COMPLETE NOTES
🔵 1. LIMITS
🔹 1.1 What is a Limit?
limx→af(x)\lim_{x \to a} f(x)x→alimf(x)
Means: What value does f(x) approach as x gets
close to a?
🔹 1.2 Types of Limits
✅ (a) Direct Substitution
If function is continuous:
limx→af(x)=f(a)\lim_{x \to a} f(x) = f(a)x→alim
f(x)=f(a)
Example:
limx→2(3x+1)=7\lim_{x \to 2} (3x + 1) = 7x→2lim
(3x+1)=7
⚠ (b) Indeterminate Form (0/0)
Use:
Factoring
Rationalizing
🔹 Example (Factoring)
limx→2x2−4x−2\lim_{x \to 2} \frac{x^2 - 4}{x -
2}x→2limx−2x2−4
Factor:
=(x−2)(x+2)x−2= \frac{(x-2)(x+2)}{x-
2}=x−2(x−2)(x+2)
Cancel:
=x+2= x+2=x+2
Substitute:
=4= 4=4
🔹 Example (Rationalizing)
limh→0x+h−xh\lim_{h \to 0} \frac{\sqrt{x+h} - \
sqrt{x}}{h}h→0limhx+h−x
Multiply by conjugate → simplifies → gives
derivative.
🔹 1.3 One-Sided Limits
limx→a−,limx→a+\lim_{x \to a^-}, \quad \lim_{x \
to a^+}x→a−lim,x→a+lim
Limit exists ONLY if:
LHL=RHL\text{LHL} = \text{RHL}LHL=RHL
🔹 1.4 Limits at Infinity
limx→∞3x+1x=3\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{3x+1}{x}
= 3x→∞limx3x+1=3
🔹 1.5 Squeeze Theorem
If:
g(x)≤f(x)≤h(x)g(x) \le f(x) \le h(x)g(x)≤f(x)≤h(x)
and:
limg(x)=limh(x)=L\lim g(x) = \lim h(x) =
Llimg(x)=limh(x)=L
Then:
limf(x)=L\lim f(x) = Llimf(x)=L
🔵 2. CONTINUITY
🔹 Definition
Continuous at x=ax=ax=a if:
1. f(a)f(a)f(a) exists
2. Limit exists
3. Limit = value
🔹 Types of Discontinuity
1️⃣Removable (hole)
2️⃣Jump
3️⃣Infinite
🔹 Example (Continuity)
f(x)={x2,x<1ax+b,x≥1f(x)= \begin{cases} x^2, &
x<1 \\ ax+b, & x\ge1 \end{cases}f(x)={x2,ax+b,
x<1x≥1
Make continuous at x=1:
Left:
12=11^2 = 112=1
Right:
a(1)+b=a+ba(1)+b = a+ba(1)+b=a+b
Set equal:
a+b=1a+b=1a+b=1
🔹 Intermediate Value Theorem
If function is continuous, it takes ALL values
between two points.
🔵 3. LIMIT DEFINITION OF DERIVATIVE
🔹 Formula
f′(x)=limh→0f(x+h)−f(x)hf'(x)=\lim_{h\to0}\
frac{f(x+h)-f(x)}{h}f′(x)=h→0limhf(x+h)−f(x)
🔹 Example
f(x)=x2f(x)=x^2f(x)=x2
f(x+h)=(x+h)2=x2+2xh+h2f(x+h)=(x+h)^2=x^2
+2xh+h^2f(x+h)=(x+h)2=x2+2xh+h2 f(x+h)
−f(x)h=2xh+h2h=2x+h\frac{f(x+h)-f(x)}{h}=\
frac{2xh+h^2}{h}=2x+hhf(x+h)−f(x)=h2xh+h2
=2x+h
Limit:
=2x=2x=2x
🔵 4. BASIC DIFFERENTIATION
🔹 Power Rule
ddxxn=nxn−1\frac{d}{dx}x^n = nx^{n-1}dxd
xn=nxn−1
🔹 Examples
ddx(x4)=4x3\frac{d}{dx}(x^4)=4x^3dxd
(x4)=4x3 ddx(x−1/2)=−12x−3/2\frac{d}{dx}
(x^{-1/2})=-\frac{1}{2}x^{-3/2}dxd
(x−1/2)=−21x−3/2
🔹 Constant Rule
ddx(5)=0\frac{d}{dx}(5)=0dxd(5)=0
🔹 Sum Rule
(f+g)′=f′+g′(f+g)'=f'+g'(f+g)′=f′+g′
🔵 5. TRIG DERIVATIVES
ddx(sinx)=cosx\frac{d}{dx}(\sin x)=\cos xdxd
