MODULE 1 REVIEWER The data is organized so information can be
found quickly and efficiently.
INTRODUCTION TO 2. What is a Database
DATABASE SYSTEMS System
1. What is a Database A Database System is a computer-based
record-keeping system.
A database is a collection of related data
that is organized so it can be: Its purpose is to store, manage, and
maintain information for organizations so
accessed they can make decisions.
managed A database system allows users to:
updated easily Add new information
In technical terms, a database refers to the Delete existing information
storage system where data is kept, usually
in data tables. Update existing information
A database can use different database Retrieve stored information
models, such as:
3. Applications of
Network Model
Database Systems
Hierarchical Model
Database systems are used in many real-
Relational Model world applications.
Object Model Common Uses
It also supports query languages, which Banking System
allow users to retrieve and manipulate data.
Customer accounts
Example
Deposits and withdrawals
A student database may contain:
Loans and credits
Student number
Telecommunication
Name
Call records
Address
Monthly bills
Course
User information
Year level
Subscription packages
Airline Systems There are five major components of a
database system.
Flight bookings
1. Data
Passenger information
The most important component.
Payments
Organizations generate and store large
Destinations amounts of data.
Library Systems Two types of data:
Book catalog Structured Data
Borrower records Organized and formatted
Accounting Systems Easy to search
Financial transactions Stored in tables
Business reports Example:
Employee database containing:
Education
employee number
Student records
name
Grades
birthday
Course registration
address
Sales and Marketing
Unstructured Data
Customer data
No predefined format
Product data
Harder to analyze
Sales reports
Examples:
A database can range from:
images
single-user systems (personal
computer) audio
to large systems with thousands videos
of users.
graphics
4. Components of a multimedia files
Database System
2. Hardware
Hardware includes the physical devices MySQL
used to store and access data.
Gupta SQL
Examples:
4. Procedures
Storage Devices
Procedures are the instructions for using
Hard disks and managing the database system.
CD-ROM Examples:
Magnetic tapes Installing DBMS
Input/Output Devices Logging in and out
Keyboard Backup procedures
Mouse Report generation
Printer 5. Database Access Language
Memory A database access language is used to
send commands to the database.
Main memory
Common commands:
Secondary storage
Insert data
3. Software
Update data
Software includes the programs used to
manage the database. Delete data
The main software is the DBMS (Database Retrieve data
Management System).
These commands are processed by the
Functions of DBMS: DBMS.
insert data
5. Users of Database
retrieve data Systems
update data Different people interact with the database
system.
delete data
1. Database Administrator (DBA)
These operations use query languages like
SQL.
The superuser of the database.
Examples:
Responsibilities:
SQL
controls the database
manages security Programming languages used:
monitors database performance: Java
manages access PHP
2. Database Designers Visual Basic
They design the database structure. 6. What is DBMS
They define:
A Database Management System (DBMS)
is software that manages databases.
tables
It allows users to:
indexes
store data
views
retrieve data
constraints
insert data
triggers
delete data
stored procedures update data
3. End Users Examples of DBMS
People who use the database to perform MySQL
their jobs.
PostgreSQL
Examples:
Microsoft Access
students
SQL Server
employees
Oracle
managers
FileMaker
They:
FoxPro
store data
7. Database Languages
retrieve data
Database systems use special languages.
update data
1. Data Manipulation Language
4. Application Programmers (DML)
They write programs that interact with the Used to manage data inside tables.
database.
Examples of operations: different access levels
SELECT passwords
INSERT Data Consistency
UPDATE Ensures the same data is stored
everywhere without conflict.
DELETE
Easier Data Access
2. Data Definition Language (DDL)
Users can retrieve information easily using
Used to define and modify database query languages.
structure.
Less Storage
Examples:
Because duplicate data is reduced.
CREATE
ALTER 9. Disadvantages of
DROP
Databases
Complexity
8. Advantages of
Database systems are complex and require
Databases special skills.
