POLITICAL THEORY: AN INTRODUCTION

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

SHORT ANSWER TYPE

Q1. What is a theory?

Ans: Theory is a judgment that aims to explain a broad concept. It
encompasses observation, analysis, and judgment. The term "theory" is derived from the Greek
word theoria, which means "to behold" or "to understand." In essence, a theory can be defined as
a tested [Link] the context of social sciences, political theory plays a crucial role in both
political science and political philosophy. A theory represents a generalised statement based on
extensive study, experimentation, and analysis.
Q2. Explain the meaning of Political Theory.
Ans: Political theory is a generalised statement that serves as a generalisation and judgement
regarding political leadership, processes, events, and systems. It is based on study, reasoning, and
analysis, providing utility for society while receiving support and acceptance from the community.
According to David Held, political theories consist of complex networks of concepts and
generalisations about political life. These include ideas, assumptions, and statements concerning
the nature, purposes, and key features of government, the state, and society, as well as the political
capabilities of human beings. Furthermore, political theory is defined as an attempt to explain the
attitudes and actions that arise from ordinary political life.
Q3. What is politics?
Ans: Politics is fundamentally rooted in human nature and is often perceived as a natural aspect of
society. It is the art of managing and controlling human behaviour. Politics serves as a form
of diplomacy and is a method of enforcing one’s authority over others to command their
obedience. Additionally, politics functions as a mechanism for gaining and exercising power .

Q4. Mention two important functions of Political Theory.

Ans: Political theory serves as a guiding framework for the direction in which a society or nation
ought to progress. It is essential for every subject, evolving through the contributions of students
and researchers. This theory plays a pivotal role in the advancement and development of its
respective field. Given that every aspect of society intersects with politics, political theory is
crucial for both the discipline and society as a whole. Its significance can be understood through
the following functions:

• Formulation of concepts and generalisations: Political theory creates foundational ideas that
help in understanding political phenomena.
• Providing direction to society: By clarifying existing confusion and uncertainties, political
theory inspires and motivates societal progress.

Q5. What are the main stages for building a theory in any subject?
Ans: Building a theory is a comprehensive process. The main stages typically include:

• Observation: Gathering data and information relevant to the subject.

• Explanation: Interpreting the observed data and forming hypotheses.
• Value judgement: Assessing the significance and implications of the theory.
• Acceptance: Gaining recognition of the theory based on its utility and relevance.

[Link] is the role of a Political Theorist?

Ans: Political theorists play a crucial role in clarifying the meanings of political concepts, which
are created to represent specific situations. They achieve this by examining how these concepts are
understood and used in ordinary [Link], they engage in debates and systematically
explore the diverse meanings and opinions surrounding these concepts. By studying and analysing
the prevailing circumstances of society, a theorist can provide new interpretations of various
[Link] this way, the theorist contributes positively and responsibly to society.

Q7. Discuss Gandhi as a Theorist.

Ans: Gandhi played a decisive role in the liberation movement of India. However, he cannot be
categorised as a politician, as he never pursued power or authority through politics. In the
liberation movement, he experimented with his concepts of truth, non-violence,
and [Link] his analysis of contemporary problems, Gandhi discussed
the nature and role of the state. He emphasised the relevance of peace and non-violence in
addressing the problems of humanity at large.
Q.8. What are the issues and subjects of a political theory?
Ans: Political theory deals with the ideas and principles that shape the constitution government
and social life in a systematic manner. It clarifies the meaning of concepts such as equality, liberty,
freedom, dignity, justice and secularism. A theorist and his theory are generally related to
establishing the truth by a reason-based study.
[Link] is the importance of politics?
Ans: Politics has gained significant importance in today's life, becoming synonymous
with power. It represents the art and capacity to obtain authority and influence others. Politics
involves the ability to command obedience by shaping people's behaviours according to one's
design. It is an integral part of any society. Mahatma Gandhi once noted that politics envelops us
like the coils of a snake, and there is no escape but to engage with it.

Q10. What is the function of Government?

Ans: Political theory is primarily concerned with the study of various political institutions, with
the government being the principal institution. Like other social organizations, such
as families and tribes, the government plays a vital role in the lives of [Link] government
is responsible for ensuring the security, development, and welfare of its citizens. It formulates and
implements policies in key areas, including foreign relations, education, and economics. Over
time, the role of the government has expanded significantly in promoting the welfare and
development of individuals.

Q11. What is the political role of a political theory?

Ans: Political theory is related to the study of every idea and institution which has political
relevance. Politics arises from the fact that we have different visions of what is just and desirable
for us and our society. It involves what the government should do or should not do. It
conceptualises the political issues and systems of governance which are designed to promote social
development.

