Course: MA1204+MA362 (Functional Analysis)

EVEN (Spring) semester 2025-2026

Problem sheet-3
Date: 14-Feb-2026

1. Let X be an inner product space, I : X → X be the identity operator and P : X → X be a projection

operator.

(i) Show that P is an orthogonal projection iff I − P is also an orthogonal projection.

(ii) Show that P is an orthogonal projection iff hP x, yi = hx, P yi for all x, y ∈ X.

2. Let X be an inner product space and S ⊂ X. Show the following:

(i) S ⊥ is a subspace of X.
⊥
(ii) S ⊥ = (span(S))⊥ = span(S) .
⊥
(iii) (S ⊥ ) = span(S).
(iv) S ⊥ = {0} iff span(S) = X.

3. Let (µn ) be a bounded sequence of scalars. For 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, let Xp = (`p (N), k · kp ) and A : Xp → Xp
be defined by (Ax)(i) = µi x(i), i ∈ N, x ∈ Xp . Show that A ∈ B(Xp , Xp ) and kAk = supn∈N |µn |, for all
1 ≤ p ≤ ∞.
(t−t2 )(t−t3 ) (t−t1 )(t−t3 ) (t−t1 )(t−t2 )
4. Let t1 , t2 , t3 be distinct points in [a, b] and l1 (t) = (t1 −t2 )(t1 −t3 ) , l2 (t) = (t2 −t1 )(t2 −t3 ) and l3 (t) = (t3 −t1 )(t3 −t2 )
P3
for all a ≤ t ≤ b. Let X = (C[a, b], k · k∞ ) and L : X → X be defined by Lx = j=1 x(tj )lj . Show the following:

(i) L is a projection operator. [Note: The operator L is called the Lagrange interpolatory projection.]
P3
(ii) L ∈ B(X, X) and kLk = sup |lj (t)|.
a≤t≤b j=1

5. Let X0 be a dense subspace of a normed linear space X and Y be a Banach space. Let A0 ∈ B(X0 , Y ). Show
that there exists a unique A ∈ B(X, Y ) such that A|X0 = A0 (i.e., Ax = A0 x for all x ∈ X0 ) and kAk = kA0 k.
6. Let X be a Banach space and Y be a normed linear space. Let A ∈ B(X, Y ) be bounded below. Show that
R(A) (the range space) is a closed subspace of Y.
7. Let (X, k · kX ), (Y, k · kY ) be normed linear space and A : X → Y be a linear map. Recall that kxkA :=
kxkX + kAxkY is a norm on X. Show that A ∈ B(X, Y ) iff k · kX and k · kA are equivalent.
8. Let X, Y be aPnormed linear spaces, u1 , u2 , . . . , un ∈ Y and f1 , f2 , . . . , fn be linear functional on X. For
n
x ∈ X, let Ax = j=1 fj (x)uj . Show that A ∈ B(X, Y ) iff f1 , f2 , . . . , fn ∈ X 0 .
9. For 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, let Xp = (`p (N), k · kp ). The left shift operator AL : Xp → Xp is defined by AL x =
(x(2), x(3), . . .), x ∈ Xp , and the right shift operator AR : Xp → Xp is defined by AR x = (0, x(1), x(2), . . .)), x ∈
Xp . Show that AL , AR ∈ B(Xp , Xp ) and kAL k = 1 = kAR k, for all 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞.

P∞ Let 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞ and q be the

10. conjugate exponent of p. Let y ∈ `q (N) and for x ∈ `p (N), let f (x) =
p 0
j=1 x(j)y(j). Show that f ∈ (` (N)) and kf k ≤ kykq .

11. Let X be a Banach space, I : X → X be the identity operator and A ∈ B(X, X). Define
A2 A3
eA := I + A + + + ....
2! 3!
Show that eA ∈ B(X).
12. Let k ∈ C([a, b] × [a, b]). For 1 < p < ∞, let q be the conjugate exponent of p and X = (C[a, b], k · kp ). Let
Z b Z b !p/q Z b Z b
q
αp,q = |k(s, t)| dt ds, β = sup |k(s, t)|dt, γ = sup |k(s, t)| ds.
a a a≤s≤b a a≤t≤b a
Rb
For x ∈ X, let (T x)(s) := a
k(s, t)x(t) dt.

(i) Show that T x ∈ X for all x ∈ X.

(ii) Show that T ∈ B(X, X) and kT k ≤ min{αp,q , β 1/q γ 1/p }.

13. Let X, Y, Z be normed linear space, A, B ∈ B(X, Y ), and C ∈ B(Y, Z). Recall the definition of transpose of
a bounded linear operator. Show the following:
1
2

(i) (A + B)0 = A0 + B 0 and (αA)0 = αA0 for all α ∈ K.