(sinx)=cosx ddx(cosx)=−sinx\frac{d}{dx}(\cos
x)=-\sin xdxd(cosx)=−sinx
🔹 Example
ddx(7−πcosx)=πsinx\frac{d}{dx}(7-\pi \cos x)=\
pi \sin xdxd(7−πcosx)=πsinx
🔵 6. PRODUCT RULE
(uv)′=u′v+uv′(uv)'=u'v+uv'(uv)′=u′v+uv′
🔹 Example
(x2)(sinx)(x^2)(\sin x)(x2)(sinx)
=2xsinx+x2cosx=2x\sin x + x^2\cos
x=2xsinx+x2cosx
🔵 7. QUOTIENT RULE
(uv)′=u′v−uv′v2\left(\frac{u}{v}\right)'=\frac{u'v-
uv'}{v^2}(vu)′=v2u′v−uv′
🔹 Example
x2x+1\frac{x^2}{x+1}x+1x2
🔵 8. CHAIN RULE
ddxf(g(x))=f′(g(x))g′(x)\frac{d}
{dx}f(g(x))=f'(g(x))g'(x)dxdf(g(x))=f′(g(x))g′(x)
🔹 Example
(3x2+1)5(3x^2+1)^5(3x2+1)5
Outer:
5(3x2+1)45(3x^2+1)^45(3x2+1)4
Inner:
6x6x6x
Answer:
30x(3x2+1)430x(3x^2+1)^430x(3x2+1)4
🔵 9. IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
Example
x2+y2=25x^2+y^2=25x2+y2=25
2x+2ydydx=02x+2y\frac{dy}{dx}=02x+2ydxdy
=0 dydx=−xy\frac{dy}{dx}=-\frac{x}{y}dxdy
=−yx
🔵 10. PARAMETRIC DIFFERENTIATION
dydx=dy/dtdx/dt\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{dy/dt}{dx/
dt}dxdy=dx/dtdy/dt
🔵 11. HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVES
f′′(x)=second derivativef''(x)=\text{second
derivative}f′′(x)=second derivative
🔵 12. ASYMPTOTES
Vertical:
Denominator = 0
Horizontal:
Compare degrees
🔥 PRACTICE QUESTIONS
Q1
limx→2x2−4x−2\lim_{x\to2}\frac{x^2-4}{x-
2}x→2limx−2x2−4
✅ Answer: 4
Q2
Is function continuous?
f(x)={x+1,x<12,x≥1f(x)= \begin{cases} x+1, &
x<1 \\ 2, & x\ge1 \end{cases}f(x)={x+1,2,x<1x≥1
LHL = 2, RHL = 2 → continuous
Q3
Differentiate:
f(x)=3x3−2xf(x)=3x^3-2xf(x)=3x3−2x
=9x2−2=9x^2-2=9x2−2
Q4
Use chain rule:
(2x+1)4(2x+1)^4(2x+1)4
=8(2x+1)3=8(2x+1)^3=8(2x+1)3
Q5
Find a and b for continuity:
f(x)={x2,x≤1ax+b,x>1f(x)= \begin{cases} x^2, &
x\le1 \\ ax+b, & x>1 \end{cases}f(x)={x2,ax+b,
x≤1x>1 1=a+b1=a+b1=a+b
🧠 FINAL EXAM STRATEGY
✔ Always simplify first
✔ Rewrite roots as powers
✔ Check piecewise boundaries
✔ Show working
✔ Don’t panic if stuck — move on
❤️FINAL WORD
You didn’t come this far to blank out.
You’ve practiced:
limits
continuity
derivatives
piecewise functions
That’s literally your test.
You’re ready.
If you want, I can still:
Turn this into a PDF
Add 50 more exam questions
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Just say the word 👀📘🔥
now queations and answers
Good. Now we sharpen you with exam-style
practice — not random questions, but the exact
types they like in MAT 122.
I’ll give you questions first, then full solutions
after so you can try before checking.