Q12. Name some thinkers and the issues with which they, had been related.
Ans:
 •
Q. 13. Why different theories have been given on the same issues at a different point of time?
Ans: Different theories have emerged over time regarding the same issues, as they have been
defined, theorised, and understood in various ways. It is important to note that no theory can
maintain its relevance indefinitely; as time progresses, its significance may diminish. For instance,
the concept of equality has evolved from the views of Plato to those of Marx. Similarly, the notion
of justice has been interpreted differently by Plato and Aristotle, despite their roles as teacher and
pupil. A theorist is also shaped by the historical context in which they exist. Consequently, they
incorporate the essential elements of a concept or institution according to the needs of their society,
which may be accepted by the people of that era.

Q. 14. Define the meaning and need of the theory.

Ans: Theory can be defined as a tested hypothesis. It is a value judgement based on study, reason,
facts, observation, and analysis of a particular situation or issue. It serves as a generalisation
regarding a specific aspect of social life, economic life, or political life.A theory comprises a body
of rules and regulations founded on certain ideologies and methodologies aimed at guiding society
in a particular direction. The presence of a theory is crucial for every discipline and area of study,
as well as for every society. Without a theory, studies remain directionless and hypothetical.
Theories help eliminate the confusion that often prevails in [Link] history, numerous
theorists have contributed their theories for the benefit of society, each employing differ ent
methodologies. For instance, ancient Greek thinkers like Plato and Aristotle formulated theories
regarding state society, justice, education, and forms of government. Similarly, figures
like Marx and Gandhi proposed their own theories addressing the pressing issues of their [Link]
conclusion, we can assert that theory is essential for every society at all times.

Q15. Who influenced the values and principles of the Indian Constitution?
Ans: The values and principles of the Indian Constitution were influenced by various political
thinkers and activists. Kautilya's ideas, which have been discussed for centuries, laid some
foundational concepts. Additionally, key figures like Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
significantly shaped the Constitution, particularly in areas related to social justice, equality, and
the framework of governance
Q16. Explain the area of political theory.
Ans: Every political issue and action falls within the scope of political theory. This field
systematically examines questions of political relevance, addressing issues such
as freedom, equality, and justice, as well as the institutions like the state, government,
and administration. Political theory seeks to explain the meaning and significance of these
[Link], it clarifies existing definitions by focusing on the major political thinkers of
both the past and present. Each political thinker has confronted the problems of t heir time and
provided judgments that society may follow. Political theory also reexamines the meanings and
definitions of these concepts, seeking to modify them as [Link] primary objective of political
theory is to educate citizens to think rationally about politic al questions and to assess
contemporary political events critically.
Followings are the subject matter of political theory:-

• State.
• Government.
• Political concepts like equality, freedom, liberty and justice.
• Political institutions.
• Authority.
• Legitimacy
• Political parties.
• Pressure groups.
• Political process
• Power.
• Policies.
• Contemporary problems.

Q17. Discuss how politics operates.

Ans: Politics lies in the nature of man that is why we regard politics as natural. The interests of the
people are different and they are bound to differ. All the people have different visions of what is
just or what is unjust. What is desirable for us or what is undesirable for us and our - society. It
involves the multiple negotiations that go on in a society through which the collective decisions are
made. It is therefore regarded that politics is a mechanism of decision making for society. It is a
method of evaluating the relations between the people and the government. It is also a method of
influencing the decision-making process at different levels. Through politics, people try to p romote
social development and help to resolve common problems.

Q18. What is the difference between traditional political theory and modern political theory?
Ans: Political Theory is the outcome of the approach which we adopt for the political issues and
political problems. There have been mainly two approaches i.e. Traditional approach and Modem
approach. Following are the features of the traditional and modern app roach with their difference:-
1. Traditional approach

• It is subjective.
• It is descriptive.
• It is hypothetical.
• It is value-based.
• It is institutional.
• It is philosophical, legal and reformative.

2. Modern approach

• It is objective.
• It is empirical.
• It is scientific.
• It is inter-disciplinary.
• It is based on facts.
• It is analytical.
Q19. Write the names of some prominent theorists with their subject matter.
Ans: Following are names of some prominent theorists with their subject matter: -

Q20. Can you identify the political principle/value which is in the application in each of the
following statements/situation?
(a) I should be able to decide which subjects I want to study in. school.
(b) The practice of untouchability has been abolished.
(c) AH Indians are equal before the law.
(d) Minorities can have their own school and colleges.
(e) Foreigners who are visiting India cannot vote in Indian elections.
(f) There should be no censorship in India or films.
(g) Students should be consulted while planning the annual day functions.
(h) Everyone must join the Republic Day celebrations.
Ans:
(a) Right to freedom.
(b) Principle of equality.
(c) Equality before law.
(d) Freedom of religions.
(e) Right to vote(Political right)
(f) Right of expression.
(g) Right of participation.
(h) Principle of nationalism.
Q21. What is the difference between Politicians and Political Thinkers?
Ans: A politician is associated with the power game. He is involved in party -politics. That means a
politician is one who practices politics. A politician has a narrow approach. On the other hand, a
political theorist offers a solution to the problems of society by studying and analysing them.
Political thinkers have a broad view and given direction to the society. There is a clear cut
difference between politicians and political theorists. Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru and Stalin were
politicians while Marx and M.K. Gandhi were political thinkers and theorists.
Q22. Discuss the features and characteristics of the Gandhian Theory of politics.
Ans: Gandhi is regarded as a significant thinker and political theorist of his time. His relevance
extends beyond India to the entire world and is arguably more pertinent today than ever before.
Gandhi illuminated the emptiness of social evils such as casteism, communalism,
and untouchability. In his approach, he was closer to Marx in some respects, yet he advocated for
the abolition of the state, which he viewed as a mechanical institution. Gandhi’s philosophy is
grounded in the principles of:
 • Truth
• Non-violence and Satyagraha, which he effectively used to achieve Indian independence.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTION

[Link] the significance and utility of Political Theory.

