CEng 135: Structural Theory
MODULE 5:
Engr. Devenah Dawn T. Dagohoy
CEng 135: Structural Theory
CONTENTS:
• Double Integration Method
• Area-Moment Method
• Conjugate Beam Method
• Virtual Work Method
Virtual Work Method
CEng 135: Structural Theory
DEFLECTION
• The deformation of a beam is usually expressed in terms
of its deflection from its original unloaded position.
• The deflection is measured from the original neutral
surface of the deformed beam.
Deflection = ∆, 𝛿, y
Deformed shape/elastic curve
Virtual Work Method
CEng 135: Structural Theory
SLOPE/ROTATION
• The rotation at any point of the elastic curve is measured
by computing the slope of the tangent line to the point
considered
F .
𝑑𝑦
Slope/rotation = 𝜃, , 𝑦′
𝑑𝑥
Virtual Work Method
CEng 135: Structural Theory
METHODS OF DETERMINING DEFLECTIONS
1. Double Integration Method
2. Area-Moment Method
GEOMETRIC METHODS
3. Conjugate Beam Method
4. Three-Moment Equation
5. Castigliano’s Theorem
(Strain-Energy Method) WORK-ENERGY METHODS
6. Virtual Work Method
Virtual Work Method
CEng 135: Structural Theory
VIRTUAL WORK METHOD
• Developed by John Bernoulli in 1717.
• Also referred to as the unit-load method.
• A general means of obtaining the displacement and slope at
a specific point on a structure (beam, frame, or truss).
PRINCIPLE OF WORK AND ENERGY:
Virtual Work Method
CEng 135: Structural Theory
VIRTUAL WORK METHOD
• A virtual system is to be created, wherein a unit load is
placed at the point and in the desired direction of the desired
displacement.
Virtual Work Method
CEng 135: Structural Theory
VIRTUAL WORK METHOD
• If the slope is to be determined, a unit couple moment is
placed at the point.
Virtual Work Method
CEng 135: Structural Theory
VIRTUAL WORK METHOD
SIGN CONVENTION
If the deflection/slope is
POSITIVE, the assumption
is CORRECT.
If the deflection/slope is
NEGATIVE, the assumption
is INCORRECT.
Virtual Work Method
CEng 135: Structural Theory
VIRTUAL WORK METHOD
FOR BEAMS AND FRAMES
DEFLECTION: SLOPE:
Where:
1 = external virtual unit load acting on the beam or frame
𝑚 = internal virtual moment in the beam or frame, expressed as a function of x and caused
by the external virtual unit load.
∆ = external displacement of the point caused by the real loads acting on the structure
𝑀 = internal moment in the beam or frame, expressed as a function of x and caused by the
real loads.
𝐸 = modulus of elasticity of the material
𝐼 = moment of inertia of cross-sectional area, computed about the neutral axis.
Virtual Work Method
CEng 135: Structural Theory
VIRTUAL WORK METHOD
FOR BEAMS AND FRAMES
To compute for the deflection at D:
Separate x coordinates will have to be chosen within the regions
that have no discontinuity of loading.
REAL SYSTEM VIRTUAL SYSTEM
Virtual Work Method
CEng 135: Structural Theory
VIRTUAL WORK METHOD
PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS
Virtual moments 𝒎 or 𝒎𝜽 :
• Place a unit load or unit couple moment on the beam or frame at
the point and in the direction of the desired displacement or slope,
respectively.
• Establish appropriate x coordinates that are valid within regions of
the beam or frame where there is no discontinuity of real or virtual
load.
• With the virtual load in place, and all the real loads removed,
calculate the internal moment as a function of each x.
• Assume moment acts in the conventional positive direction
Virtual Work Method
CEng 135: Structural Theory
VIRTUAL WORK METHOD
PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS
Real moments 𝑴:
• Using the same x-coordinates as those established for 𝒎 or
𝒎𝜽 determine the internal moments M caused only by the real loads.
