PADRE GARCIA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
Purposive
Communication
Course Material No. 2
LESSON
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
OUTLINE
Determine culturally appropriate terms,
expressions, and images (sensitivity to
gender, race, class, etc.)
Analyze the varieties and registers of
spoken and written communication in
different context.
Promote multicultural sensitive language.
Globalization and
Communication
TABLE OF CONTENTS
3 Pre-Activity
3 Lesson Content
Communication in
13 Lesson Summary Multicultural
Settings
14 Assessment Tasks
15 References
Lesson 2:
Communication Language Varieties
and Registers
and
Globalization
INTRODUCTION
Humanity's resourcefulness has led to enormous developments and discoveries in the
past centuries. As knowledge progressed, globalization gradually emerged. Globalization
is the effect of opening the global economy and increasing trade between countries and
nations. Globalization does not limit trade and commerce, tourism, and politics but also
opens the window to the understanding of the language and culture across the world.
Communication is inevitable in globalization. In this lesson, we will discover the role of
communication in globalization and the implication of multi-cultures in the language.
IMPACTS OF
LET'S WARM UP! GLOBALIZATION ON
GLOBAL COMMUNICATION
As more people cross borders because
Guess the Country based on the given of globalization, more language contact
set of pictures. (see ppt 2. Lesson 2 happens, thereby making
Local and Global Communication) communication more challenging.
"The Effects of Globalization on Global
Communication" by Nikolay Danev.
1. Availability of information. With
globalization, there will be an
overflowing of information from
different countries all over the world
with the help of the World Wide
Web.
2. Business conduct. With globalization, micro businessmen have an avenue to
advertise their products. People from different areas can avail of the services from
different places. Innovations in presenting different businesses can be learned now.
3. Social awareness. What is happening around the world can now be seen by everyone.
Learning new things is now enjoyed by learners of different ages from different
countries all over the world.
PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION 4
Aside from the positive impacts of globalization, its negative impacts such as environmental
damage and prices could affect all nations.
1. Environmental damage. The increased
Can you share some news
production means the utilization of natural
or societal issue where
resources. Besides, increased trade increased
globalization affects
transport, which uses fossil fuels. As a result,
communication or vice
increased, leading to climate change. These versa?
changes in climate are a serious threat to
humanity and the future of the world, all
globalization.
2. Fluctuation in price. Globalization has led to increased competition, hence leading to
the fluctuation in prices.
COMMUNICATION AND
CULTURE
CULTURE
Culture is the characteristics and knowledge of a
particular group of people, encompassing language,
religion, cuisine, social habits, music, and arts. The word
culture is derived from a French term, which in turn is
derived from the Latin word colere, which means to tend
to the earth and grow, cultivate, and nurture.
Culture is defined by the shared manners, customs,
beliefs, rituals, ceremonies, laws, ideas, thought
patterns, arts, tools, social institutions, religious beliefs,
myths and legends, knowledge, values, a concept of self,
morals, ideals, and accepted ways of behaving. It is a
complex whole acquired by man as a member of society
(Taylor, 1958). It is a pattern of human activity that
represents a specific segment of the world population.
Numerous elements shape culture. The different
elements of culture are learned and transmitted from one
generation to another. They are attitudes, beliefs,
language, customs, rituals, behavior, faith, or religion,
food, and arts. When they are combined, they create a
unique way of living for different people.
5 PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION
The elements of culture give a group
of people unique qualities all their own.
They live, do things, think, and act in
varied ways. These practices are
particular ways that give them an identity.
These are cultural ways and an essential
part of being human. No one is complete
without it. An individual can be part of
many cultures and subcultures. For
example, one who lives in the United
States could be part of the national
culture in addition to the distinct culture of
the South, a religious community, a
heritage group, and more.
CATEGORIES OF CULTURE
Material culture
refers to the physical
Nonmaterial culture
objects, resources, and
spaces that people use
to define their culture.
