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Ecosystem Module

The document discusses the structure and function of ecosystems, including definitions of key terms such as community, ecosystem, and population. It highlights the roles of producers, consumers, and decomposers, as well as the processes of energy flow and decomposition within ecosystems. Additionally, it addresses the differences between natural and man-made ecosystems and the factors influencing productivity and decomposition rates.

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4 views14 pages

Ecosystem Module

The document discusses the structure and function of ecosystems, including definitions of key terms such as community, ecosystem, and population. It highlights the roles of producers, consumers, and decomposers, as well as the processes of energy flow and decomposition within ecosystems. Additionally, it addresses the differences between natural and man-made ecosystems and the factors influencing productivity and decomposition rates.

Uploaded by

livanshgamer
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© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
COSYSTEM-STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION, The factional unit of mature is called () community (2) ecosystem 8) population. (8) suecesion Living organisms interact among themselves and also with the surrounding physical envionment and form (1) community (2) ecosystem, 3) population ) biome Jinan ecosystem the function ofthe produces is (1) to convert organic compound into inorganic oes. (2) to utilise chemical ener (3) to tap solar energy and convert into chemical energy: (2) torelease ener L_ Which of the following isan ecosystem? (1) Asmall pond (2) large forest @) Asea @) Allofthese Which one ofthe following statements is correct regarding man-made ecosystem? (1) They are highly ecient (2) They ae por in diversi. (3) They are vulnerable drought oo and diseases &) Allofthese are conect. Which ofthe followings a man-made aificial ecosystem? (1) Grassland 2) Ocean (8) Aquarium (4) Forest . Physical structure, that is characteristic foreach typeof ceosystem, is formed de to the, (2) interaction of biti and abiotic components 2) vertical distribution of diferent species (G) stratification (4) Both 2) and 3) Bacteria and fungi na forest ecosystem are generally; (1) producers. (2) decomposers. (2) primary consumers. (4) secondary consumes The autotrophic components ofthe pond ecosystem inh; (1) phytoplanktons. 2) some algae {@) ‘oating, submerged and marginal plants found atthe codges @) Allof these 0. The consumers ofa pond ecosystem are represented by (1) zooplanktons only (2) free-swimming animals oly (3) bottom dwelling organisms only () All ofthese The decomposers of the pond ecosystem are @) bacteria only (3) Magelates only. (4) All ofthese An ecosystem resists change because it sina state of (1) imbalance (2) homeostasis (6) shortage of components (4) deficiency of ight Inthe pond ecosystem, decomposers are especialy abundant (1), atthe surface ofthe pond, (2) atthe bottom of the pond. (3) atthe edges ofthe pond () Allofthese An ecosystem may be defined a; (1) localised association of several plants and animals 2) dierent communities of plans, animals and microbes, together with thir physico-chemical environments. (8) different communities of plants and microbes, plus their physico-chemical environments () None of these Biotic components ofan ecosystem include; (1) producers, consumers and decomposes (@) producers and consumes. @) producer only. (8) consumers only ‘The two components ofan ecosystem are; (1) plants and animals (2) productivity and decomposition. (G) energy flow and mineral eycling. (4) biotic and abiotic. . An ecosystem contains; (1) producers ony. @) decomposes only. {@) consumes only. (@) Alloftiese ‘Which ofthe following forest plants conus the Tight conditions atthe ground? (1) Lianas and climbers (2) Shrubs (8) Herts weer a stdae2BoranY 4 G) Talltrees nich of he following could NOT be considered an Yosser? fp Asal pond fp allie fishes in acorl