M&I Jan – May 2025 Tutorial Set 3 Date: 16.02.

2026
Exercise Questions (To be solved in class)
1. The circuit in Figure (a) below consists of a resistor Rv which is sensitive to the
temperature change. The plot of R v/s Temp. is also shown in Figure (b). Find the
temperature at which the bridge is balanced? Also find the output signal value at a
temperature of 60°C. Ans: Temp. = 800C; V = 0.158 V

2. A kelvin Double bridge as shown in Figure by the side,

each of ratio arms P=Q=p=q=1000 Ω. The emf of the
battery is 100V and a resistance of 5 Ω is included in the
battery circuit. The galvanometer has a resistance of 500
Ω and the resistance of the link connecting the unknown
resistance to the standard resistance may be neglected.
The bridge is balanced when the standard resistance
S=0.001 Ω.
a. Determine the value of unknown resistance
b. Determine the current through the unknown
resistance, R at balance
c. Determine the deflection of the galvanometer
when the unknown resistance, R is changed by 0.1
% from its value at balance. The galvanometer sensitivity is 200mm/µA
Ans: (a) R= 0.001Ω ; (b)I = 20 A; (c) deflection = 1.34 mm

3. An AC Bridge as shown in the Figure by the side, is used to measure

an unknown inductance 𝐿𝑥 , which has inherent resistance 𝑅𝑥 . The
bridge parameters are 𝑅1 = 20𝑘Ω; 𝑅2 = 50𝑘Ω; 𝐶2 = 0.0037𝜇𝐹 . The
operating frequency 𝜔 = 105 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐. 𝐶1 is adjustable from 10pF to
150pF and 𝑅4 is adjustable from 0 to 10kΩ. Derive expressions for 𝑅𝑥
and 𝐿𝑥 to show that resistive and reactive balance are independent of
each other. Further through appropriate analysis, determine the
largest values of 𝑅𝑥 and 𝐿𝑥 that can be measured with given
parameters.
𝑅2 𝑅4 𝑅4 𝐶1 𝑅4
Ans: 𝑅𝑥 = + ; 𝐿𝑥 = 𝑅2 𝑅4 𝐶1 − 2 ; 𝑅𝑥 = 25.41𝑘𝛺 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐿𝑥 = 61.48𝑚𝐻
𝑅1 𝐶2 𝜔 𝐶2 𝑅1

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4. In a low - Voltage Schering bridge designed for the measurement of permittivity; the branch
‘AB’ consists of two electrodes between which the specimen under test (having an ESR of
50Ω) may be inserted. Arm ‘BC’ is a non-reactive resistor R3 in parallel with a standard
capacitor C3. Arm ‘CD’ is a non-reactive resistor R4 in parallel with a standard capacitor C4.
Arm ‘DA’ is a standard air capacitor of capacitance C2.
• Without the specimen between the electrode, balance is obtained with following
values: C3=C4=120 pF, C2=150 pF, R3=R4=5KΩ.
• With the specimen inserted, these values become C3=200pF, C4=1000 pF, C2=900
pF and R3=R4=5KΩ.
In such test, 𝜔 = 5000 rad/sec. Draw an appropriate circuit representation of the AC
Bridge and from the fundamentals, derive the expressions for the capacitance of the
specimen under test. Further, determine the relative permittivity of the specimen?
𝑐2
Ans: 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑐1 = 2
≅ 900 𝑝𝐹 = 𝑐𝑠 ; 𝜀𝑟 = 6
(1 + 𝜔 𝑟1 𝑟4 𝑐2 𝑐3 )

5. A thermistor has a resistance of 3980Ω at the ice point (0°C) and 794 Ω at 50°C. The
temperature –resistance relationship is given as 𝑅𝑡 = 𝒂 𝑅0 𝑒 𝒃/𝑇 . Calculate the constants 𝒂
and 𝒃. Calculate the range of resistance to be measured in case the temperature varies
from 40°C to 100°C
Ans: a = 30µ, b=2842.8 ; Range of resistance : 244 Ω to 1051 Ω

6. A parallel plate capacitive transducer uses plates of area 500mm2 which are separated by a
distance of 0.2mm. Calculate
• The value of capacitance when the dielectric is air having permittivity of 8.85e-12
F/m.
• The change in capacitance if a linear displacement reduces the distance between the
plates to 0.18mm.
• The ratio of per unit change in capacitance to per unit change of displacement

Ans: 22.125pF; 2.2125pF;1.11

7. A barium titanate pick up has the dimensions of 5𝑚𝑚 × 5𝑚𝑚 × 1.25𝑚𝑚. the force acting
on it is 5N. the charge sensitivity is 12.5 × 10−9 𝐹/𝑚. If the modulus of elasticity of barium
titanate is 12 × 106 𝑁/𝑚2, calculate the strain. Also determine the charge and the related
capacitance. Ans: strain = 0.0167; Q = 750pC; Cp = 0.25nF

8. A hall effect transducer is used for the measurement of magnetic field of 0.5T. the 2mm thick
slab of material has a hall coefficient of −1 × 10−6 𝑉 − 𝑚/𝐴 − 𝑊𝑏 − 𝑚−2. If the current os 3
A, determine the corresponding output voltage. Ans: VH = -0.75mV

9. A single strain gauge having resistance if 120 Ω is mounted on a steel cantilever beam at
0.15m from the free end. An unknown force ‘F’ is applied at the free end which produces of
12.7 mm of the free end. The change in gauge resistance is found to be 0.152 Ω. The beam is

ELE 3221 M&I Tutorial 3 2

 0.25m long with a width of 20 mm and a depth of 3 mm. the Young’s modulus of steel is
200GN/m2. Calculate the gauge factor. Ans: Gf = 2.31

10. An Anderson's Bridge is used to measure the self-inductance of a coil. The bridge has the
following components:

R1=100 Ω (resistance in series with the inductance L1)

R2=200 Ω; R3=300 Ω; R4=400 Ω

r=50 Ω (resistance in series with the capacitor C)

C=1 μF (standard capacitor)

Calculate the self-inductance L1 of the coil. Ans: L1 = 82.5 mH

Practice Questions (To be solved by students)

1. A Schering Bridge is used to measure the capacitance and dissipation factor of a capacitor.
The bridge has the following components:
• C1 = Unknown capacitance
• R1 = 1000 Ω (series resistance representing dielectric loss in C1)
• C2 = 500 pF (standard capacitor)
• R3 = 2000 Ω (non-inductive resistor)
• R4 = 400 Ω (variable non-inductive resistor)
• C4 = 1000 pF (variable capacitor)
Calculate the unknown capacitance C1 and the dissipation factor tanδ. Assume the
frequency to be 1 kHz.
Ans: C1 = 100 pF; tanδ = 1.59×106

2. A single strain gauge with an initial resistance of 350 Ω is mounted on a steel cantilever
beam at 0.18 m from the free end. An unknown force F is applied at the free end, producing
a deflection of 15 mm at the free end. The change in gauge resistance is found to be 0.175 Ω.
The beam is 0.3 m long with a width of 25 mm and a depth of 4 mm. The Young's modulus of
steel is 210 GN/m2. Calculate the gauge factor. Ans: Gf = 0.83

3. A parallel plate capacitive transducer is used to measure displacement. The initial

capacitance of the transducer is 50 pF when the gap between the plates is 2 mm. If the gap
changes to 1.5 mm, what is the new capacitance? Assume the area of the plates remains
constant. Ans: Cnew = 66.67 pF

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