = 145m
So, from (i), 9  1 = y = 36. 23. Ans (e): We have 2x = 3y = 4z,
y 4 Now L.C.M of 2, 3 & 4 is 12,
2x 3y 4z
So,  
12 12 12
x y z
  
6 4 3
x:y:z=6:4:3

KIST COLLEGE & SS 105

Sequence & Series 1
7= .2[a  5d]
1. Ans (b): a = 2, d = 3 2
n  a + 5d = 7
Sn = [2.a  ( n  1)d]
2  t6 = 7
20 7. Ans (d): a, b, c are in A.P  b=
So, S20 = [2  2  (20  1)3]
2 ac
= 10[4 + 57] 2
= 610 x, y, z are in G.P  y2 = xz
2. Ans (a): From given alternative. Now, [Link]-b =
the term 36, lies on the series with a  c c a  a c
x 2 .y ca .z 2
first term 1 and common
a c a c
= x 2 .y ca .z 2
difference 5. So, Best choice is 36.
3. Ans (d): 91/3.91/9.91/27 ....... 
a-c .yc a
= 91/3+1/9+1/27 ....... = (xz) 2
 1 
 3  a c
 11   q  = (y2) 2 .y ca
9 S   1  r 
= 3
  = y0 = 1.
= 9 = 3.
1/2
8. Ans (c): Sn = n2 + 5
4. Ans (c): Let a and b are two We have, tn = sn – sn – 1
numbers then So, t 10  s 10  s 9
ab
 15, ab  9  t 10 = 105 - 86 = 19
2
 a + b = 30, ab = 81 9. Ans (a): Let n be number of term of
 a = 3, b = 27 series 1 + 3 + 9 + 27 + ...... so that
2ab 162 27 the sum may exceed by 1000.
So, H.M. =    sn  1000
ab 30 5
1(3 n  1)
5. Ans (a): Let, a1/x = b1/y = c1/z = k,   1000
 a = kx, b = ky, c = kz 31
n
Here, a,b,c are in G.P.  3  1  1000
So, b2 = ac 2
n
 (ky)2 b= [Link]  3  2001  n  7.
 k2y = kx+z 10. Ans (c): a =
1
,l=
81
, r=3
 2y = x + z 18 2
xz Now, l = arn-1
y=
2 81 1 n 1
  .3
 x, y, z are in A.P. 2 18
4 n 3
6. Ans (a): sn =
n
2a  ( n  1)d  3 3
2
n-3=4
11
 s 11  [2a  (11  1)d] n=7
2
11
 77 = [2a  10d]
2

106 KIST COLLEGE & SS

11. Ans (d): t2, tn and t8 are in G.P.
t4 t
i.e.  8
t2 t4
a  3d a  7d
 
ad a  3d
 (a + 3d)2 = (a + 7d) (a – d)
 a2 + 6ad + 9d2 = a2 + 8ad + 7d2
 9d2 – 7d2 = 8ad – 6ad
 2d2 = 2ad
 a = d.
t4
So, ratio (r) = =
t2
a  3d a  3a 4a
  2
ad aa 2a

KIST COLLEGE & SS 107

 0
 BCD = 120
Geometry
1. Ans (d): Let x be the angle, 2
Then x + 5x = 1800  BCD = 600
 6x = 1800 So, ACD + DCB = ACB
 x = 300  x + 600 = 900
2. Ans (b): Let x be the angle  x = 300
x + (4x – 20) = 900 8. Ans (b): 1200 + ABC = 1800 [co-
 5x = 1100 interior angles]
 x = 220  ABC = 600
3. Ans (c): Let n be number of sides Also, ABC = AEB = 600 [base
of polygon angles of isosceles triangle]
0  AEB = 600
Then 360  600
n 9. Ans (c): In triangle ABC,
 n = 360
0 B = C [Being isosceles
0
60 triangle]
n=6 Also, BD = EC, implies AED is an
4. Ans (a): In BNC, isosceles triangle
1050 + 550 + NBC = 1800 Let AED = ADE = x
 NBC = 200  x + x + 250 = 1800
Also, MBC = 250 + NBC  2x = 1550
= 250 + 200 = 450  x = 77.50
 x = 450 [Corresponding of 10. Ans (a): Here, AB  BD.
MBC] Also, BAC = 1/2BOD
5. Ans (d):ABD = 900 Now, BOD + OBD + BDO =
 BAD = 1800 – (900 + 300) = 600 1800
Also, x + BAD = 1800 [Sum of  BOD + 900 + 240 = 1800
opposite sides of cyclic  BOD = 660
quadrilateral] or, BAC = 1/2BOD = 330
 x + 600 = 1800 Finally, BAC + BCA + ABC
 x = 1200 = 1800
6. Ans (c): C = D = 300  330 + x + 900 = 1800
Also, BAD = 900  x = 1800 – 1230 = 570
So, x + BAD + D = 1800 11. Ans (b): Let, ABO = OBC = a,
 x + 900 + 300 = 1800 OCB = OCA = b
 x = 600 Here, in triangle ABC,
7. Ans (d): Join CB 2a + 2b + 800 = 1800
So, ACB = 900  2a + 2b = 1000
BOD  a + b = 500 ....... (i)
Then, BCD =
2 So, BOC = 1800 – 500 = 1300
& x + 1300 = 3600  x = 2300

