CHEM 210 Module 7 Exam Newest

1. A scientist uses the term flux regarding a biochemical pathway. What does

flux mean?: Flux is the rate of flow through a biochemical pathway.

2. A particular pathway breaks down proteins into amino acids. Is this an

anabolic or a catabolic pathway?: Catabolic. This is degradation of a molecule.

3. The acetyl group is connected to CoA to make Acetyl-CoA. A) What specific

atom of CoA connects to the carbon atom on the acetyl group? B) What

nucleotide base is part of CoA?: A) Sulfur B) Adenine

4. Both carbohydrates and lipids are broken down into Acetyl-CoA for further

processing. What pathway does Acetyl-CoA go to next?: Citric Acid Cycle (CAC)

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5. What is the "ETC" and what happens there?: Electron transport chain. NADH

is converted into ATP at the ETC.

6. What is the sign (+ or -) of ”G for the breakdown of ATP to ADP? Why is the

sign important?: (-). A negative means spontaneous, or favorable, and is able to

power other processes.

7. What are the two phases of glycolysis? How many reactions in each?: The

preparatory phase and payoff phase. Five reactions in each.

8. How many ATPs are invested in glycolysis?: 2

9. What is the net number of ATP gained from glycolysis?: 2 (2 invested, 4

gained, for a net of 2)

10. How many reactions of glycolysis have a single arrow "’" in their reaction

equation?: 3

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11. What is the fate of pyruvate produced in glycolysis?: Under anaerobic

conditions, it goes to lactate or sometimes ethanol or other products to regenerate

NAD+ for glycolysis. Under aerobic conditions, it proceeds to the citric acid cycle.

12. For one molecule of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, how many ATP or NADH

are produced (or required) in the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphos-

phoglycerate step in glycolysis?: 1 NADH produced

13. In (A) , phosphate from (B) is transferred to ADP

and yields ATP.

In (C) , phosphate from ATP is transferred to (D) forming

ADP .: A) reaction 7

B) 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate

C) Reaction 3

D) Fructose-6-phosphate

14. How many steps are found in the CAC?: 8

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15. How much ATP is produced per NADH molecule after oxidative phospho-

rylation? Per FADH2?: NADH- 2.5 per molecule. FADH2 - 1.5 per molecule

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16. How many CO2 are lost per each turn of the CAC?: 2 molecules of CO2 are

lost.

17. How many of the steps in the CAC are equilibrium reactions?: 5

18. What reaction is catalyzed by the PDH?: pyruvate to acetyl-CoA

19. The ²-oxidation pathway is the degradation pathway for fatty acids. A.

Where, in the cell, does the ²-oxidation pathway occur? B. How many steps are

in the ²-oxidation pathway?: A. In the mitochondria. B. Four reaction steps.

20. How many FADH2 and NADH molecules are produced per round of ²-oxida-

tion?: One of each FADH2 and NADH.

21. Can ²o
- xidation occur with odd-numbered fatty acids? Can ²o
- xidation occur

with fatty chains containing double bonds? Explain your answer in at least

three complete sentences.: Yes to both types of chains. The ²-oxidation process

occurs with both unsaturated fatty acids (those with double bonds) and fatty acids
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that have an odd number of carbons. Double bonds and odd-numbered chains each

present a structural problem for the standard enzymes of the pathway. So, there

are additional steps with enzymes for each type of molecule, but the molecules are

degraded with energy recovered.

22. study of how nutrients provide energy for organisms: bioenergetics

23. which is all the reactions of a cell that permit life to persist: cellular metab-

olism

24. series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that convert starting material into

products.: metabolic pathways

25. the time it takes for a compound to go from the beginning to end of a

pathway.: flux

26. move only one molecule or type of molecule across the membrane: trans-

porters
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27. how can molecules such as pyruvate, ADP, and ATP move across the

membrane: through integral proteins called transporters.

28. what is ATP used for in the cytosol: ATP is used to power reactions that are not

favorable. In other words, ATP can be broken down enzymatically to ADP, releasing

energy to perform work

29. why is FADH2 different than NADH: The structure of FADH2 is slightly different

from that of NADH, which permits it to interact with different proteins, an advantage

to complex systems.

