Chapter 2
Representation of Power system components
Tenaw A.
Outline
Introduction
One /single line diagram
Impedance or reactance diagram
Per unit (PU) system and its merit
2
Introduction
The basic equipments/ components of a power system are
generators, transformers, transmission lines, and loads
The interconnections among these components in the power system
may be shown in the so called One Line Diagram
For analysis, the equivalent circuits of the components are shown in a
reactance diagram or an impedance diagram.
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One-line diagram
Power system networks are represented by one-line diagrams using
suitable symbols for generators, motors, transformers and loads
A one-line diagram of a power system shows the main connections and
arrangements of components
Figure below shows the symbols used to represent the typical components
of a power system.
The advantage of such a one-line representation is its simplicity: one
phase representation all three phases of the balanced system; the
equivalent circuit of the components are replaced by their standard
symbols; and the completion of the circuit through the neutral is
omitted.
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5
Impedance and Reactance Diagrams
In power system analysis, it is necessary to draw an equivalent circuit for the
[Link] is an impedance diagrams.
However, in several studies, including short-circuit analysis it is sufficient to
consider only reactance's neglecting resistances. Hence, we draw
reactance diagrams.
For 3-phase balanced systems, it is simpler to represent the system by a single
line diagram without losing the identity of the 3-phase system. Thus, single line
reactance diagrams can be drawn for calculation.
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The one-line diagram may serve as the basis for a circuit
representation that includes the equivalent circuits of the
components of the power system.
Such a representation is called an impedance diagram or a
reactance diagram if resistances are neglected.
The impedance and reactance diagrams corresponding to above Fig. are
shown in Fig. a) and (b), respectively. Note that only a single phase is
shown.
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The following assumptions have been incorporated into Fig. (a):
A generator can be represented by a voltage source in series with an inductive reactance.
The internal resistance of the generator is negligible compared to the reactance.
The loads are inductive.
The transformer core is ideal, and the transformer may be represented by a reactance.
The transmission line is a medium-length line and can be denoted by a T circuit.
An alternative representation, such as a circuit, is equally applicable.
The delta-wye-connected transformer T1 may be replaced by an equivalent wye-
wye- connected transformer (via a delta-to-wye transformation) so that the
impedance diagram may be drawn on a per-phase basis.
The reactance diagram, Fig. (b), is drawn by neglecting all resistances, the static loads,
and the capacitance of the transmission line.
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Per-unit Representation
Computations for a power system having two or more voltage levels become very cumbersome when it
is necessary to convert currents to a different voltage level wherever they flow through a
transformer (the change in current being inversely proportional to the transformer turns ratio).
In an alternative and simpler system, a set of base values, or base quantities, is assumed for each
voltage class, and each parameter is expressed as a decimal fraction of its respective base.
For instance, suppose a base voltage of 345 kv has been chosen, and under operating conditions the
actual system voltage is 334 kV: then the ratio of actual to base voltage is certain 0.97.
The actual voltage may then be expressed as 0.97 per-unit. In an equally common practice, per-unit
quantities are multiplied by 100 to obtain percent quantities: our example voltage would then be
expressed as 97 percent.
Per-unit and percent quantities and their bases exhibit the same relationships and obey the same laws
(such as Ohm's law and Kirchhoff’s laws) as do quantities in other systems of units.
A minimum of four base quantities is required to completely define a per-unit system:
these are voltage, current, power, and impedance (or admittance). If two of them are set
arbitrarily, then the other two become fixed.
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Base values can be determined by three ways
Taking the largest value
Taking the total sum
Any arbitrary
The per unit value of any quantity is the ratio of the actual value in any units to the
chosen base quantity of the same dimensions expressed as a decimal.
Per unit quantity = Actual value in any units
Base or reference value in the same unit
In power systems the basic quantities of importance are voltage, current, impedance and power. For
all per unit calculations a base KVAor MVA and a base KVare to be chosen.
Once the base values or reference values are chosen, the other quantities can be obtained as
follows:
Base current in amperes =
base voltage
Base impedance in ohm =
base current
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Advantages of Per Unit System
1. While performing calculations, referring quantities from one side of the transformer to the
other side serious errors may be committed. This can be avoided by using per unit system.
2. The p.u systems are ideal for the computerized analysis and simulation of
complex power system problems.
3. Voltages, currents and impedances expressed in per unit do not change when they are
referred from one side of transformer to the other side. This is a great advantage'.
4. Per unit impedances of electrical equipment of similar type usually lie within a narrow
range, when the equipment ratings are used as base values.
5. Transformer connections do not affect the per unit values.
6. Manufacturers usually specify the impedances of machines and transformers in
per unit or percent of name plate ratings.
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Examples
1. For the following power system network shown in the figure, find the new pu reactance for
each element based on the new base values: 25 kV as the base voltage at the generator G1
and 200 MVA as the MVA base.
2. For the power system shown in the figure, draw the pu reactance diagram, with all
reactance marked in per-unit (pu.) values. Choose 25000 kVA as the base S, and as the
base voltage at generator side. 13.8 kV.
12 Any Q?