jer Ly be a AN For Me dag i solution fl cars A fre dina Tron che Taxgest Lo stunllereaceonding 16 frequency, e — = ster Dw aes Dit ‘ ro 2-9, The i (the highest frequency and hewn Figure 2-4 Rape ry Homicide ¢ the saris Width, at fr va [ui gest to smallestascorsting wa foesenctel ys are used for the frequency equal insiee, ’ 1. Make 2, Argange the! ; :hier Teer él Graphs Maz wer bs 4 Tne " (eI Thine (ay Pega eaene trails In the previous section, prophs such as the histogram, eee ogive showed how data can be represented ‘when the variable disp oa the 4 Dalestire 3, horizontal axisis quantitative, ts and welshts. Onahe otlier hand wun the variable displayed oa the horizontal is qualitative ‘ing Paseta ch: hart can be used, of categorical, a Pareto.c eengot a frequent) ano espe ea ia Wrst cf vertical hare A Pareto chart 6vor ate ‘used to deterraitan Te evan atelgiie-al | Hes TT Ove partes net Regt are iistah wodesermmingtie number OF ase uthibation Fok couples = edi shew that foe ang sista OF oe stan dard dewationi Ob the ea {jsed. qnniee atten ty inferential aptecy of tli teatbaiak, see units OF ne HEAR the variance and sta mples bi ai P ‘example, Suppose ‘an AULT ni a ved deviation of miles driven for the Cats be ins ct e found that for w mpecifie FEAF the standard we «nu hie standard deviation {Or Coville WBS the Buicks, But ‘ation in mileage Was Brealee 1" «the standard: deviations of Iwo different gon over a three-month period anal andar deviations When the uni mnt of variation compare. d the coef fice snared eviatlon sed OF athe gant The evult s expronsed 28 ' y For population!con by Techn a le egy 2 Mey cam be represented by time cONAETU atime serves gaphe da for a preseninion showing haw over the yeats. Draw a lime series i Solation ) sur t Ter 2 exaxis for years and the pais (Of the number of eiders y grep 3. Plotencts point a arding to the table siep 4 Dr connecting adjacent polnts. Do notiry to fia smooth the data points, See Figure 2-10 Figure 2-10 y Time Se for . = ea a 10 vat Mees uit . LoyfiniiDnW, Unk: BRENNER ple of women's thts criagatainies ta thagarines js 182, avon of a variable eau be used che warn or example, IL two ame mean, By and variable one twa has standard deviation of 10, for variable neti by The Russian mat read in terms ol the sanded deviation: trom adata-sat th srw va vee start dyitions ot rary 1 (kG nat ener an Vole will fall within substi 15%, of the data values at at lewst 9, OF TS of the data set ‘This result ts found by ns of the weanof the doin values iv try Letting oof th st) between 40 nnd 100 t ari sidless of its shape (ee Tt : 4 if Fkeine i fat _ $20.00 © ST KK le te = SON OK NNO 1 the when NN Yaa a pte: Ste ae of dana te (ome ies bal \ hives enweld that thes team, 1) of Crawl alVourutice foe poe : Ae: The atndard deviathon’ way S00. Uion clos nly vale ua vi int the lurger vale 50,08 by the standard deviation to got k corn to find the percentage 1 x {16 =084 or BS 1y 6.25 1.20 and $0,389 data wala will fail between 30 caf (ts shape. Howes ), the following Se yy distribution regan ed (or what 1 called normal jrigal rule, are (re byshev's theorem applies 10 Ch when a distribution is bell-ahe The Empirical (Normal) Rule ments, which make up the empl hin one standard des tation data values Wil fall witl xu 68% of thewe tl nate & A Nee u owe. HH a he eatin chy Solution mi the eriecaes for ay . e actually 15 p-relined fits ho phy and for various cen completed.Frequency 9. cae ev > [po “ * “ails Solution STEP 1 Find thi es und plaice then) én columen: C, STEP 2 Find