Probability
Probability
Probability is a measure of how likely an event is to occur.
It is expressed as a number between 0 and 1, where:
- 0 means the event will not happen.
- 1 means the event is certain to happen.
- Any value in between indicates the likelihood of the event.
Probability
Probability is the mathematical measure of how likely an event
is to occur.
Number of favorable outcomes
Total number of outcomes
Probability
Experiment: A trial or an operation conducted to produce an outcome is called an
experiment.
Sample Space: All the possible outcomes of an experiment together constitute a sample
space. For example, the sample space of tossing a coin is {head, tail}.
Favorable Outcome: An event that has produced the desired result or expected event is
called a favorable outcome. For example, when we roll two dice, the possible/favorable
outcomes of getting the sum of numbers on the two dice as 4 are (1,3), (2,2), and (3,1).
Trial: A trial denotes doing a random experiment.
Random Experiment: An experiment that has a well-defined set of outcomes is called a random
experiment. For example, when we toss a coin, we know that we would get ahead or tail, but we are not sure
which one will appear.
Event: The total number of outcomes of a random experiment is called an event.
Equally Likely Events: Events that have the same chances or probability of occurring are called equally
likely events. The outcome of one event is independent of the other. For example, when we toss a coin, there
are equal chances of getting a head or a tail.
Exhaustive Events: When the set of all outcomes of an event is equal to the sample space, we call it an
exhaustive event.
Mutually Exclusive Events: Events that cannot happen simultaneously are called mutually exclusive events.
For example, the climate can be either hot or cold. We cannot experience the same weather simultaneously.
Probability Numericals
A fair coin is tossed once. What is the probability of getting heads?
Head=1
Tail=1
Total=2
Probability Numericals
• A fair die is rolled once. What is the probability of getting:
• (a) an even number (2, 4, 6 = 3)
(b) a number greater than 4 (5, 6 = 2)
Probability Problems
An experiment is consisting of tossing (flip) a fair coin once, what is the
probability of getting a head? H
Tree Diagram:
O
T
Number of favorable outcomes
Total number of outcomes
1
2
Probability Tree Diagram
A probability tree diagram is a diagram that is used to give a visual
representation of the probabilities as well as the outcomes of an event.
O
T
Probability Tree Diagram
We tossed a fair coin three times. Draw a tree diagram to show all the
possible outcome.
Probability Numericals
A coin is thrown 3 times. What is the probability of getting at least one
head?
Sample space = 8 (HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, TTH, THT, HTT, TTT).
Favorable outcomes = 7 (all except TTT).
Probability Numericals
A die is rolled. What is the probability of getting a prime number if the
outcome is odd?
Odd numbers = {1, 3, 5}
Prime numbers within odd = {3, 5}
Probability Numericals
A bag contains 5 red balls and 3 blue balls. One ball is drawn randomly.
What is the probability that the ball drawn is red?
Red=5
Blue=3
Total=8
Standard Deck of Cards
Spades - Hearts – Diamond - Club
Probability Numericals
A card is drawn randomly from a standard deck of 52 cards. What is the
probability that the card is:
(a) a heart
• (a) a heart
• (b) a king
Heart = 13
King = 4 (b) a king
Total = 52
Probability Numericals
A card is drawn from a deck of 52 cards. What is the probability that the
card is a red queen?
Red Queen = 2
Total = 52
red queen
Probability Numericals
If an experiment is consisting of tossing a fair coin twice, find:
1. The Set of all possible outcomes of the experiment.
Probability Numericals
If an experiment is consisting of tossing a fair coin twice, find:
2. The probability of the event of getting at least one head.
𝑭𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔
𝑷 𝒂𝒕𝒍𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒕 𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒅 =
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔
𝟑
𝑷 𝒂𝒕𝒍𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒕 𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒅 = = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓
𝟒
Probability Numericals
If an experiment is consisting of tossing a fair coin twice, find:
3. The probability of the event of getting exactly one head in the
two tosses.
𝑭𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔
𝑷 𝒆𝒙𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒍𝒚 𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒅 =
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔
𝟐
𝑷 𝒆𝒙𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒍𝒚 𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒅 = = 𝟎. 𝟓
𝟒
Probability Numericals
If an experiment is consisting of tossing a fair coin twice, find:
4. The probability of the event of getting two heads.
𝑭𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔
𝑷 𝟐 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒅𝒔 =
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔
𝟏
𝑷 𝟐 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒅𝒔 = = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓
𝟒
Probability Numericals
If the experiment is consisting of rolling a fair die once, find:
1. Set of all possible outcomes of the experiment.
S = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
2. The probability of the event of getting an even number.
Even Number = 2, 4, 6 = 3
Probability Numericals
If the experiment is consisting of rolling a fair die once, find:
3. The probability of the event of getting an odd number.
Odd Number = 1, 3, 5, = 3
Probability Numericals
If the experiment is consisting of rolling a fair die once, find:
4. The probability of the event of getting a number less than 5
Number less then 5 = 1, 2, 3, 4 = 4
Total = 6
𝟒
66
𝟔
Probability Numericals
Throw a dice once, Find:
a) An odd number c) A number more than 4
b) A prime number d) A number less then 3 𝟑
5
𝟔
An odd number = 1, 3, 5 = 3 𝟑
A prime number = 2, 3, 5 = 3 5
𝟔
A number more than 4 = 5, 6 =2 𝟐
A number less than 3 = 1, 2 = 2 33
𝟔
Total = 6
𝟐
33
𝟔
Sample Space
(1). Toss a coin once. Find sample space.
S = {H, T}
N(s) = 2
(2). Toss a coin twice and construct
sample space and tree diagram.
S = {HH, HT, TH, TT}
Sample Space
(1). Throw a dice once.
Find the sample space
and make tree diagram?
S = {1,2,3,4,5,6}
N(s) = 6
Sample Space
(1). Throw a pair of dice once. Make sample space and tree diagram?
Sample Space
(1). Throw a pair of dice once. Make sample space and tree diagram?
Sample Space
(1). Throw a pair of dice once. Make sample space and tree diagram?
Sample Space
(1). Toss a coin and roll a die once to create a sample space?
S={(H,1), (H,2), (H,3), (H,4), (H,5), (H,6),
(T,1), (T,2), (T,3), (T,4), (T,5), (T,6)}