30. biomolecules that store energy: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins

31. example of common intermediate in metabolic reaction: acetyl coA

32. True or False: The ”G value for a particular reaction is +52kJ/mol. This value

indicates the reaction is NOT spontaneous.: true

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33. True or false: A biochemical metabolic pathway is a single reaction that

converts starting material into products.: false

34. True or false: Two ATP molecules are used in the energy-investing stage of

glycolysis.: true

35. True or False: The citric acid cycle occurs in the absence of oxygen.: false

36. True or false: The ²-oxidation pathway only degrades odd-numbered fatty

acids.: false

37. In total, how many net ATP and NADH are produced (or required) in the

glucose to pyruvate steps in glycolysis?: 2 ATP and 2 NADH produced

38. In converting glucose to pyruvate, how many ATP or NADH are produced

(or required) in the phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate step in glycolysis?: 2

ATP produced

39. What is the primary reactant of glycolysis?: glucose

40. In glycolysis, when glucose enters a cell, it is immediately phosphorylated

to form glucose-6-phosphate. The phosphate donor in this reaction is ATP, and

the enzyme is .: hexokinase

41. In the sixth reaction of glycolysis, ATP is formed by the direct transfer

of a phosphate group from a metabolite to ADP. This process is referred to

as:: substrate-level phosphorylation

: ethanol

43. There are reactions in glycolysis.: 10

44. The reactions of glycolysis take place in/on the .: cytosol

45. How is ATP used in the initial steps of glycolysis?: source for phosphoryla-

tion

46. Which of the following is an eight-step pathway?

A. CAC

B. PDH

C. Glycolysis

D. Oxidative phosphorylation

E. ²-oxidation: A

47. How many ATP molecules does NADH yield after oxidative phosphoryla-

tion?: 2.5

48. Besides NADH and FADH2, what energy molecule is produced directly in

the citric acid cycle?

A. CO2

B. ATP

C. CTP

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D. UTP

E. None of the above: E

49. The enzymes and coenzymes of the citric acid cycle are all present in the

.: mitochondria

50. Cellular respiration is the process of cells taking in and producing

to generate energy.

A. Glucose; NADH

B. FAD; FADH2

C. CO2; ATP

D. NAD+; NADH

E. O2; CO2: E

51. How many phases are in the complete degradation of glucose via cellular

respiration?: 3

52. The PDH complex has three enzymes, which are referred to as:: E1 E2 E3

53. What coenzyme(s) is (are) necessary for ²-oxidation?: NAD+ and FAD

54. The sequential process for oxidizing fatty acids to acetyl-CoA is often

called:: B-spiral

55. (Short answer) At the end of the Preparatory Phase of glycolysis, there

are two products. A) What are the two products? B) What happens to each
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product?: In step 5 of glycolysis, glucose (six-carbon) is converted to GAP and

DHAP (both 3-carbons). GAP goes on in the glycolysis pathway. The other, DHAP,

cannot go on through glycolysis directly; it is converted to GAP by triose phosphate

isomerase.

56. (Fill in the blank) Use the following word bank to fill in the appropriate

blanks. Not all words will be used; words can be used more than once.

Word bank: one, two, three, four, five, six,

Glucose contains (A) carbon atoms. The preparatory phase of gly-

colysis consists of (B) steps. The oxidation of a glucose mole-

cule utilizes two ATP molecules. Later, the two (C) -carbon products

of glycolysis produce (D) ATP by direct phosphorylation, which

gives a net yield of two ATP. In addition, (E) NADH are produced in

glycolysis.: A) six

B) five

C) three

D) four

E) two

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57. Short Essay

Describe the three phases of the complete oxidative catabolism of glucose to

form CO2 and H2O. Be sure to give the important pathway in each phase and

the energy molecules produced in each.

(Answer in at least 6 sentences giving specific details, such as molecules

and names of pathways.): Answer: First phase: Glucose metabolism begins with

glycolysis which degrades the molecule into two molecules of pyruvate and also

produces 2 ATP and 2 NADH molecules. The pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA.

Second Phase: the acetyl-CoA groups are shuttled through the citric acid cycle to

generate GTP, NADH, FADH2 molecules along with the release of CO2. Third Phase:

the NADH and FADH2 coenzymes are themselves oxidized in the mitochondria to

yield ATP by a process called oxidative phosphorylation.

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