The boiling temperature is 100 at one particular pressure that is 1 atm.
T-h diagram of formation of steam at constant pressure :
The graph is plotted between T and h.
Let’s start with point A at which ice is at temperature -10 .
Now, as we provide heat to the piece of ice, its temperature as well as enthalpy increases
simultaneously upto point ‘B’.
Point B is at 0 at which the phase transformation of solid ice into liquid takes place.
This point is called melting point and temperature will remain constant until the whole
transformation process is completed i.e all ice will convert in liquid at 0 .This is so because
of latent heat of fusion. All the heat we are providing is actually increasing the energy of the
molecules of the water not its temperature, that’s why enthalpy increases but the temperature
remains constant upto point C.
Heat provided from point ‘B’ to point ‘C’ is hidden and cannot be measured using
thermometer.
Since we are providing continuous heat the temperature and the enthalpy both increases
(sensible heating).
At ‘D’ which is boiling point of water. The next phase transformation i.e. liquid to vapour
(steam) takes place.
Since, the temperature again remains constant and enthalpy keep increasing, the heat
absorbed during this is latent heat of vaporization. This process goes upto ‘E’.
At ‘E’ we have converted all liquid into steam. If we keep providing heat then ultimately at
‘F’ superheated steam is obtained.
Sensible heat
The heat energy that causes a change in temperature of a substance without altering its state
or phase. In other words, it is the heat energy that raises or lowers the temperature of a
substance, but does not change it from solid to liquid or from liquid to gas.
Examples of sensible heat include:
Heating water from 20°C to 80°C (the temperature changes, but the water remains in its
liquid state)
Cooling air from 30°C to 20°C (the temperature changes, but the air remains in its gaseous
state)
Latent heat
Latent heat refers to the heat energy required to change the state or phase of a substance, such
as:
- Solid to liquid (melting)
- Liquid to gas (vaporization or evaporation)
- Gas to liquid (condensation)
- Liquid to solid (freezing)
During a phase change, the temperature of the substance remains constant, but the heat
energy is absorbed or released. This heat energy is called latent heat.
Examples of latent heat include:
Melting ice at 0°C: heat energy is absorbed, but the temperature remains at 0°C until all the
ice has melted.
Boiling water at 100°C: heat energy is absorbed, but the temperature remains at 100°C until
all the water has vaporized.
Types :
Wet steam, Dry steam, Superheated steam
Wet Steam: When steam contains water particles then it is known as Wet steam
Dry Steam: When wet steam is further heated then all water particles get converted into
vapour and resulted steam is called dry steam.
Superheated Steam: When dry saturated steam is heated to higher temperatures then
steam obtained is in superheated state. This steam is mostly used in Power generation.
measure of the amount of vapor present in a mixture of vapor and liquid
Dryness fraction (X)
Ratio of the mass of the dry steam to the total mass of the mixture
𝑀
X= 𝑀+𝑚
M-mass of the dry steam
m - mass of wet steam
Wetness fraction
measure of the amount of liquid present in a mixture of vapor and liquid.
Wetness fraction = 1-X
Draw the PV diagram of steam formation.
Draw the Mollier diagram and show the different types of lines.
What is throttling process?
Change a high pressure fluid into a low pressure fluid. Enthalpy is constant
1. STEAM BOILERS
The function of a steam generator or boiler is to transfer the heat produced by the combustion
of fuel to water and generate steam.
2. CLASSIFICATIONS
Content in tube Fire tube Water tube
(eg:Lancashire, cochran, (eg: benson, stirling, yarrow,
cornish, locomotive, nestler…) lamont, Babcock and Wilcox
…)
Location of furnace Internally fired Externally fired
(eg: firetube boilers) (eg: water tube boilers)
Axis Vertical boiler Horizontal boiler
Circulation of water Natural circulation Forced circulation
Pressure Low pressure High pressure
(eg: firetube boilers) (eg: water tube boilers)
3. PARTS OF A BOILER
1. Shell
It is the outer covering of boiler
2. Steam space
It is space above the boiler where steam is stored
3. Furnace
It is the chamber where fuel is burned and hot gases are produced.
