Intellect, perception

Dr. SANDHYAKASHYAP
Introduction
• Intellect refers to cognitive processes such as
thinking, reasoning, concentration, memory, and
intelligence.
• Perception involves awareness, sensory
experiences, and how the patient interprets
internal/external stimuli
• Expression refers to how thoughts and emotions
are manifested—through speech, behavior,
gestures, and symptoms
Intelligence
• Intelligence" derived from Latin word intellegere
meaning "to understand" or "to comprehend".
The ability to learn from experience, to think
rationally, and to deal effectively with the
environment
• Intelligence is not a single ability but a combination
of diverse cognitive faculties.
THEORIES

• Spearman's Two-Factor Theory

Intelligence consists of two components:
g factor representing general mental ability
influencing all cognitive tasks
s factors representing specific abilities unique to
particular tasks.
• Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory
Adds analytical, creative, and practical intelligence
categories as broad forms of intelligence beyond g.
 THEORIES
• Howard gardner multiple intelligences theory
Intelligence is not a single, general ability but a collection of
distinct types of [Link] theory given by Howard
Gardner which expand the traditional view of intelligence
beyond linguistic and logical-mathematical abilities to include
eight different intelligences:
1. Linguistic intelligence
2. Logical-mathematical intelligence
3. Spatial intelligence:objects mentally
4. Musical intelligence
5. Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence:s.
6. Interpersonal intelligence
7. Intrapersonal intelligence
8. Naturalistic intelligence
Types of Intelligence
Abstract (or General) Intelligence:
• Needed for academic success (school and college).
• Measured by intelligence tests.
Social Intelligence:
• Enables adaptation to social situations.
• Important for roles such as diplomats or social
workers
Types of Intelligence
Concrete Intelligence:
• Also known as Vocational Intelligence.
• Needed for specific types of jobs and practical
tasks.
• Different aptitude tests measure the abilities
required for different types of work
Intelligence Test
A method of assessing an individual’s mental
aptitudes and comparing them to those of others,
using numerical scores
Intelligence Quotient (IQ) -
The ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca)
multiplied by 100 • IQ = ma/ca x 100)
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
IQ tests commonly include sections to measure:
• Verbal comprehension (e.g., vocabulary, word
reasoning)
• Logical or perceptual reasoning (pattern
recognition, problem-solving)
• Working memory (numeric or arithmetic tasks)
• Processing speed
0-20 Profound mental
retardation
21-35 Severe mental
retardation
36-50 Moderate mental
retardation
51-70 Mild mental
retardation
71-89 Borderline/slow
learner
90-109 Normal average

110-119 High average

120-129 Superior

130 and above Genius

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
IQ tests are used in clinical settings, schools, and for
employment purposes to assess intellectual
potential, diagnose learning disabilities, or assign
educational placements.
Famous examples
• the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales
• the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
Aptitude

Aptitude is the ability to benefit from a type of

training.
• Can differ from person to person.
• It indicates the potential for learning rather than
current ability or achievement
• Each person has unique potentials for various types
of work or learning
Well-known Aptitude Tests
• DAT (Differential Aptitude Test)
• GATB (General Aptitude Test Battery)
Perception
• Interpretation of information received by our senses

Features of Perception
Selective
• Sense organs are exposed to various stimuli, but only
selected stimuli are perceived.
• The process of choosing stimuli is called attention, which
plays a basic role in perception.
Change
• Change is the foundation of perception.
• Perception always occurs in response to changes in the
surroundings.
Features of Perception
Organization
• The brain receives information from multiple senses and
coordinates them.
• Perception is the final result of this coordination.
Objects Are the Commonest Perceptions
• Objects generally have 3 characteristics:
1. Figure-ground phenomena: Objects (figures) have definite
shapes, while the background (ground) does not and simply
extends behind the figure.
2. Objects have meaning: Meaning is given to a stimulus to
perceive it correctly; perception depends on assigning correct
sense and meaning
3. Perceptual constancy:Objects remain constant, only are sense
experiences keep changing. But the objects are perceived in
their origional state
Laws of Perceptual
Organization/Gestalt principle
1. Law of Proximity: Objects placed close to each other
are perceived as forming a group.
2. Law of Similarity: Objects that are similar in some way
tend to be grouped together.
3. Law of Symmetry :There is a tendency to group things
that create symmetrical figures.
4. Law of Continuity: Continuous patterns or parts are
perceived together rather than as separate units.
5. Law of Closure : People perceive objects as complete
wholes, not just as separate parts.
6. Law of Common Fate : Elements moving in the same
direction or pattern are perceived as a group, often
forming the impression of movement
Errors of Perception
Errors occur when perception does not match the
actual object.
1. Illusions
2. Hallucinations
3. Delusions
Illusion

• Illusions are false perceptions caused by the

misinterpretation of actual stimuli.
• Psychologists mostly study visual illusions, but
auditory and touch illusions also occur.
Types of Illusions
Types of Illusions

Illusion of motion:
• Motion is perceived even when pictures are not
moving (e.g., movies).
Illusion of set and expectations:
• Preconceived ideas affect perception (e.g., seeing
water in a desert due to thirst, when it is just sand).
Hallucinations

• Hallucinations are false perceptions without any

external stimulus.
• A person experiences seeing, hearing, or feeling
things that do not exist, but they seem real.
• Most common in mentally ill persons or those under
the influence of drugs.
• Difference from dreams: Hallucinations feel real and
occur during the waking state, with no factual basis
to what is perceived.
Types of Hallucinations
• Auditory: Hearing voices; can be moderate,
intense, confused, familiar, or strange.
• Visual: Seeing faces (of anyone or even
insects/animals) on walls or windows even when
not present.
• Gustatory:Tasting poison in food; results in refusal
to eat.
• Kinesthetic: Feeling abnormal sensations such as
electricity in the body or sense of someone
controlling body movement.
• Olfactory: Smelling unpleasant odors (poison,
blood, etc.) that are not actually present.
Delusions
• Delusions are beliefs or convictions that are firmly
held despite objective evidence to the contrary.
• Three major characteristics of delusions:
1. Beliefs that are untrue and improbable.
2. They do not come from experiences and cannot
be corrected by facts, reason, or logic.
3. They are out of harmony with individuals,
education, and surroundings.
Types of Delusions
Expansive Delusions
Occur as a direct compensation for feelings of
inadequacy.
• Involve beliefs about immense abilities or
properties, often leading to exaggeration of one's
own importance.
• Example: Delusions of grandeur (e.g., believing
oneself to be a President, Napoleon, Jesus).
Derogatory Delusions
• Beliefs involving conviction of worthlessness, evil,
depravity, sickness, or guilt of unpardonable sin.
Types of Delusions
Persecutory Delusions
• Unjustified beliefs of enemies attempting to injure
the individual or their loved ones.
• The person believes the enemy has taken control, is
inflicting pain, or leading to danger.
• Delusions satisfy emotional needs and do not
respond to rational arguments.
a. Delusions of persecution: Belief that enemies are
following or spreading rumors about the person.
b. Delusions of poisoning.
c. Litigious delusion- Pathological tendency to take
 Types of Delusions

• Hypochondria characterized by excessive pre-

occupation with imaginary physical or mental
sickness or diseases.
• Patients may believe they have lost their brain,
blood is turning to water, or their bones are
becoming fragile.
• Common complaints include imagined suffering
from serious illnesses such as cancer or
tuberculosis