reef @ eth (4) Apileof dung in a pasture sun isthe only SOURCE Of eneFRY forall the eo arth, exeeDt= (1) same shallow South American lakes {Q) rocky s€8 coast of Scotland A systems on {@) deepsea hydro-thermal ecosystems, (@ Allof these: 4, Whatis incorrect about ecosystem? () lisse can vary fom small sized pond to large ied sea (2) These may be anthropogenic in origin (3) These may be temporary or permanent. (@) These involve flow of energy but not r nutrients errraivias 2, The basic requirement for any ecosystem to function and (1) photosynthesis (2) decomposition, (8) aconstant input of solar energy. (4) unidirectional flow of energy in food chain 23, Net primary productivity (NPP) of system refers to the amount of energy; (0) obtained through photosynthesis (2) lost through cellular respiration. 6) obtained through photosynthesis minus the amount lost 4s heat through cellular respiration. (stored as chemical energy. 4. The energy stored by a community over a specifi period of ‘ime is called its; recycling of Most oft ' het primary producti forwhat puposer Pomel (Respiration by "ity inan ecosystem is used Y Primary consumers, ©) Respiration ty secondary conn 29. IFA = Gross aecalTO88 Primary productivity, B Productivity and C = Respiration lose, the correct relation between them? ~ Net primary then what willbe Oa c @ asBic-1 ) A-C=B if () B-c#a 30. The overall productivity int Bs Productivity in terrestrial ecosystem is limited (1) temperature only, (2) water only. G) sunlight only (4) Allofthese 3 Energy storage at consumer level sealed: (1) Gross primary prodcivity (2) Secondary productivity (3) Net primary productivity (8) Net productivity 32, Primary productivity (1) sequal to the standing crop of an ecosystem, (2) is greatest in freshwater ecosystem, (3) isthe rte of conversion of light to chemical energy in an ecosystem, (4) is the eneray stored in primary consumers 433, Highest annual nt primary productivity is of (1 tropical deciduous forest. (2) temperate evergreen forest @) temperate deciduous forest (4) topical rain forest. 34. What is the annual net primary productivity of whole biosphere? (1) 170 billion tons (ary weigh) of organic mater (2) 165 billion tons (dry weight) of organic matter. (@) 160 billion tons (dry weight) of organie matter (4) 155 billion tons (dry weight of organic mater 35. Primary productivity of plants in an ecosystem depends on; (1) a variety of environmental factors and availability of nutrients (@) the plan species inhabiting a particular area. (@) photsynhetic capacity of pans @) Allof these 36. Which is correct about GPP and NPP in ecosystem? (1) NPP= GPP — Plant respiration (2) NPP=GPP + Plant respiration (3) NPP=GPP—Animal respiration (@) NPP=GPP+ Animal respiration ECOMPOSITION 37. The breakdown of complex organic matter into inorganic Substances like carbon dioxide, water and nutrients is called; (1) Fragmentation. (2) Catabolism, (3) Metabolism, (4) Decomposition. 38. Whatare the two most important climatic factors that regulate decomposition through their effects on soil microbes? (1) Temperature and rainfall (2) Temperature and soil-moi 3) Temperature and humidity ture (4) Temperature and pressure 39. Which is the raw material for decomposition? (1) Carbon dioxide and water (2) Any inorganic compound ) Detritus (4) Both (1) and (2) 40, Which of the following is included in detritus? (1), Dead plant remains such as leaves, bark and flower (2) Dead remains of animals (3) Fecal matter of animals (4) Allofthese 41, Which of the following isan enzymatic process? (1) Fragmentation (2) Leaching @) Catabolism (4) Allof these 42, Water-soluble inorganic nutrients go down into soil horizon and get precipitated an unavailable salts by the process of, (1) fragmentation. (2) leaching. @) catabolism. (4) Allof these 43, The rate of decomposition is controlled by; (Q) chemical composition of detritus, (2) climatic factors. (3) microbes. (4) Both (1) and (2) 44, Decomposition rate i slow if detritus is rie ins (1) nitrogen. (2) Humus, (3) sugars. () lignin and chitin, 45. The process of mineralisation