centages and place thems in column D, To do this _ curnulative frequency Eurnulative % * 100% Por the first che cumulative % = 0% = nulative = Sq + 100% = 129 The completed table is shown next. A B c Class ‘Curmutative boundaries Frequency frequency 895-1045 24 uM 104.5-119.5 62 86 119.5-134.5 2 138 164.5-149.5 26 i 149.5-164.5 12 196 164,5-179.5 _4 200 mw STEP 3. Graph the data, using elias boundaries fr the x uss and th for. the y axis, ax shown in Figure 37, ijockinnotad, one ¢ ood! peessure: valiies: ard ile emi of blood pregure reading of 130. find tival line to the graph, Than mow blood presaure) of 130 carve 4 the corresponding percentile ranks by usthg 4 graph yields 4 Several mathematical methods exist for computing, pet- d to lind the approximate percentile tank of «data ing (oa given perceruaite, When the data nek Id better results, The next seversl exam: piles show these methods ee si ‘The percentile eorsceponding t0 I Ben ‘value (NY Ul formula: fine of allied below #05. 9 (otal murmber of walhies percent teat to 10 otudents. The scares are shown below Fra ‘A teacher gives a 20-point Ihe percentile rank of a soore of 12 18, 15, 12,6, 8,2, 3.4, 20,10ponding ta the 25th oa Solution ‘STEP srep'2 Con10 the th STIR ye ect Pans Salution STEP 1 15, 18,20: vette value halt from {he lowest Val {0412 ce scoring, Hiswauld have doo nas to the Goh percentile: ABYDE »pemcentibe ts sitwala set ot Lor outliers 12.13.15, 18) 22690 Solution he data yalue 501s 1 a value 50 is cxtromely suspect, Th STEP 1 Find Q, apd Qs.‘Thisis done | 3-40 and 3-41, . Caan € procedure hha Sih percentile ee 8:25 Yoo Since c isa whole an ae ane le number, find the vale hal fway bel ales, counting for ite ef A See Rae ee to9 shown below 13,15; 18,22; 50 QO, corresponds to the 75th percentile. Hence, awe eeRe 199100 {nalfway between 6 Find the value Aye ts and ih sales: thi ef B+ 22 20 ie EE) atom 5, 6,12, 13, 1, a 0, Q,=20 le range (QR) wie Oh -gelll coe \ Find the interawartl jor =a) 2 =20 s value bY 13. Are i STEP 2 sTeP 3 Multiply the scl = 165 aa i =ned in! prirm ti ster 4 gure tie ener soe l= cays 165." 90 st ousdette A rihenge ea AE steps Chee 10 36.5 mane! considereSection 4. Manat se ATA rapt Subuitute én the fovimela np io where ose york maber ot aE : : i p mipsel roa if gienot sr 1 2 er \ Hoe ar an te nusitex NOLESIESS he " —" \ amber i TAY srr 34 at the Kee rou sire ae [fe tea whl countivin UP the distribution con inti 10 groups. CQuartiles diy as divide the distributl , god auartlles De {nia four group De yD Djreee De snd they corresyo Pa Quartile are 4 a snd they correspond (0 F Py the same as Pro Ot C2 red in Table -. The median a recantireg AF SUNNETATE ues. These sarernely tow val Jy bigh or © ed for extreme ithe ces ote data vanes: fren compared method is shown) rhe mext inp data ioe o check for qutfiers. One a) ways tl There are sever‘ joule th eee ons Huctiga Of the plow Scr ts not eater, ite belpfl in HS, 20, Sorel vo ge ta3,3,35.44 °° data according to the fis: 1.14 1. 44, 44, a5 play car be made by ing the 2g digit as the leaf For example, for git. 3, 1 the stern apd the trailing digit, 2. 