These include homes, neighborhoods, Non-material culture is the intangible
cities, schools, churches, synagogues, ideas, values, and behaviors that make
temples, mosques, offices, factories and up a society. It doesn't include physical
plants, tools, means of production, objects. Non-material culture includes
goods and products, stores, and so ideas, beliefs, social roles, rules, ethics,
forth. and attitudes of a society. Examples of
nonmaterial culture include languages
and words, dress codes, etiquette,
rituals, business and social transactions,
religion, laws, punishments, and values.
Have you been in a foreign
land before? What
culture/s did you observe
while staying there?
PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION 6
MULTICULTURALISM
Multiculturalism refers to a society that has many various cultures living together. It can
also refer to the view that cultural differences should be respected or even encouraged. In
other words, whatever your culture is, you must accept it and how it is different from other
cultures. It aims the inclusion of the views and contributions of diverse members of society
while maintaining respect for their differences and withholding the demand for their
assimilation into the dominant culture where many different cultures live together. Because
of globalization, we get to interact with people from different cultures.
However, cultural diversity makes
communication difficult as the mindset of
people of different cultures is different;
the language, signs, and symbols are
also different. Different cultures have
various meanings of words, behaviors,
and gestures. Sometimes, a person may
think that his or her culture is superior to
other cultures.
When it happens, it could result in prejudices and ethnocentrism, and eventually shapes
the way people think and behave. When people belonging to different cultures
communicate, these factors can become barriers. The way you communicate is affected by
the culture that shaped you. The opposite is also true. Culture is, to a large extent,
determined by the way we communicate.
ANALOGY OF CULTURE
Edward Hall developed the iceberg analogy
of culture in 1976. In Hall's Model (Figure 3.2), Food, art, dance, language, traditions
he compared culture to an iceberg. Like an
iceberg, there are some aspects of culture that
are visible above the water, the hidden larger
portions on the surface that are not visible, and Beliefs, values, worldview
cultures that are common to humanity.
The model of Edward Hall shows that we
cannot judge a particular culture based on what
we only see outside. Thus, one must actively
participate and spends more time in that culture Common humAnity
to learn its beliefs, values and worldview. The way we all love, laugh, cry, seek dignity
and meaning in our lives
7 PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION
BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE INTERNATIONAL
COMMUNICATION
Ethnocentrism
Ethnocentrism refers to the belief that a person's culture (his "in-group" culture) is
much better than any other group's culture (an "out-group" culture), and the tendency
is for that person to judge any "outgroup" culture by using the norms of his "in-group"
culture.
If our ethnocentricity level is high, the effect is negative. We experience the largest
communication barriers, so we are less likely to attempt to interact with those whose
cultures differ from ours. We can feel "suspicious, defensive, and hostile" toward them
because they have different social and cultural norms from the in-group to which we
belong.
With a low ethnocentricity level, however, the effect is positive. We can become
"curious, interested, and inspired" to interact with those belonging to the out-group, so
we become more inclined to deal with them, enjoy their company, and experience the
benefits of our increased intercultural communication.
Stereotypes and Prejudices
Stereotyping and being prejudiced against cultural groups are the main barriers to
intercultural communication. Stereotypes are often generalized negative traits
assigned to a group of people (e.g ., race, nationality, religion, social class, sexual
orientation, age, gender) even if these traits may only reflect a selected few of the
group. Prejudice, an offshoot of stereotypes, is an unfair thought, belief, or feeling of
dislike for a person or group because of race, nationality, gender, sexual orientation,
age, religion, and so on.
For example, while walking to your home late at night, and you see a group of
senior citizens walking behind you, you walk normally because you consider senior
citizens weak and harmless. But when you meet a group of teenage boys with long,
unkempt hair wearing dirty clothes, you walk fast and try to avoid them because you
conclude that they are good-for-nothing snatchers and troublemakers. So you feel safe
(prejudice) among the senior citizens whom you believe to be weak and harmless
(stereotyping) but become afraid (prejudice) of the teenagers whom you regard as
good-for-nothing snatchers and troublemakers (stereotyping).
PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION 8
Assumed Similarities
An assumption of similarity is a baseless, unreasonable refusal to see cultural
differences where they exist. This happens when members of one group assume that
all groups behave the same way they do, that what is true to their culture is also true to
all other cultures. This results in insensitivity to cultural differences.
For instance, some Filipinos, who belong to a high-contact culture, overlook the
fact that some other cultures like that of Americans, are low-contact cultures. This
Filipino, therefore, feels offended when an American instinctively moves away from
him; he does not know that unlike us Filipinos, Americans value their personal space
"arm's-length" distance of about 30 inches).
Anxiety
Intercultural communication anxiety is the fear associated with either actual or
anticipated communication with another cultural group. The fear is often caused by
differences in ability, verbal and nonverbal communication styles, and emotions. Both
"in-group" and "out-group" cultures may have impatience, frustration, and suspicion
while communicating anticipation of the interaction, which can increase anxiety in both
parties.
When you experience high levels of anxiety, you naturally avoid the situation. For
instance, as a new college student, you are afraid and nervous before your first day of
classes you do not know what to expect from your new classmates and cultures are
different from yours.
PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION 9
6 Guidelines for Inclusive Language
Put people first. For example, a Use universal phrases. It’s
person with a disability versus a important to know your audience.
disabled person. This language Most idioms, acronyms, and jargon
acknowledges the complexity of don’t translate well outside your
identity; each person is so much organization or to other cultures
more than their descriptors. In and can easily impede effective
addition, only mention descriptors communication, making people feel
when they are relevant to the uncomfortable, embarrassed, or
discussion. left out
Recognize the impact of mental
Use gender neutral language.
health language. When we conflate
Reject the generic use of man (as in
everyday behaviors, moods, and
mankind, policeman, or you guys).
personality characteristics with real
Those terms insinuate a preference
mental diagnoses (for example,
for men. Instead, opt for
bipolar, PTSD, OCD), we minimize
terminology that is gender neutral
and deprecate the impact of
(like humanity, police officer, or
someone’s experience with these
everyone) and acknowledges the
conditions. You should also avoid
full spectrum of gender identities,
derogatory terms that stem from
including those that are nonbinary
the context of mental health such
(i.e. you all, team, or staff).
as schizo, paranoid, or psycho.
Be thoughtful about the imagery Ask if you aren’t sure. Most people
you use. Terms like black, dark, and are happy to walk you through the
blind often hold a negative language that makes them feel
connotation as descriptors and can properly respected. Take the time to
therefore be offensive. Diversify find out how someone self-identifies.
your use of symbolism and try to Share your own pronouns when
speak literally (It was a sad day, not introducing yourself and explain, “I
It was a dark day). want to be sure I’m honoring you
properly. May I ask how you identify?”
INTRODUCTION
There are several ways that a certain word could be stated in order to relay a certain
meaning. These different ways could refer to the different language varieties and registers
that a certain person belongs to.
LANGUAGE VARIETY
A language variety refers to the various
forms of language triggered by social
factors. Language may change from region
to region, from one social class to another,
from individual to individual, and from
situation to situation. These actual changes
result in the varieties of language.
For instance, a dialect is a geographically
defined variety; a sociolect is a variety with a
social basis; jargon is a functional variant
while a register is a situational variety.
PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION 11
WORLD ENGLISHES
In 1985, Indian linguist Braj Kachru
classified Englishes using the three concentric
circles model. He called them the inner, outer,
and expanding circles. He identified the inner-
circle countries as those in which English was
traditionally the first language such as Great
Britain, the United States, and Australia. The
outer circle countries were those postcolonial
nations where English played official or
institutional roles like Nigeria, Kenya, India,
Singapore, and the Philippines.
The expanding circle countries were those
in which English was generally used only as a
foreign language and played no institutional
or official role within the country such as
China, Japan, Saudi Arabia, Greece, and
Korea. (Kirkpatrick, 2014)
12 PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION
PHILIPPINE ENGLISH
According to Dayag (2012), Philippine English is a legitimate nativized variety of English.
