WACHEMO UNIVERSITY








College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Electro-Mechanical Engineering
Material Science and Engineering

Compiled by Dagim Asegid ([Link]. MEng.), Sept. 2023

Chapter One

Introduction
 Chapter One
1.1. Historical Perspective
 Chapter One
1.1. Historical Perspective
 Materials are probably more deep-seated in our culture than most of us realize.
 Transportation, housing, clothing, communication, recreation, and food production virtually every segment of our
everyday lives is influenced to one degree or another by materials.
 Chapter One
1.1. Historical Perspective
 Historically, the development and advancement of societies have been intimately tied to the members’ ability to
produce and manipulate materials to fill their needs.
 In fact, early civilizations have been designated by the level of their materials development (Stone Age, Bronze Age,
Iron Age).
 Chapter One
1.1. Historical Perspective
 The earliest humans had access to only a very limited number of materials, those that occur naturally:
 Stone,

 Wood,

 Clay.
 Chapter One
1.1. Historical Perspective
 With time they discovered techniques for producing materials that had properties superior to those of the natural
ones; these new materials included pottery and various metals.
 Chapter One
1.1. Historical Perspective
 Furthermore, it was discovered that the properties of a material could be altered by
 heat treatments and
 addition of other substances.
 Chapter One
1.1. Historical Perspective
 At this point, materials utilization was totally a selection process that involved deciding from a given, rather limited
set of materials the one best suited for an application by virtue of its characteristics.
 Chapter One
1.1. Historical Perspective
 Understanding the relationships between the structural elements of materials and their proper ties are the basic
factors for the advancement of the current technologies.
 Automobiles rely on steel or some other comparable substitute.
 Sophisticated electronic devices rely on semiconducting materials.
 Chapter One
1.2. Materials Science and Engineering
 It is useful to subdivide the discipline of materials science and engineering into materials science and materials
engineering subdisciplines.
 “Materials science” involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and proper ties of
materials.
 Chapter One
1.2. Materials Science and Engineering
 Structure of a material usually relates to the arrangement of its internal components.
 On an atomic level, structure encompasses the organization of atoms or molecules relative to one another.
 Chapter One
1.2. Materials Science and Engineering
 A property is a material trait in terms of the kind and magnitude of response to a specific imposed stimulus.
 The six groups of solid materials solid :
 Mechanical,

 Electrical,

 Thermal,

 Magnetic,

 Optical, and
 Deteriorative.
 Chapter One
1.2. Materials Science and Engineering
 For each there is a characteristic type of stimulus capable of provoking dif ferent responses.

No Basic Property Stimulus

1 Mechanical properties Applied load or force

2 Electrical properties Electric field
3 Thermal properties Heat capacity and thermal conductivity
4 Magnetic properties Magnetic field
5 Optical properties Light radiation
6 Deteriorative characteristics Chemical reactivity
 Chapter One
1.2. Materials Science and Engineering
 “Materials engineering” is, on the basis of these structure proper ty correlations, designing or engineering the
structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties.
 Chapter One
1.2. Materials Science and Engineering
 From a functional perspective, the role of
 Materials scientist is to develop or synthesize new materials,
 Materials engineer is to create new products or systems using existing materials, and/or to develop
techniques for processing materials.
 Chapter One
1.2. Materials Science and Engineering
 The four components of the discipline of materials science and engineering and their interrelationship.
 Chapter One
1.2. Materials Science and Engineering
 Photograph of three thin disk specimens of aluminum oxide, which have been placed over a printed page in order
to demonstrate their dif ferences in light-transmittance characteristics.
 Chapter One
1.2. Materials Science and Engineering
 The disk on the lef t is transparent.
 Whereas the one in the center is translucent.
 The disk on the right is opaque.
 Chapter One
1.2. Materials Science and Engineering
 These dif ferences in optical properties are a consequence of dif ferences in structure of these materials, which have
resulted from the way the materials were processed.
 The transparent specimen is what we call a single crystal that is, it is highly perfect which gives rise to its
transparency.
 Chapter One
1.2. Materials Science and Engineering
 The translucent specimen is composed of numerous and very small single crystals that are all connected;
 The boundaries between these small crystals scatter a portion of the light reflected from the printed page,
which makes this material optically translucent.
 Chapter One
1.2. Materials Science and Engineering
 The opaque specimen on the right is composed not only of many small, interconnected crystals, but also of a large
number of very small pores or void spaces.
 These pores also ef fectively scatter the reflected light and render this material opaque.
 Chapter One
1.2. Materials Science and Engineering
 Thus, the structures of these three specimens are dif ferent in terms of crystal boundaries and pores, which af fect
the optical transmittance properties.
 Furthermore, each material was produced using a dif ferent processing technique.
 Finally the performance of each material will be dif ferent.
 Chapter One
1.3. Classification of Materials
 Chapter One
1.3. Classification of Materials
 Based on the chemical makeup and atomic structure, solid materials can be classified in to three basic groups:
 Metals