108 KIST COLLEGE & SS

Statistics 6. Ans (d): x
 fx , N = f = 23 + m
1. Ans (d): Cumulative frequency is N
represented using the curve 10  50  150  20m  100  60
17 =
known as ogive curve. 23  m
2. Ans (a): Let x be the 9th term let x1  391 + 17m = 370 + 20m
and x2 are observations of first 8  3m = 21  m = 7
items and last 8 items.
7. Ans (b): x
 fx
 x
 x
= 20  
x
  x  340
N
17 17
 50 =  x
 x = 10,000
x1 
x 1 x
 23 
x 1 x
  x1  207  x
200
9 9 So, corrected x = 10,000 – (80 + 8)
x2 
 x2  x
 18 
 x2  x
 x 2 162  x + (150 + 88)
9 9
= 10,000 – 88 + 238
 340 = 207 – x + 162 – x
= 10150
 2x = 369 – 340 = 29  x = 14.5
3. Ans (c): 100%  3600  corrected x
 x  10150  50.75
200 200
0
1%  360 8. Ans (a): Consider, x1, x2, x3 .... xn
100
are the observed data
For Group 0 – 45%
0
Then mean ( x ) =
45%  360 × 45 = 1600 x 1  x 2  x 3  .... x n
100  A (say)
N
4. Ans (d): N1 = 20, x1  15, N2 = 15,
New data: 2x1, 2x2, 2x3, ...... 2xn
x 1  20 Then new mean x =
 2x 1  2x 2  2x 3  ...... 2x n
N x 1  N 2 x 2 20  15  15  20 N
x 12  1 
N1  N 2 35 2( x 1  x 2  x 3  ...... x n )
=
300  300 N
 17.14
35 = 2A
30  36  p  40  44 9. Ans (d): Adding all, x+y+z = 15
5. Ans (a): x 
5 xyz 15
Average =   5.
150  p 3 3
 35 =  175 – 150 = p
5 10. Ans (a): x = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 15
 p = 25 x2 = 12 + 22 + 32 + 42 + 52 = 55
2
  x 2 



x 

N  N 
 

= 55  15 
 
2
= 11 32 = 2 .
55  5 

KIST COLLEGE & SS 109

Probability 9. Ans (b): P(only one of them selected)
1. Ans (b): S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, = P(A and not B) or P(B and not A)
P(2 or 6) = P(2) + P(6) = 1/6 + 1/69 = = P( A  B) or P( B  A)
2/6 = 1/3
= P(A). P( B)  P( B).P(A)
2. Ans (b): Face cards (Jack or Queen
= P(A). [1-P(B)] + P(B)[1-P(A)]
or King) = 12
= 1/3.(1 - 2/5) + 2/5(1 - 1/3)
Total cards = 52
= 1/3.3/5 + 2/5.2/3
P(J or Q or K) = 12/52 = 3/13.
= 1/5 + 4/15 = 7/15
3. Ans (d): Let, P(A) = P(B) = 1/2P(C)
10. Ans (a): Total number of balls =
= K, then P(A) = K, P(B) = K, 1/2
5+4+3 = 12
P(C) = K  P(C) = 2K
P(not being yellow) = P(red or blue)
Since, P(A) + P(B) + P(C) = 1
 P(R) + P(B)  4/12 + 3/12  7/12
 K + K + 2K = 1  4K = 1
11. Ans (d): S = {HHH, HHT, HTH,
 K = 1/4.
HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT}
So P(C) = 2.K = 2.1/4 = 1/2
P(not more than two heads) = P(two
4. Ans (c): Let P(T) = K, then P(H) =
heads or one head or no head)
3K, But K + 3K = 1  1/4
= P(two head) + P(one head) + P(No
So, P(H) = 3K = 3.1/4 = 3/4.
head)
5. Ans (c): Here, P(AB) = P(A) + P(B)
= 3/8 + 3/8 + 1/8 = 7/8
= [1-P( A )] + P(B) 12. Ans (c): n(S) = 1000, P(E) = 0.85,
= (1-5/6) + 1/4 = 1/6 + 1/4 = 15/2 n(E) = ?
6. Ans (a): P(A) = 1/3, P(B) = 2/3 n(E)
Since, P(E) = n(E)  0.85 =
P(AB) = P(A) + P(B) – P(AB) n(S) 1000
= P(A) + P(B) – P(A).P(B)  n(E) = 850
= 1/3 + 2/3 – 1/3.2/3 13. Ans (a): n(S) = 30, n(M5) = 6, n(M6) =
= 392 = 7/9
9
5, n(M5M6) = 1

7. Ans (d): S = {BBB, BBG, BGB, BGG, So, P(Multiple of 5 or 6) = P(M5) +

GBB, GBG, GGB, GGG} P(M6) – P(M5  M6) =

6 5 1 10 1
P(Exactly two boys) = 3/8    
30 30 30 30 3
8. Ans (a): P( A  B) = 1– P(AB)
14. Ans (d): Total no. of balls = 4 + 6 = 10
= 1 – [P(A) + P(B – P(AB)] P(first ball white and second red
= 1 – [0.25 + 0.50 – 0.14] 4 6 4
without replacement) = . 
= 0.39 10 9 15

110 KIST COLLEGE & SS

15. Ans (b): Let, event A = a5 appears on 16. Ans (d): A leap year has 52 weeks
at least one of dice and two day.
= {(5,1), (5,2), (5,3), (5,4), (5,5), (5,6), For remaining two days we have
(1,5), (2,5), (3,5), (4,5), (6,5)} following possibilities (Sunday,
Event B = sum 10 or greater Monday) or (Monday, Tuesday)
= {(5,5), (5,6), (6,5)} or (Tuesday, Wednesday) or
P(B/A) = number of eventsin B  A  3 (Wednesday, Thursday) or
number of eventsin A 11
(Thursday, Friday) or (Friday,
Saturday) or (Saturday, Sunday)
Here, Sunday occurs in 2 pairs out
of seven pairs
 P(53 Sunday) = 2/7.

KIST COLLEGE & SS 111