It is the language used by Filipinos in controlling domains such as science and technology,
the judiciary, the legislature, higher education, scholarly discourse, and the like. While it
shares one of the linguistic properties ascribed to other varieties of English, especially those
used in Asia, it has features that are unique to it.
The English language in the Philippines is often used along with Tagalog. As a result,
people mix English with Tagalog. This is commonly called Taglish. In the Philippine islands,
different languages are spoken, therefore, Filipinos who travel to another region of the
country where a different dialect or language is spoken will find that they can communicate
with fellow Filipinos using either the Filipino language (Tagalog) or the English language.
That is, if they do not speak the local language.
Some words used in Filipino were borrowed from English. Some borrowed words cannot
be directly translated into Filipino so they are used as is but may be spelled in Filipino
according to their pronunciation. Some of the English words that are used in Filipino include
words such as a printer, fax, bar, and cell phone. Other commonly used English words in
Tagalog include hello, hi, escalator, and so on. In the Tagalog language, there are also
English words that are spelled according to their pronunciation when used in Filipino.
Examples of these words include telebisyon (television), oben (oven), kamera (camera),
dyip (jeepe), and miting (meeting).
Filipinisms is a term used to describe
loosely translated English phrases used by
most Filipinos. This could be a Filipino's
English slang used in informal
communication. However, Filipinisms may
cause misunderstandings during formal and
business-related communication.
Think of an English term
we commonly misused.
13 PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION
COMMON FILIPINISM BETTER ENGLISH TRANSLATION
Open the light/TV Turn on/switch on the light/TV
Time first. Time out
Salvage - means recovered not killed
He salvaged the man.
The person was killed.
I'll repeat again. I'll repeat.
Carnapper Car thief
She xeroxed the book She photocopied the book.
Next next week The week after the next
Due to the fact that/inspite of the fact
Due to/inspite of the/despite
that/despite the fact that
Fall in line Stand in line, form a line
This is the long cut, not the shortcut. This is the long way, not the shortcut.
We accept repairs. This shop repairs cars/cellphones, etc.
Aircon air conditioner; air-conditioning unit.
Pardon me?; could you say that again
Come again
please?
Ref Refrigerator; Fridge
Rubber shoes Sneakers; trainers; running shoes
Officemates Co-workers; colleagues
Go down (the vehicle) Get off; I’m getting off from a vehicle
Pass by my office before you go. Drop by my office before you go.
Tuck out Untuck
Malling Window shopping
With regards to With regards or With regard to
No parking on both sides. No parking on either side.
Fill up the form. Fill out the form.
What other Filipinism phrases and
words do you know? How should we
correct them?
PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION 14
LANGUAGE REGISTERS
According to Nordquist (2019), a register is defined as the way a speaker uses language
differently in different circumstances. It refers to the degree of formality of language. It is
determined by social occasion, context, purpose, and audience. Registers are marked by a
variety of specialized vocabulary and turns of phrases, colloquialisms, the use of jargon, and
a difference in intonation and pace.
Registers are used in all forms of communication, including written, spoken, and signed.
According to Dr. RicharNordquist (2019), a register can be formal, informal, or neutral.
1. Formal. It is more appropriate for writing professional letters to a boss or a stranger. It
includes business letters, letters of complaint, essays and reports, official speeches,
announcements, and professional emails.
2. Informal. It is written in the way you talk to friends and family. It includes personal
emails, text messages, short notes, friendly letters, most blogs, diaries, and journals.
With informal writing, you can include things such as slang and cliches, figurative
language, symbols and abbreviations, acronyms, incomplete or short sentences, jokes,
personal opinions, paragraphs or no paragraphs, and extra punctuation.
3. Neutral. It is not necessarily formal or informal. It is usually positive or negative; It is
used to deliver facts. It includes reviews, articles, letters, essays, and technical writing.