 Ceramics

 Polymers

 In addition, there are the composites, combinations of two or more of the above three basic material classes.
 Chapter One
1.3. Classification of Materials
1.3.1. Metals
 Composed of one or more metallic elements (such as Fe, Al, Cu, Ti, and Ni), and of ten also nonmetallic elements
(C, N, and O) in relatively small amounts.
 Atoms in metals and their alloys are arranged in a very orderly manner.
 Relative to ceramics and polymers, they are relatively dense.
 Chapter One
1.3. Classification of Materials
1.3.1. Metals
 With regard to mechanical characteristics, these materials are relatively stif f and strong, yet are ductile.
 In addition, they are good conductor of electricity and heat.
 Chapter One
1.3. Classification of Materials
1.3.1. Metals
 Chapter One
1.3. Classification of Materials
1.3.2. Ceramics
 Ceramics are compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements; they are most frequently oxides, nitrides, and
carbides.
 The common ceramic materials include:
 Aluminum oxide (or alumina,Al2O3)
 Silicon dioxide (or silica, SiO2)
 Silicon carbide (SiC)
 Silicon nitride (Si3N4)
 Chapter One
1.3. Classification of Materials
1.3.2. Ceramics
 In addition, what some refer to as the traditional ceramics those composed of clay minerals (i.e., porcelain), as
well as cement, and glass.
 With regard to mechanical behavior ceramic materials have comparable stif fness and strength to that of metals.
 In addition, ceramics are typically very hard.
 Chapter One
1.3. Classification of Materials
1.3.2. Ceramics
 They are extremely brittle (lack ductility), and are highly susceptible to fracture.
 These materials are typically insulative to the passage of heat and electricity.
 More resistant to high temperatures and harsh environments than metals and polymers.
 With regard to optical characteristics, ceramics may be transparent, translucent, or opaque.
 Chapter One
1.3. Classification of Materials
1.3.2. Ceramics
 Chapter One
1.3. Classification of Materials
1.3.3. Polymers
 Polymers include the familiar plastic and rubber materials.
 Many of them are organic compounds that are chemically based on carbon, hydrogen, and other nonmetallic
elements (viz. O, N, and Si).
 Fur thermore, they have ver y large molecular structures, of ten chain-like in nature that have a backbone of
carbon atoms.
 Chapter One
1.3. Classification of Materials
1.3.3. Polymers
 Some of the common and familiar polymers are:
 Polyethylene (PE)
 Nylon

 Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)

 Polycarbonate (PC)
 Polystyrene (PS), and silicone rubber.
 Chapter One
1.3. Classification of Materials
1.3.3. Polymers
 These materials typically have low densities,
 Have dissimilar mechanical characteristics to that of metallic and ceramic materials
 They are not as stif f nor as strong as metals and ceramics.
 Chapter One
1.4. Advanced Materials
 Semi conductors
 Biomaterials

 Smart materials
 Nanoengineered Materials
 Assignment 1 Question 1, explain about the above materials with example.
Chapter One

End Of Chapter One

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