💻 Introduction to Programming

Programming is the process of giving instructions to a computer to perform specific tasks.

🔹 Why Programming Is Important

 Helps solve problems logically

 Automates tasks and saves time

 Used to create software, websites, mobile apps, and games

 Essential in fields like IT, data science, AI, and engineering

🔹 Basic Concepts in Programming

 Algorithm – step-by-step solution to a problem

 Variables – store data values

 Data Types – types of data (numbers, text, etc.)

 Control Structures – if-else, loops

 Functions – reusable blocks of code

🔹 Common Programming Languages

 C, C++ – system and application software

 Java – platform-independent applications

 Python – easy and popular for beginners

 JavaScript – web development

🐍 What is Python?

Python is a high-level, interpreted programming language that is easy to learn and easy to
use. It is widely used for both simple and advanced applications.

🔹 Key Features of Python

 Simple syntax (close to English)

 Easy for beginners

 Free & open-source

 Platform independent (runs on Windows, macOS, Linux)

 Large library support

 Web development (Django, Flask)

 Data Science & Data Analysis

 Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning

 Automation & scripting

 Game development

 Desktop applications

🔹 Example (Simple Python Code)

print("Hello, World!")

🔹 Why Learn Python?

 Beginner-friendly

 High demand in jobs

 Used in top companies (Google, Netflix, Instagram)

 Saves time and increases productivity

⭐ Importance of Python Language

Python is one of the most important and popular programming languages today because it
is simple, powerful, and versatile.

🔹 Importance of Python

1. Easy to Learn & Use

o Simple English-like syntax

o Best language for beginners

2. Widely Used in Many Fields

o Web development

o Data Science & AI

o Machine Learning

o Automation

o Cybersecurity

3. High Demand & Career Opportunities

o Many job roles require Python skills

4. Large Library Support

o Thousands of built-in libraries (NumPy, Pandas, TensorFlow)

o Saves time and effort

5. Platform Independent

o Works on Windows, Linux, macOS

6. Supports Multiple Programming Styles

o Object-oriented

o Procedural

o Functional programming

7. Useful for Automation

o Automates repetitive tasks easily

o Increases productivity

🧩 Structure of a Python Program

A Python program structure shows how a program is organized and written in a proper
order.

🔹 Basic Structure of a Python Program

1. Comments

o Used to explain the code

o Start with #

2. Import Statements

o Used to include libraries/modules

3. import math

4. Variable Declarations

o Store data values

5. x = 10

6. name = "Python"
 7. Input Statements (optional)

o Take input from user

8. age = input("Enter age: ")

9. Processing / Logic

o Calculations, conditions, loops

10. Output Statements

o Display results

11. print("Age is:", age)

🔹 Example: Simple Python Program Structure

# This is a simple Python program

import math

Num = int(input("Enter a number: "))

square = Num * Num

print("Square of the number is:", square)

📦 Data Types and Variables in Python

🔹 Variables in Python

A variable is used to store data values in memory.

Example:

x = 10

name = "Python"

price = 99.5

👉 Python does not need type declaration.

1️⃣ Numeric Data Types

Used to store numbers.

 int – whole numbers

 a = 25

 float – decimal numbers

 b = 10.5

 complex – complex numbers

 c = 2 + 3j

2️⃣ Text Data Type

 str – stores text or characters

name = "Jhansi"

3️⃣ Boolean Data Type

 bool – stores True or False

is_active = True

4️⃣ Sequence Data Types

 list – ordered, changeable

numbers = [1, 2, 3]

 tuple – ordered, unchangeable

points = (10, 20)

 range – sequence of numbers

r = range(5)

5️⃣ Set Data Type

 set – unordered, no duplicates

6️⃣ Mapping Data Type

 dict – key-value pairs

student = {"name": "Ravi", "age": 20}

🔹 Check Data Type

Use type() function:

x = 10

print(type(x))

🔑 Tokens and Keywords in Python

In Python, tokens are the smallest individual units of a program.

🔹 Tokens in Python

Python has 5 main types of tokens:

1️⃣ Keywords

Reserved words that cannot be used as variable names.

Examples:

if, else, for, while, break, continue, pass,

True, False, None, def, return, class, import

2️⃣ Identifiers

Names used for variables, functions, classes, etc.

Rules:

 Must start with a letter or _

 Cannot start with a number

 Cannot be a keyword
Examples:

name

_total

student1

3️⃣ Literals

Fixed values used in a program.

Examples:

10 # integer literal

3.14 # float literal

"Python" # string literal

True # boolean literal

4️⃣ Operators

Symbols used to perform operations.

Examples:

+ - * / % **

== != > <

and or not

5️⃣ Separators (Delimiters)

Used to separate parts of code.

Examples:

() [] {}

, : . ;

🔹 Keywords in Python

What are Keywords?

Examples of Python Keywords:

if, else, elif, for, while, break, continue,

def, return, class, try, except, finally,

import, from, as, pass, raise, yield

Check Keywords in Python

import keyword

print([Link])

✅ Key Differences

Tokens Keywords

Smallest units of code Reserved words

Includes identifiers, literals, operators Part of tokens

Used to form programs Have fixed meaning

🔤 Identifiers and Literals in Python

🔹 Identifiers

Identifiers are the names used to identify variables, functions, classes, etc.

✅ Rules for Identifiers

 Must start with a letter (a–z / A–Z) or underscore (_)

 Cannot start with a number

 Can contain letters, numbers, and underscores

 Cannot be a Python keyword

 Case-sensitive (age and Age are different)

✔ Valid Identifiers

name

student_age
_total

Marks1

❌ Invalid Identifiers

1name # starts with number

total-marks # special character

class # keyword

🔹 Literals

Literals are fixed values assigned to variables.

Types of Literals

1️⃣ Numeric Literals

a = 10 # integer

b = 3.14 # float

c = 5 + 2j # complex

2️⃣ String Literals

name = "Python"

msg = 'Hello'

3️⃣ Boolean Literals

x = True

y = False

4️⃣ Special Literal

value = None

5️⃣ Collection Literals

list1 = [1, 2, 3]

tuple1 = (10, 20)

set1 = {1, 2, 3}

dict1 = {"a": 1, "b": 2}

Identifiers Literals

Names of variables/functions Fixed values

User-defined Direct values

Example: x Example: 10