Some rules of the formal register:
1. Do not use contractions. 6. Avoid abbreviations and acronyms.
2. Spell out numbers less than one hundred. 7. Do not start sentences with words like,
3. Write in the third person point of view. and, so, but, also.
4. Avoid using too much passive voice. 8. Always write in complete sentences.
5. Avoid using slang, idioms, exaggeration, 9. Write longer, more complex
and cliches. sentences.
In 1967, linguist Martin Joos identified five registers of language
or styles of English usage namely frozen, formal, consultative,
casual, and intimate. Both school and work operate at the
consultative level (which mixes formal and casual speech) and the
formal level (which uses precise word choice and syntax). All people
use casual and intimate registers with friends, but students from
families with little formal education may default to these registers.
Researchers have found that the more generations a person lives in
poverty, the less formal the register that person uses, except for
people from a strong religious background, who frequently encounter
formal religious texts (Montana-Harmon, 1991).
Martin Joos
15 PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION
Level Characteristics of Language
The words are always the same. Examples: The Lord's Prayer, The Pledge of
Frozen Allegiance.
speech that is elevated, precise, and often professional, official, or impersonal
Formal in nature.
A mix of formal and casual register. Users engage in a mutually accepted
Consultative structure of communications.
Language used between friends, which comes out of the oral tradition.
Casual Contains few abstract words and uses nonverbal assists.
Intimate Private language shared between two individuals, such as lovers or twins.
Globalization is the outcome of human movement, trade, and LESSON
connection to different parts of the world.
Globalization brought positive effects such as the Availability of
SUMMARY
information, Social awareness, and Business conduct; however,
negative effects were also observed such as Environmental
damage and Fluctuation in price.
Culture is the characteristics and knowledge of a particular group of people,
encompassing language, religion, cuisine, social habits, music, and arts.
Elements of culture include attitudes, beliefs, language, customs, rituals, behavior, faith,
or religion, food, and arts.
Culture may be categorized as Material and Non-material.
Multiculturalism is the view that cultures, races, and ethnicities, particularly those of
minority groups, deserve special acknowledgment of their differences within a dominant
political culture.
In 1976, Edward Hall developed an analogy of a model of culture into an iceberg with
three levels: visible, invisible, and common humanity.
A language variety refers to the various forms of language triggered by social factors.
Language may change from region to region, from one social class to another, from
individual to individual, and from situation to situation.
World Englishes refers to the different varieties of English developed in different regions
throughout the world.
Philippine English is a legitimate nativized variety of English.
Register refers to the degree of formality of language.
Language register could be Formal, Informal, and Neutral
PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION 16
Assessment Task
MULTICULTURAL SENSITIVE SONG
Instruction: In a group, compose or adapt a song by changing the lyrics, to promote a
multicultural sensitive language and acts. Please be guided by the following additional
guidelines:
The presentation will be during the Synchronous / F2F class.
Musical accompaniment, props, and costumes are highly encouraged
All members must be included in the presentation
Submit a printed copy of the lyrics to the instructor, together with the rubric, prior to the
presentation
Rubric:
17 PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION
References
Madrunio, M.R., & Martin, I.P., (2022). Purposive Communication Using English in
Multilingual Contexts. C&E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City, Philippines.
Padilla, M.M., Dagdag, L. A., & Roxas, F. R. (2018). Communicate and Connect!
Purposive Communication. Mutya Publishing House Inc. Malabon City, Philippines
Sarip, H. D., et al. (2019) Purposive Communication. Mutya Publishing House Inc.
Malabon City, Philippines
Electronic Resources:
[Link]
language/#:~:text=In%201967%2C%20linguist%20Martin%20Joos,consultative%2C%20ca
sual%2C%20and%20intimate.
[Link]
Bridges out of poverty: strategies for professionals and communities / Philip E. DeVol,
Ruby Payne, Terie Dreussi Smith. Pg. 38
[Link]
[Link]