5 the leaf. For the value 14, the 1 is the stem att the is the leaf. Now a plot can be constructed as shown: Leading digit (stem) Tralliag digit (leat) Stem and Leaf Plot for : 0 2 Example 3-43 é i e z O35 a 3 1222236 4 3445 i 5 ei 5 ‘A graph ‘can be drawn over the plot as shown in Figure 3-8, This graph it optional and the plot ean be drawn without i ti — a —_—_——— 5 Figure 3-8 shoivs that the distnibution peaks inthe ceater La aa aati gap the data, For 7 ofthe 20 days, the mune of PAIGE ESR SE ieee rth U B% ate deyE11 nn the og Woe ety yur grain, TER UENEy pelsKee and 7 marine othe dasiribuyict An tandand devintion can be corm ‘gaily ‘guy covnjeetiares abc he ‘exumnpie, fromm: cariielly Henigried soy eRearihet {the propartion al Ameren wlio ane ecxrcinineg badly hile “Ehis stucly pill ect wach AaBtERPRTOT abut nations such as exci cine, nivel NO 1A}, lala re oun ning. 2 stem tnt, plot) i arse Fage, Fat hax plor ean syle nature «tye dire The purpose ot exp vr daanabls Heese SARS to fost ‘ir tye Alec For exaiqle,. ure cleete 0) RAD F what infocrrpahior fi wered “Can wy patierna BE Giverned? Here the rmseateliet suits cous Sit few a tio assurnptions ‘Exploratinry dal inabysis Was developed by Jolin Tukey raul. spremerie tas book &xplomtary Qala Arialyirtt ‘LAdstivon-Wesley, (ATT! palaticon, Varro a annalyaisSumunary: The wlems The first columnar sf wt ox Wher he data set. Thexe p lly repre The fowest The lower hinge median Bor Plats of the data set (Le, erabrylrancety), uppet hi we af the data set (14, maximum Sep = 4 cl tthe anata ie A tes Mie Ta eda eg ta ata wa atva x “ines Pea Pee | Ania : stig _ ea oy ; 6.72 MEF 2 Separate the dain accokling ta : 50, 31/51) 53,93, 91 - ster 4 1, $1.51, $2.59 1.51, 52.53 $3.55 45 6 (65.66, 66, 87, GA ob tn oe F Figure 3-8 Stem and Leaf Pi STEP 3. Plot the data'as shown hee Example 3-44 Lending sight (Siem) Trailing aigtt The graph for this plotis shown in Figine 3-9. in the hundreds, vuch as 325, the xem is: 32 and the bead f-24, 25-29, und oom, a text Lie values wh is 5) When daia are grouped into classes, wack ns 28 and leaf plot might look ike this: — ; Lending digit ‘Trailing git ib Chs_ Gee at) wie * 2 os 22.5.4 2 56 45.%. igi would be left out af the final po Of course, the class and valve colun eis he Look \yaing the Bistogramt, OF) ‘Analyzing the stem anil leaf plot ee rat aetion have # sng BA For exarnpl for the nature af the eaves. i zanna peak? Are the data clustered abput cettanh peaksFind the lower ani upper hinges for the data set showy here 18, 20, 25, 31, 33, 38, 42, 50 Salution The median is 32, the lower hinge is 22.5, and the upper hinge ix 40/48 shown mw 20 2 © 8 Bw q 1 t 225 2 40 Li Median UH . 3h MD = eee = 32 20 +25 LH= =25 2 aa 4: UH= i =40 50) ipies show the procedure for constructing a bas. lon.‘Solution STEP y STEP 2 Fld the ry isk mae 29,10. 34, 33538, 40.49.49 Median STEP a a1 STE 4 Find the upper hinge 13, 33,40, 4 4 STEPS Draw a scale for the’ STEP 8 Love and e the lewe hin. the median, the wpper hike, STEP 7 Dravw fine shrowgh the median, and coin pavers is Figure 3=10 Figure 3-10 ; Bos Plot for Example 3-47 ays a 2 middle $0% of the dit, and the jre 310 repreventt the. Leak Ss So et ends of the data. represont the lower andMer WANE the ; Whe ince il bs Wea, lef of thie center Inter i hi: firs, (lke ciation TaphVoT thet athena B th the dlstrabantoy pant ona afely illvely Bp rie Ie the righ ight line Ve larger than tt cr Han las be skowed th unis postuvely: skewed Hight Tine, the dint ett ish irioganively plot in Figure 3-10 tadicates that the distriburion ts slightly positively aw each day for 10 days. od the number ta box plot fap the d: tockbroker te ats follow, Con he $4, 18,5, 16,8. 19,10, 17, 20 Solution sTep 1 Arrange the data in onter g.10, UL, 14, 16. 17, 18,19, 20 Find the median and the STEP 2 ; , Ly, 14, 16, Fakes 19,20 }s=MD UH ve correspond to thie lower hings and the uppet Nise. COrneyt asl rey ‘Dinw the graph See Figure 3-11 STEP 3