4. Boiler accessories
It is the essential (not necessary) equipment used to increase the efficiency of the boiler Some
of the boiler accessories are
a) Feed pump
b) Air preheater
c) Economizer
d) Superheater
5. Boiler mountings
It is the necessary parts installed with a boiler without which the boiler cannot work properly.
Some examples of boiler mountings are below.
1. Water level indicator
2. Pressure gauge
3. Safety valve
4. Steam stop valve
5. Fusible plug
With neat sketch explain the working of economizer of a boiler.
An economizer is a mechanical device used in boilers to improve efficiency by preheating the
feed water using waste heat from flue gases.
This reduces fuel consumption and increases overall thermal efficiency.
With neat sketch explain the working of water level indicator of a boiler.
A Water Level Indicator is an essential safety device in a boiler that shows the water level
inside the boiler drum.
It ensures the water remains at an optimal level to prevent overheating or damage to the
boiler.
With the help of neat diagram explain the function of air preheater used in boiler.
An Air Preheater (APH) is a heat recovery device used in boilers to increase efficiency by
preheating the combustion air using waste heat from flue gases.
This improves fuel combustion and reduces fuel consumption.
COMPARISON BETWEEN FIRE TUBE AND WATER
TUBE BOILERS
Fire tube Water Tube
1) Hot gases passes through the tubes 1) Water passes through the tubes
2) Heating surface is less 2) Heating surface is moreu
3) Low pressure 3) High Pressure
4) Simple in construction 4) Construction is difficult
5) Small capacity applications 5) Large capacity application
6) Maintenance costs are low 6) Maintenance costs are higher
7) Thermal efficiency is low 7) Thermal efficiency is high
4. Babcock and Wilcox boiler
1) Water tube boiler
2) Water remains inside the tube and hot gases are remains outside the tube
3) Produce high pressure of steam
4) Hot gases come in contact with the water tubes it exchange heat with water and
converts into steam.
5) Circullation of water is maintained by convection
6) Steam collected ath the uptake header
7) Superheater receives water free steam from antipriming pipe
8) Steam is collected in a drum or usedsend ito process
5. Cochran Boiler
1) Fire tube boiler
2) Combustion chamber is connected with firebox through a small pipe.
3) Hot gases come in contact with the water it exchange heat with water and converts
into steam
4) The flue gases from combustion chamber enters the smoke box
5) The gases from smoke box is passed on to atmosphere through chimney
6. Steam Turbine
Pressure energy of steam is transformed into mechanical energy of votation of turbine shaft.
2 types
1. Impulse turbine
2. Reaction turbine
Impulse turbine
1 Casing
2 Nozzle
3 Blade
4 Rotor
5 Shaft
1. high pressure steam from the boiler is supplied to nozzle steam flows through the
nozzle, its pressure falls from boiler pressure to condenser pressure.
2. velocity increases
3. high velocity of steam is directed to the moving blade
4. Impulsive force rotates the dies. Eg - Delavel turbine
Reaction turbine
1) high pressure steam from the boiler is directly supplies to reaction turbine, without
passing through nozzle
2) Steam expands when it flows through the fixed and moving blades.
3) Continuous drop of pressure of steam This produces reaction force on the blades,
this rotation force cause rotate the rotor.
Difference between impulsive and reaction turbine
Impulsive turbine Reaction Turbine
Impulsive force Reaction force
Expansion of steam takes place in the nozzle Expands as it flows over the fixed and moving
blade
Constant pressure Pressure of steam decreases when it flows
over the blade
Cross sectional area is constant Cross sectional area is not constant
Blades are symmetrical Blades are aerofoil shape
Speed of rotation is high Speed of rotation is not high
Small size Large size