Ans:
• In the modern times, Political theory has its own significance in each sphere of life. The
development of present political theories and ideologies has completely shattered the
traditional political [Link] theory has great significance in the present scenario of
political science and political institution. It shapes the society in idealistic mould and does
efforts for the welfare of society. Political theory is significant for the following reasons:
1. Helps to understand Political [Link] theory helps to understand politic
al realities. It makes the study of facts and events easy
asit removes the illusions and superstitions regarding some event. It helps in the sys
tematic arrangements of facts, events, relations, for external world. Political theory
helps in understanding,recognition and denomination of some events and facts.
2. Simplification of Knowledge. Political theory simplifies the knowledge. It
converts facts into symbolsso as to make them easy to remember and define.
3. It legitimates the Government. Political theory legitimates the government. To
maintain the supremacy,the influential classes take recourse to political theory.
4. Use of Proper Means to Fulfil the [Link] theorist encourages people to
use adequate means to fulfil their objectives and needs. Political theory is the only means
to balance political facts and events and study pattern and human values.
5. Helps to Resolve Problems. It resolves the problems of peaceful settlement of states, its
development and other problems that hinder the growth of [Link] theory is a means
to control and resolve national and international problems. It can sort out the problems of
war, sovereignity and nationality.
6. Utility for Politicians, Citizens, Rulers,Leaders, etc. Political theory is significant
for each section of the society. It provides the knowledge of the nature of political system
and its various [Link] politicians, leaders, rulers cannot do without
political theories. For the efficient working of the machinery of state and political
organisations, politicians and rulers adopt various political theories.
7. Robert Dahl’s views about Utility of Political Theory. According to Robert Da
hl,political theory is relevant in the political,
psychological and ethical sphere. From political point of view, it legitimatises
government. Political theory is important for individual from psychological point of view.
It gives human life humanistic, intellectual and ethical directions.
8. Extension of Intellect. Political theory
develops and expands the intelligence level of an individual. Intelligence means
knowledge, efficiency and awareness of values. Theory makes us efficient and capable.
Ithelps in the selection of objectives and priorities.
9. Importance for Researchers. Theories are valuable for researchers. If some
propounded theory is acceptable and stable then it provides ground to study public interest
and share in the political system. It helps in analysis and generalisation of facts.
Theories prove economical to researchers as these save their time and make research work
easy to accomplish.
10. Provides Guidance to Followers. Political theory provides guidance to its followers.
This suggests such a way to followers that makes their task, to resolve problems, easy.
Hindu Philosophy has propounded such theories that are still valuable and relevant even
after thousands of years of their creation.
11. Helps in Prediction. By keeping three things in view; i.e., past experience, existing
circumstances and needs of future; the theorist tries to make predictions. Although the theorist makes
prediction sand looks for ways to eliminate social problems, yet these predictions cannot be that much
true as of the natural sciences.
12. Inspires Political Movements. Political theories inspire political movements. Generally,
political movements get inspiration from political [Link] by one or the other theory,
revolutionists of the world sacrificed their lives. Lenin had said, “without arevolutionary theory there
cannot be a revolutionary movement.” Many of the revolutionists of India like RajGuru, Bhagat Singh,
Sukhdev, Chandra Shekhar Azadand many more sacrificed their life for the freedom of India.
13. To Understand and Explain Social [Link] theory helps to understand and explain the
nature and causes of social change. It studies various aspects and effects of social change. Karl Marx’s
view is not appropriate that theories will become insignificant after the establishment of classless and
stateless society. But the fact is that with the change of society and human development, the value of
political theory increases to study the changes and development of society.
14. Importance as a Framework. Political theory encourages data collection and [Link] this
context, Easton discussed about the importance of theory in the form of a framework. It works as a
sievethat selects relevant facts and ignores irrelevant material. It directs as a compass and like a
gauge,measures the level of development in a specified period.
15. Collects Past Memories. Political theory collects the facts of history. It compiles the knowledgeof
past and thoughts of ancient philosophers that are forgotten by the society.
16. Presents Scientific Explanations. Political theory gives scientific explanation of political events.
It scientifically discusses about the political processes
and the reasons for those processes. It analyses and generalises the facts and events of state. Political
theory is not only a device to evaluate what is happening
but also to make political choices. Political theory is significant for political studies.

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