by micro-organisms helps in the release of; (1) inorganic nutrients from humus. (2) both organic and inorganic nutrients from detritus, (3) organic nutrients from humus. (4) inorganic nutrients from detritus and formation of humus. Sa 46. Among the following, where do you think the process of decomposition would be the fastest? (1) Tropical rain forest. (2) Antarctica (3) Dry arid region (4) Alpine region 47. The important steps occurred during the process of decomposition are; (1) fragmentation only. (2) leaching only. (3) catabolism only. (4) Allofthese 48. Temperature and soil moisture regulate decomposition through their effects on the; (1) chemical composition of detritus (2) activity of soil microbes. (3) carbon dioxide content of detritus (4) Both (1) and 2) 49. Humus is, (1) completely decomposed organic matter. (2) partially decomposed organic matter. (G) partially decomposed inorganic matter. (4) completely decomposed inorganic matter. 50. The unidirectional flow of energy from sun to producers and then to consumers is keeping withthe: (1) first law of thermodynamics. (2) second law of thermodynamics. {G) both laws of thermodynamics. (4) None of these Ina terrestrial ecosystem, major producers are; (1) herbaceous and woody plants (2) phytoplankton @) algae. (4) Allofthese Detritus food chain begins with the; (1) dead organic matter, (2) detritus. (3) dead organism, (@) Allofthese First link in any food chain is a green plant because; (1) green plants can synthesise food. (2) they can eat everything. @) fixed at one place. (4) None of these FPR Spire ‘source of their nutrition of food, organi eee ccc comet their: si. 52, crag crop’ (2) Standing state @) Trophic level (4): Pyramid NEET (XID Module-2 BOTANY @ 79. Phytoplanktons are’ (1) heterotrophs. (2) saprotrophs. (3) autotrophs. (4) Allof these 80, The animals which occupy the same trophic level ae; (1) ion & bees. (2) deer & bees. (3) snakes & earthworm. (4) crow & cow 81. The primary producers convert how much energy in the ‘sunlight available to them into NPP? (a) 10% @ 42% (3) 50% @ 1% 82, The standing crop of any trophic level is measured as the; (2) biomass (mass off ing organisms). (2) number in a unit area (3) Both (1) and (2) (4) None of these 83. Pick up the correct food chain. (1) Grass + Chameleon - Insect — Bird (2) Grass + Fox > Rabbit -> Bird (3) Phytoplankton —> Zooplankton -> Fish (4) Fallen leaves -> Bacteria -> Insect larvae ‘84, In terrestrial food chain, major amount of energy flow occurs through: (1), DFC (etrins Food Chain) than GFC (Grazing Food Chain) (@) GEC than DFC (3) Equal amount of energy can flow from both the chains (4) Dependents upon different species 85. The food energy passes from one trophic level to another trophic level mostly from: (1) lower to higher trophic levels Q) higher to lower trophic levels {G) middle to lower trophic levels (4) midale to upper trophic levels. fy ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS. 56, Aplant receives 10°J of sunlight energy. The energy reached at the tertiary consumer will be: (1) 10004 2) 1005 (3) 104 @ us 187. The pyramid of biomass in sea is generally (1) upright (2) inverted (3) horizontal 88. Pyramid of energy is; (1) always upright, 2) always inverted {G) either upright or inverted (4) neither upright nor inverted. 89, When the number of organisms at successive levels are plotted, they assume the shape ofa pyramid. This is called the pyramid of, (1) energy. (2) number, G) biomass (4) Both (1) and (3) 90. An inverted pyramid of biomass can be found in which (4) Both (1) and (2) ecosystem? (1) Forest (Q) Marine (3) Grassland (4) Tundra 91, Pyramid of number deals with number of: (1) species in an area. (2) individuals in a community. (3) individuals in atrophic level. (4) subspecies in a community. Ina pyramid of numbers representing an ecosystem of freshwater pond, the number of primary consumers (J) less than the top consumers. (2) less than the secondary consumers. (G) less than the producers. (4) Jess than the tertiary consumers. 