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Discrete Math Part 2
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Common Symbols used in Set Theory OPERATION OF SETS

In the examples A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {3, 4, 5} Intersection
Symbol Meaning Example The intersection of two sets A and B,
Set written A  B, is the set of elements
{} {1, 2, 3,}
A collection of elements that are in A and in B. In symbolic logic,
Union a similar symbol,  , is used to connect
AB A  B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} two logical propositions with the AND
In A or B (or both)
Intersection operator. Excel Review Center Intersection of Two Sets
AB A  B = {3, 4}
Union
In both A and B
Subset
AB {3, 4, 5}  B
Every element of A is in B The union of two sets A and B, written A
Proper Subset  B, is the set of elements that are in A
AB Every element of A in in B, {3, 5}  B or in B (or both). In logic a similar
but B has more elements symbol,  , is used to connect two
Not a Subset propositions with the OR operator.
AB {1, 6}  A Union of Two Sets
A is not a subset of B
Superset Difference
AB {1, 2, 3}  {1, 2, 3}
A has same elements as B, or more The difference of two sets A and B (also
Proper Superset known as the set-theoretic difference of
AB {1, 2, 3, 4}  {1, 2, 3}
A has B’s elements and more A and B, or the relative complement of B
Not a Superset in A) is the set of elements that are in A
AB {1, 2, 6}  {1, 9}
A is not a superset of B but not in B. This is written A - B, or
Complement BC = {1, 2, 6, 7} sometimes A\ B.
AC Difference (A – B)
Elements not in A When U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
A–B
Difference
{1, 2, 3, 4} – {3, 4} = (1, 2)
Complement
in A but not in B The set of elements that are not in a set A is called the complement of
Element of A. It is written A′ (or sometimes AC, or A ).
aA 3  {1, 2, 3, 4}
a is in A
Not Element of
bA 6  {1, 2, 3, 4}
b is not in A
Empty Set
 {1, 2}  {3, 4} = 
={}
Universal Set
U Set of all possible values
(in the area of interest)
Power Set P{1, 2} = { {}, {1}, (2}, {1,
P(A)
all subsets of A 2}} Relative complement of A (left) Absolute complement of A in U
Equality in B (right) Excel Review Center
A=B {3, 4,5} = {3, 4, 5}
Cardinality
Both sets have the same members
Cartesian Product {1, 2} x {3, 4} = {(1, 3), (1,
AxB
(set of ordered pairs from A and B) 4), (2, 3), (2, 4)} The cardinality of a finite set A, written A , is the number of (distinct)
Cardinality
|A| |{3, 4}| = 2 elements in A.
The number of elements of set A
Excel Review Center
| Such that {n | n > 0} or {0, 1, 2, 3,…} Power Sets
: Such that {n : n > 0} or {0, 1, 2, 3,…}
The power set of a set A is the set of all its subsets including itself and
 For all x  1, x 2  x the empty set. It is denoted by P(A).
 There Exist  x | x2 > x
 Therefore a=b  b=a Using set comprehension notation, P(A) can be defined as:
Natural Numbers {1, 2, 3, …} or {0, 1, 2, 3, …} P ( A ) = Q Q  A
Integers {…, - 3, -2, - 1, 0, 1, 2, 3,…} Example:
Rational Numbers A = 1,2 P ( A ) = 1,2,1,2, 
A Algebraic Numbers
Real Numbers Cardinality of Power Sets: If A =k, then P ( A ) =2k
I Imaginary Numbers 2i
C Complex Numbers 3 + 4i Relation and Function
A relation is any association or link between
Cartesian Products Excel Review Center elements of one set, called the domain or (less
formally) the set of inputs, and another set, called
Let A and B be sets. The Cartesian product A subset of the Cartesian product A  B is
of A and B, denoted by A  B, is the set of called a relation R from the set A to the set the range or set of outputs.
all ordered pairs (a, b), where a  A and b  B. The elements of R are ordered pairs,
B. Hence, where the first element belongs to A and the A function is a relation that has exactly one output

A  B = ( a,b ) a  A  b  B  second to B. The Cartesian products A  B
and B  A are not equal.
for every possible input in the domain.
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