Application&Week 8 Step 2 (Satisfying boundary conditions)

Find the deflection U ( x, t ) of the vibrating U (0, t ) = U ( L, t ) = 0

string with length L = π and ends fixed U (0, t ) = F (0).G (t ) = 0
corresponding to zero initial velocity and U ( L, t ) = F ( L).G (t ) = 0
initial deflection f ( x) = k (π x − x 2 ) by
If G ≡ 0 → u = FG ≡ 0 , which is of no int erest
using seperation of variables and Fourier
Hence G ≠ 0, then F (0) = 0 and F ( L) = 0
series expansion (c 2 = 1)

Solution for k = 0 :
F ''− Fk = 0
∂ 2U 2
2 ∂ U  One – dimensional  F '' = 0 → r 2 = 0 → r1 = r2 = 0
2
= c 2  
∂t ∂x  wave equation  F = ( Ax + B)e0 → F = Ax + B
F (0) = 0 → B = 0
Linear, homogeneous and 2nd order.
F ( L) = 0 → 0 = AL + B
Boundary conditions : U (0, t ) = U ( L, t ) = 0 → A=0
F = 0, which is of no int erest
Initial conditions :
U ( x, 0) = f ( x) → Initial deflection
for k > 0 (k = µ 2 ) :
U t ( x, 0) = g ( x) → Initial velocity
r2 − µ2 = 0
r1 = µ , r2 = − µ
F = Ae µ x + Be − µ x
F (0) = 0 → 0 = A + B → A = − B
F ( L) = 0 → 0 = Ae µ L + Be− µ L
→ 0 = − Be µ L + Be − µ L
→ 0 = B ( e− µ L − e µ L )
B = 0 and A = 0
Step 1 (Two ODEs from the wave F = 0, which is of no int erest
equation)
for k < 0 (k = − p 2 )
U ( x, t ) = F ( x).G (t ) → Seperating variables
F ''+ p 2 F = 0
∂ 2U ∂ 2U


= F '' G and = FG r 2 + p2 = 0
∂x 2 ∂t 2
FG

= c 2 .F '' G ( Dividing by c 2 FG ), r1 = pi , r2 = − pi → α = 0 , β = p
FG

c 2 .F '' G


G F '' F = A cos px + B sin px
2
= 2
→ 2 = =k F (0) = 0 → A = 0
c FG c FG cG F
k : Seperation cons tan t F ( L) = 0 → 0 = A cos pL + B sin pL
→ 0 = B sin pL
Two ODEs → F ''− Fk = 0 (1)
G

− c 2Gk = 0 (2)

1
 nπ a) Satisfying initial conditions (Given
→ pL = nπ → p = initial displacement)
L
∞
nπ x
Let B = 1 → Fn ( x) = sin
nπ x U ( x, 0) = ∑ Bn sin = f ( x)
L n =1 L
(The sine half – range expansion)
For the second ODE,
G

− c 2Gk = 0 → for k = − p 2 Fourier sine series of Bn :
L


+ c 2Gp 2 = 0 2 nπ x
L ∫0
→G Bn = f ( x) sin dx
→ λn = cp L
λn : Frequency of the vibration
b) Satisfying initial conditions (Given
p : Period of the vibration initial velocity)


+ λ 2G = 0 where λ = cnπ
→G = cp
n n
L U t ( x, 0) = ?
→ r 2 + λn 2 = 0 → r1 = λni , r2 = −λni Derivate U ( x, t ) due to t, then write into
→ α = 0 , β = λn t = 0.

→ Gn (t ) = Bn cos λnt + Bn* sin λnt ∂ [U ( x, t )]

= U t ( x, t )
∂t
We use Bn as the coefficient of the
nπ x
homogeneous solution. Because the graph = ( − Bn λn sin λnt + Bn*λn cos λnt ) sin
of the given function plots as a half – range L
sine series expansion.
for t = 0 ,
On the other hand, for x = 0 and x = L ,
there is no deflection at any time. These nπ x
U t ( x, 0) = Bn*λn sin
points are fixed. (See the U n ( x, t ) − x graph L
on the first page)
Now we’ll find out U ( x, t ) → (*) equation.
U n ( x, t ) = Fn ( x).Gn (t )
Initial velocity ;
nπ x
U n ( x, t ) = ( Bn cos λn t + Bn sin λn t ) sin
*