93. Which one of the following is NOT used for ‘of ecological pyramids? (1) Rate of energy flow 3) Dry weight 2. (2) Fresh weight (4). Number of indivi jt ecosystem '00 Much bigand complex tobe studied 1, Gre time, it is convenient t0 divide it into two basic at gores namely the; tural and man-made ecosystems (a mat {) biotic and abiotic ecosystems. (9) terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, (4) Both (2) and G3) ecomposers like fungi and bacteria are; "A. Autotrophs B. Heterotrophs (C, Saprotrophs D. Chemo-autotrophs Choose the correct answer, (1) Aand C Q) AandD (3) Band (4) AandB 4, Productivity is the rate of production of biomass expressed interms of: ‘A. (kcal m) yr B. (gm m4) yrt iG ety D. (keal m) yr? (1) Aand B (2) Bandc fo) Baa (4) AandC 4. Biomass available for consumers and rate of formation of ‘new organic matter by consumers are respectively, (1) gross primary productivity and net primary productivity. (@) net primary productivity and gross primary productivity G) gross primary productivity and net secondary productivity (4) net primary productivity and secondary productivity 5, Choose the correct the sequence. (1) Leaching —+ Fragmentation —+ Catabolism — Humification > Mineralisation (2) Fragmentation —+ Leaching —» Catabolism — Humification — Mineralisation (3) Catabolism —+ Humification — Fragmentation — Leaching — Mineralisation (4) Fragmentation -> Leaching + Humification — Catabolism —+ Mineralisation 6 How much of the net primary productivity of a terrestrial ‘ecosystem is eaten and digested by herbivores? 10% mposers from an ecosystem, 18 will be adversely affected 9. If we completely remove decor the ecosystem functionin, because; (1). mineral movement will be blocked (2) herbivores will not receive solar energy. (3) energy flow will be blocked @ it of decomposition of other components willbe very 10. Which of the following type of ecosystems is expected in an area where evaporation exceeds precipitation, and mean ‘annual rainfall is below 100 mm? (1) Grassland (2) Forest (3) Desert (4) Mangrove 11. What is the difference between a community or group of communities and an ecosystem? (1) Acommunity and the abiotic environment comprise an ecosystem. 2) An ecosystem is type of community. (3) A biome includes only the plant community or ‘communities present in an environment (4) An ecosystem includes only the abiotic aspects of a particular environment 12. Which of the following is NOT true for manmade ‘ecosystems? (1) They are highly efficient. (2) They lack the diversity of natural ecosystems, 3) They mainly comprise seasonal vegetation or one chosen crop. (4) Parks and aquaria are not man-made ecosystems, 13, All ecosystems have no boundary because; (1) they require minerals for their functioning. (2) they cannot occur in isolation (3) they are large in size. (4) they require light from all sources, 14, The bacteria which attack the dead animals are; (1) first link of the food chain and are known as primary producers. (2) second link of the food chain and are herbivorous, (3) third link of the food chain and are tertiary consumers. (4) atthe end of the food chain and are decomposes. 15. Choose the correct statement wrt. ecological pyramids. oS (1) A- Pyramid of biomass in forest ecosystem (2) B- Pyramid of energy in ocean ecosystem (3) A- Pyramid of energy in pond ecosystem (4) B-Pyramid of number in single tree ecosystem a 16. Inthe given food web, an increase in the population of hawks will NOT result in: (1) decrease in the population of rabbits and snakes (2) increase in the population of producers (3) increase in the population of lizards (4) increase in the population of grasshoppers 17. Given figure represents a pyramid of biomass in an aquatic ecosystem, Identify A and B and select the eorreet answer. (@ Asupports B. (i Ais supported by B. (ii) Ais phytoplanktons and B is zooplanktons. (i») Ais zooplanktons and B is phytoplanktons. () and @) (2) (ii) and (ii) (3) @and ii) (4) Gi) and (iv) 18. Which of the following statements is true? (1) Earthworm breaks down detritus into smaller particles. This process is called catabolism. (2) Mineralisation leads to the accumulation of a dark coloured amorphous substance. 