(ii) (CA)0 = A0 C 0 .
14. Let X be a normed linear space and E ⊂ X. Consider the set E a = {f ∈ X 0 : f (x) = 0 ∀ x ∈ E}. Show
that E a is a closed subspace of X 0 .
15. Let X be a Hilbert space and f ∈ X 0 . Let E be an orthonormal set in X. Show that for every f ∈ X 0 the
set Ef = {u ∈ E : f (u) 6= 0} is a countable set.
16. Let X be an inner product space and U ⊂ X be an orthonormal set. Let x ∈ X be such that kxk = 2 and
E = {x ∈ U : |hx, ui| ≥ 14 }. Show that E is a finite set and it has atmost 43 elements.
17. Let X = (`2 (N), k · k2 ). Let AL : X → X and AR : X → X be the left shift operator and right shift operator
as defined in Qn 9. Recall the definition of adjoint of a linear operator. Show that A∗L = AR and A∗R = AL .
18. Definition: A sequence (un ) in a normed linear space X is said to be a Schauder basis of X if ∀ x ∈ X,
P∞
there exists a unique sequence of scalars (αn ) such that x = n=1 αn un .
Let X be a Hilbert space and E = {u1 , u2 , . . .} ⊂ X be an orthonormal set. Show that E is an orthonormal
basis iff E is a Schauder basis of X.
19. Let X, Y be infinite dimensional separable Hilbert space, U = {u1 , u2 , . . .} and V = {v1 , v2 , . . .} be
orthonormal basis of X and Y, respectively. Let (aij ) be an infinite matrix of scalars (as introduced in the
class!). Let X X X
α= |aij |2 , β = sup |aij |, γ = sup |aij |.
i j
i,j j i
P P 
Suppose that min{α, βγ} < ∞. For x ∈ X, let Ax := i j aij hx, uj i vi . Show the following:

(i) Ax ∈ Y for all x ∈ X and A ∈ B(X, Y ).

(ii) For y ∈ Y , A∗ y =
P P
i j aji hy, vj i ui .

Rb
20. Let X = (C[a, b], k·k2 ) and k ∈ C([a, b]×[a, b]). Let A : X → X be defined by (Ax)(s) = a
k(s, t)x(t) dt, s∈
Rb
[a, b]. Show that A ∈ B(X, X) and (A∗ y)(s) = a k(t, s) y(t) dt, s ∈ [a, b].
21. Let X be a Hilbert space and X0 be a closed subspace of X. Let g ∈ X00 . Show that there exists a unique
f ∈ X 0 such that f |X0 = g (i.e., f (x) = g(x) ∀ x ∈ X0 ) and kf k = kgk.
22. Let X be a normed linear space, I : X → X be the identity operator and A ∈ B(X, X) be such that
kAk < 1.
kyk
(i) Show that (I − A) is bounded below and k(I − A)−1 yk ≤ 1−kAk ∀y ∈ R(I − A).
(ii) If X is a Banach space, then show that R(I − A) = X, (I − A)−1 ∈ B(X, X) and k(I − A)−1 k ≤ 1
1−kAk .
[Here R(I − A) is the usual notation for the range space!]
23. Let X be a normed linear space and x ∈ X. If f (x) = 0 for all f ∈ X 0 then show that x = 0.
24. Let X be a normed linear space, x ∈ X and (xn ) be a sequence in X such that ∀f ∈ X 0 , f (xn ) → f (x) as
n → ∞. If y ∈ X is such that ∀f ∈ X 0 , f (xn ) → f (y) as n → ∞, then show that x = y.
25. Let X = (C[0, 1], k · k∞ ) and X0 = {x ∈ X : x(0) = x(1)}. Let g : X0 → K be defined by g(x) = 2x(0), x ∈
X0 .
(i) Show that g ∈ X00 and kgk = 2.
(ii) For λ ∈ [0, 2], let fλ : X → K be defined by fλ (x) = λx(0) + (2 − λ)x(1), x ∈ X. Show that fλ ∈ X 0
and kfλ k = 2 for all λ ∈ [0, 2].
26. Let X be a normed linear space. For x ∈ X, let ϕx : X 0 → K be defined by ϕx (f ) = f (x), f ∈ X 0 .
(i) Show that ϕx ∈ X 00 for all x ∈ X.
(ii) Let J : X → X 00 be defined by Jx = ϕx . Show that J is a linear isometry, i.e., J is linear and
kJxk = kxk, ∀ x ∈ X. [Note: J is called the canonical linear isometry from X into X 00 .]

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Date: 14-Feb-2026