L nπ x
U t ( x, 0) = g ( x) = Bn*λn sin =0
L
U n ( x, t ) represents a harmonic motion. is given. → Bn* = 0

Step 3 (Solution of the entire problem& 2 L nπ x

Fourier series) Bn =
L ∫0
f ( x) sin
L
dx

2 π
= ∫ k (π x − x 2 ) sin nxdx
∞
U ( x, t ) = ∑ U n ( x, t ) π 0
n =1
2k  π
π ∫ x sin nxdx − ∫ x 2 sin nxdx 
π
∞
nπ x =
= ∑ ( Bn cos λn t + Bn sin λn t ) sin
*
(*) π  0 0 
n =1 L

2
∫ x sin nxdx = ? ∫ x sin nxdx =
2 − x2 2 x 1 
cos nx +  sin nx + 2 cos nx 
nn
n n 
u = x , du = dx
− x2 2x 2
1 = cos nx + 2 sin nx 3 cos nx
dv = sin nxdx , v = − cos nx n n n
n π
π  − x2 2x 2 
∫ udv = uv − ∫ vdu ∫
2
x sin nxdx =  cos nx + 2 sin nx + 3 cos nx 
0
 n n n 0
−1 1
∫ x sin nxdx = x. n cos nx + n ∫ cos nxdx =
 −π 2 2π 2   2
cos π n + 2 sin π n + 3 cos π n  −  0 + 0 + 3 
 n n n   n 
−x 1
= cos nx + 2 sin nx −π 2
2π 2 2
n n = cos π n + 2 sin π n + 3 cos π n − 3
π n n n n
π  −x 1 
∫0
x sin nxdx =  cos nx + 2 sin nx 
 n n 0   −π 1  
 −π 1  π  n cos π n + n 2 sin π n  
= cos π n + 2 sin π n  − ( 0 + 0 ) 2k    
Bn =
 n n  π   −π 2 2π 2 2 
−  cos π n + 2 sin π n + 3 cos π n − 3  
−π 1   n n n n  
= cos π n + 2 sin π n
n n
 −π 2 π π2 
 cos π n + 2 sin π n + cos π n 
2k n n n
 
∫x Bn =
2
sin nxdx = ? π  2π 2 2 
 − 2 sin π n − 3 cos π n + 3 
u = x 2 , du = 2 xdx  n n n 
1
dv = sin nxdx , v = − cos nx
n 2k  −π 2 2
Bn =  2 sin π n − 3 cos π n + 3 
π n n n 
∫ udv = uv − ∫ vdu
−1 2
∫x cos nx + ∫ x cos nxdx
2
sin nxdx = x 2 . Bn = −
2k 4k 4k
sin π n − 3 cos π n + 3
n n n 2
πn πn
∫ x cos nxdx = ?
∞
u = x , du = dx nπ x
U ( x, t ) = ∑ ( Bn cos λn t + Bn* sin λn t ) sin (*)
1 n =1 L
dv = cos nxdx , v = sin nx
n
∞
 cnπ 
∫ udv = uv − ∫ vdu = ∑ Bn cos λn t sin nx →  λn =
n =1  L
→ λn = n 

1 1
∫ x cos nxdx = x. n sin nx − n ∫ sin nxdx ∞

x 1 = ∑ Bn cos nt sin nx
= sin nx + 2 cos nx n =1
n n
= B1 cos t sin x + B2 cos 2t sin 2 x + ....

3
 2k 4k 4k 8k
B1 = − 2
sin π − 3
cos π + 3
→ B1 =
1 π .1 π .1 π
2k 4k 4k
B2 = − 2 sin 2π − cos 2π + → B2 = 0
2 π .23 π .23
2k 4k 4k 8k
B3 = − sin 3π − cos 3π + → B3 =
2 3 3 27π
3 π .3 π .3
2k 4k 4k
B4 = − 2
sin 4π − 3
cos 4π + → B4 = 0
4 π .4 π .43

8k 8k
U ( x, t ) = cos t sin x +
cos 3t sin 3x + ...
π 27π
8k  1 
U ( x, t ) =  cos t sin x + cos 3t sin 3 x + ... 
π  27 