Reduced Data Redundancy Cost
Data redundancy means duplicate data. Costs include:
Databases reduce duplication by storing one hardware
copy of the data.
software
Data Integrity
training
Ensures data is accurate and valid.
maintenance
Example:
Employee age cannot be -15 or 200. Vulnerability
Data Independence If the system fails, all applications may
stop.
The database structure can change
without affecting applications. Backups are necessary.
Data Security Large Size
Protects data from unauthorized access. Databases may contain thousands of
records and files.
Example:
Example:
Tables such as:
Training Costs
STUDENT
Organizations need trained professionals
like: COURSE
DBAs Users do not see physical storage.
programmers 3. External Level (View Level)
system designers This is the user's view of the database.
Compatibility Issues Users see only the data they need.
Different database systems may not easily Example:
transfer files between them. A teacher may see student grades only,
not financial records.
Example:
IBM DB2 vs IDMS/R. 11. Entity Relationship
10. Database System (ER) Model
Architecture The ER Model is a graphical method for
database design.
Developed by ANSI/SPARC (American
National Standards Institute – Standards It represents real-world objects and their
Planning and Requirements Committee). relationships.
It has three levels. The ER model was proposed in the 1970s
by Peter Pin-Shan Chen at MIT.
Symbols in ER Diagram
1. Physical Level (Internal Level)
Rectangle
Describes how data is physically stored in Represents Entity
the system.
Example:
Includes: Student
Course
storage structures
Ellipse
data files Represents Attributes
indexes Example:
Student Number
2. Conceptual Level (Logical Level) Name
Describes what data is stored in the Diamond
database. Represents Relationship
Example: Used at the conceptual level.
Student enrolls in Course
Example:
Line Entity-Relationship Model
Connects entities and relationships.
2. Physical Data Model
12. Types of Describes how the database will actually
Relationships be built.
One-to-One (1:1) Includes:
One record in A relates to one record in B. tables
One-to-Many (1:M) columns
One record in A relates to many records in data types
B.
keys
Example:
One teacher → many students. constraints
Many-to-One (M:1) 3. Record-Based Data Model
Many records in A relate to one record in B. Describes the logical structure of the
database.
Many-to-Many (M:N)
Three types:
Many records in A relate to many records in
B. Hierarchical Model
Example: Network Model
Students and courses.
Relational Model
13. Data Model 15. Hierarchical
A data model is a set of concepts used to Database Model
describe data, relationships, and
constraints in a database. Data is organized in a tree structure.
Purpose: Uses parent-child relationships.
To show how the final database system
will look. Supports:
14. Three Classifications One-to-One
of Data Models One-to-Many
1. Object-Based Data Model This was the first DBMS model.
16. Network Database Example:
Age must be positive numbers.
Model
Tuple
Similar to hierarchical but records can have
multiple parents. A row or record in a table.
Structure resembles a graph. Base Relation
Supports many-to-many relationships. A table whose records are physically
stored in the database.
17. Relational Database
Model 19. Keys in a Database
Primary Key
Invented in 1970 by Dr. Edgar F. Codd
(IBM Research Laboratory, San Jose).
A unique identifier for each record in a
table.
Data is stored in tables with rows and
columns.
Rules:
Rows = records / tuples
must be unique
Columns = fields / attributes
cannot be NULL
Each table has one primary key.
one per table
Relationships are created using foreign
keys. Example:
Student_ID.
18. Basic Concepts in Foreign Key
Relational Databases A field that links one table to another.
Relation It references the primary key of another
table.
Another term for table.
Attribute 20. Relational Integrity
A column in a table. Integrity rules ensure that data is accurate
and realistic.
Example:
Employee_No Example rules:
First_Name
Age cannot be negative
Domain
Employee number must be unique
The set of valid values for an attribute.
Entity Integrity Rule
Ensures each record is unique.
Rules:
primary key must be unique
primary key cannot be NULL
Referential Integrity Rule
Ensures relationships between tables
remain valid.
Rule:
A foreign key must match a primary key
in another table or be NULL.
Example:
Course table and Class table must have
matching CrsCode.