🧠 SECTION A: TRY THESE FIRST
🔵 LIMITS
Q1
limx→3(2x2−x+1)\lim_{x \to 3} (2x^2 - x +
1)x→3lim(2x2−x+1)
Q2
limx→2x2−4x−2\lim_{x \to 2} \frac{x^2 - 4}{x -
2}x→2limx−2x2−4
Q3
limx→0sinxx\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\sin x}{x}x→0lim
xsinx
🔵 CONTINUITY
Q4
Determine if the function is continuous at x=1x =
1x=1:
f(x)={x+2,x<13,x=1x2,x>1f(x)= \begin{cases}
x+2, & x<1 \\ 3, & x=1 \\ x^2, & x>1 \
end{cases}f(x)=⎩⎨⎧x+2,3,x2,x<1x=1x>1
Q5
Find aaa and bbb so that f is continuous:
f(x)={x2,x≤2ax+b,x>2f(x)= \begin{cases} x^2, &
x \le 2 \\ ax + b, & x > 2 \
end{cases}f(x)={x2,ax+b,x≤2x>2
🔵 DERIVATIVES
Q6
Differentiate:
f(x)=4x3−5x+2f(x)=4x^3 - 5x + 2f(x)=4x3−5x+2
Q7
f(x)=sinx+x2f(x)=\sin x + x^2f(x)=sinx+x2
Q8 (Chain Rule)
f(x)=(2x+3)4f(x)=(2x+3)^4f(x)=(2x+3)4
Q9 (Product Rule)
f(x)=x2cosxf(x)=x^2 \cos xf(x)=x2cosx
Q10 (Quotient Rule)
f(x)=x2x+1f(x)=\frac{x^2}{x+1}f(x)=x+1x2
✅ SECTION B: SOLUTIONS
✅ Q1
limx→3(2x2−x+1)\lim_{x \to 3} (2x^2 - x +
1)x→3lim(2x2−x+1)
Substitute directly:
=2(3)2−3+1=18−3+1=16= 2(3)^2 - 3 + 1 = 18 -
3 + 1 = 16=2(3)2−3+1=18−3+1=16
✔ Answer: 16
✅ Q2
x2−4x−2\frac{x^2 - 4}{x - 2}x−2x2−4
Factor:
=(x−2)(x+2)x−2= \frac{(x-2)(x+2)}{x-
2}=x−2(x−2)(x+2)
Cancel:
=x+2= x+2=x+2
Substitute:
=4= 4=4
✔ Answer: 4
✅ Q3
limx→0sinxx=1\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\sin x}{x} =
1x→0limxsinx=1
✔ Standard result (memorize)
✅ Q4
Check continuity at x=1x=1x=1
LHL:
1+2=31+2=31+2=3
RHL:
12=11^2=112=1
Since 3 ≠ 1 → not equal
✔ NOT continuous
✅ Q5
At x=2x=2x=2:
Left:
22=42^2 = 422=4
Right:
2a+b2a + b2a+b
Set equal:
2a+b=42a + b = 42a+b=4
✔ Answer: relation (many solutions)
✅ Q6
f′(x)=12x2−5f'(x)=12x^2 - 5f′(x)=12x2−5
✅ Q7
f′(x)=cosx+2xf'(x)=\cos x + 2xf′(x)=cosx+2x
✅ Q8
(2x+3)4(2x+3)^4(2x+3)4
=4(2x+3)3⋅2=4(2x+3)^3 \cdot 2=4(2x+3)3⋅2
=8(2x+3)3=8(2x+3)^3=8(2x+3)3
✔ Answer: 8(2x+3)^3
✅ Q9
Product rule:
(x2)′=2x,(cosx)′=−sinx(x^2)'=2x, \quad (\cos
x)'=-\sin x(x2)′=2x,(cosx)′=−sinx f′
(x)=2xcosx−x2sinxf'(x)=2x\cos x - x^2 \sin xf′
(x)=2xcosx−x2sinx
✅ Q10
f′(x)=(2x)(x+1)−x2(1)(x+1)2f'(x)=\frac{(2x)(x+1) -
x^2(1)}{(x+1)^2}f′(x)=(x+1)2(2x)(x+1)−x2(1)
Simplify:
=2x2+2x−x2(x+1)2=\frac{2x^2 + 2x - x^2}
{(x+1)^2}=(x+1)22x2+2x−x2 =x2+2x(x+1)2=\
frac{x^2 + 2x}{(x+1)^2}=(x+1)2x2+2x
🔥 FINAL TIP
If you can do these without help, you’re exam
ready.