3) Decomposition rate is slower if detritus is rich in lignin and chitin (4) Bacterial and fungal enzymes degrade detritus into simpler organic substances. 19. 20. a5 oh 23. 24, 25, i rect statements about terrestrial €COSystem, he cor dat in India are the tropical rain forests ayy tropical deciduous forests. : BB. Grassland ecosystems are present in Himalayan region C. Thar desert in Rajasthan is like the cold type deser iy Ladakh, () A&B (2) B&C @) A&C (4) Allof these ‘The number of individuals in each trophic level depends upon, (1) the number of individuals at the higher trophic leve (2) the number of individuals at the lower trophic level (3) the number of food chains present. (4) the amount of sunlight available. ‘The components of ecosystem are seen to function as a unit when we consider which of the following aspects? (1) Productivity and decomposition only. (2) Decomposition and energy flow only. (3) Productivity and energy flow only. (4) Productivity, decomposition, energy flow and nutrient cycling Ifthe energy content in third trophic level is 10° units then ‘what will be the energy content at first trophic level? (1) 10? units (2) 10° units 3) 10* units (4) 108 units ‘Mr. X is eating curd/yoghurt. For this food intake in a food chain he should be considered as occupying; (1) first trophic level. (2). second trophic level. (3) third trophic level. (4) fourth trophic level. Frog, snake and eagle belongs to: (1) three trophic levels. (2) two trophic levels. (3) only one trophic level, (4) None of these. Driving force for an ecosystem is; ‘ (1) primary producers. (2), secondary producers. ) solar radiation, () foodchain, Ate are ‘ Primary Consumer ty AR BP Q) AP:BR;C.Q;D-5 §) ABBR @ ARBS:CP;D.0 + ih the List and ListTI select the correct option, a. | Fragmentation | Remains of dead MTN =y nD Match the List-l and List | select the correct option, Nutrient eyeti | P| Detritus B. rn 1 TT Atways aprigh | Storage of nutrients id of energy [5 [lathe so () A-S;B-P;C-R:D-Q 2) A-Q: BR: a DP 3) A-R;B-S;C-Q;D-P (4) AR: BP.C -S; D-Q A. | Ecosystem P, for ecosystr BY | : sale spine | Tpticleee [arp [ [ieeting Slaw | Solar sineloul Rizeon Fc. | Catabolism R. | Soil horizon D. | Primary consumers | S. | Food chains | iD Detritos Ss. Enzymatic action | | (1) A-Q; B-P;C-R; D-S (2) A-Q; B-S; C-P; D-R @ AS:BPCRD-Q Q) A-QBR CS; DP (@) AR:B-S;C-Q;D-P_ (4) A-Q;B-S; C-P; D-R 4, Match the List-I and List-II select the correet option, Lindeman (1942) A. | Gross Primary | Productivity Rate of formation of new organic matter by consumers. R, | Available biomass for the consumption to Q) AS;BR:C-Q;D-P (4) A-P;B-Q:C-S:D-R 7. Match the List-I and List-II select the correct option. A. | Cow P. | Primary producers B. | Microbial enzymes | Q. | Fox, Wild cat J C. | Phytoplankton R. | Primary consumer D. | Secondary consumer _| S. | Breakdown of detritus | (1) AS:BP:CR;D-Q (2) A-Q;:B-R;C-S; D-P G) AR;BS;C-Q:D-P (4) AR BS;C-P;D-Q 8, Match the List-l and List select the correct option. heterotrophs. A, | Pond P, | Terrestrial ecosystem | 'S. | Rate of production of B, | Estuary | Man made ecosystem | ‘organic matter during C. | Forest Aquatic ecosystem | pleats | [ID | Crop fiela S. [Gosed ecosystem | (1) AS;B-R;C-Q; DP (2) A-Q:B-R:C-S; D-P (G) AP;B-S;C-Q;D-R (4) A-R:B-S;C-P;D-Q 4, Match the List-I and List-II select the correct option Eagle (hawk), kite, vulture () AP;B-Q,CR:D-S Q) AS;B-P;CRD-Q @G) AS:B-R:C-P;D-Q @) AP; BR;C-S;D-Q 9, Match the List-L and List-II select the correct option. ‘The network ofall the interrelated food chains in a biological community. Herbivore yore | Q. | The sequence of organisms of who eats whom in a biological community. Food chain | R. | An organism eats meat. a i Food web | S. | An organism eats plants. 3 = D-S (2) A-S; B-R; C-Q; D-P © }-P; C-I () A-Q:BP; P:D-Q (4) A-P;B-R;C-S;D-Q 3) A-R:B-S; C4 at —— TOU) Meets Which of the following is a mismatched pair. (1) Vertical distribution of different species occupying

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