• Since 𝒎 or 𝒎𝜽 was assumed to act in the conventional positive
direction, it is important that positive M acts in this same direction.
This is necessary since positive or negative internal work depends
upon the directional sense of load and displacement.
Virtual Work Method
CEng 135: Structural Theory
VIRTUAL WORK METHOD
PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS
Virtual-Work Equation:
• Apply the equation of virtual work to determine the desired
displacement or rotation. It is important to retain the algebraic sign
of each integral calculated within its specified region.
• If the algebraic sum of all the integrals for the entire beam or frame
is positive, ∆ or 𝜃 is in the same direction as the virtual unit load or
unit couple moment, respectively. If a negative value results, the
direction of ∆ or 𝜃 is opposite to that of the unit load or unit couple
moment.
Virtual Work Method
CEng 135: Structural Theory
VIRTUAL WORK METHOD
EXAMPLE 5.1
For the beam shown in the
figure, use E = 200 GPa, and I =
60 x 106 mm4.
a) Determine the slope at B, in
radians.
b) Determine the deflection at
B, in mm.
ANSWERS: (a) 0.00937 5 rad
(b) 26.04 mm (downward)
Virtual Work Method
CEng 135: Structural Theory
VIRTUAL WORK METHOD
EXAMPLE 5.2
For the beam shown
in the figure, use E =
29 (10^3) ksi, and I =
800 in^4.
a) Determine the
displacement at D,
in inches.
ANSWER:
∆𝑪= 𝟎. 𝟒𝟔𝟓𝟓 𝒊𝒏 (𝒖𝒑𝒘𝒂𝒓𝒅)
Virtual Work Method
CEng 135: Structural Theory
VIRTUAL WORK METHOD
SEATWORK
For the beam shown, use
virtual work method to
determine the deflection at
point C.
ANSWER:
∆𝑪= 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗𝟒 𝒊𝒏
Virtual Work Method
CEng 135: Structural Theory
VIRTUAL WORK METHOD
EXAMPLE 5.4
Determine the horizontal
displacement at point C, in
inches, in the frame shown
in the figure. Take E =
29,000 ksi and I = 600 in4
for both members.
ANSWER:
∆𝑪= 𝟏. 𝟑𝟓𝟕 𝒊𝒏
Virtual Work Method
CEng 135: Structural Theory
VIRTUAL WORK METHOD
SEATWORK
Determine the tangential
rotation at point C of the
frame shown. Take E = 200
Gpa and I= 15 (10^6) mm^4
ANSWER:
𝜽𝑪 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟕𝟓 𝒓𝒂𝒅
Virtual Work Method
CEng 135: Structural Theory
AREA-MOMENT METHOD
COURSEWORK #6
Using the area-
moment method and EI
is constant, determine
the following:
a) Slope at A
b) Displacement at C
Virtual Work Method
CEng 135: Structural Theory
VIRTUAL WORK METHOD
COURSEWORK #7
PROBLEM 1:
Determine the displacement
at point D. Use the principle of
virtual work. EI is constant.
Virtual Work Method
CEng 135: Structural Theory
VIRTUAL WORK METHOD
COURSEWORK #7
PROBLEM 2:
The frame shown is subjected to a
lateral load of 20 kN at joint B and a
uniform load of 3 kN/m on member BC.
Assume EI is constant with values of E =
200,000 MPa and I = 400 x 106 mm4. Use
Virtual Work Method.
a) Compute the horizontal reaction at A.
b) Compute the moment at B.
c) Compute the horizontal deflection at
joint C of the frame.
Virtual Work Method
CEng 135: Structural Theory
VIRTUAL WORK METHOD
COURSEWORK #7
PROBLEM 3:
Determine the vertical displacement of
joint C of the steel truss shown in the
figure. Due to radiant heating from the
wall, member AD is subjected to an
increase in temperature of ∆T = +120°F.
Take a = 0.6 (10−5 )/°F and E = 29(103 ) ksi.
The cross-sectional area of each
member is indicated in the figure.
Virtual Work Method