Chap #02

DIT 1st Semester

INTRO TO INFOR & COMM TECH

Shahbazqureshi424@[Link]
 COMPONENTS
OF SYSTEM UNIT
 MOTHERBOARD

❑ A motherboard is the main printed circuit board in a computer.

❑ The motherboard is a computer's central communications backbone connectivity

point, through which all components and external peripherals connect.

❑ Motherboards can be found in virtually all computers, especially desktop and laptop
PCs.

❑ The components that connect through them include chipsets, central processing
units and memory.
 CPU

❑ The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the primary component of a computer that acts
as its “control center.”

❑ The CPU, also referred to as the “central” or “main” processor, is a complex set of
electronic circuitry that runs the machine’s operating system and apps.

❑ The CPU interprets, processes and executes instructions, most often from the
hardware and software programs running on the device.

The CPU performs arithmetic, logic, and other operations to transform data input
into more usable information output.
 MACHINE CYCLE

❑ Machine cycle refers to a sequence of steps that a computer’s central processing unit
(CPU) goes through in order to execute a single machine language instruction.

❑ It is also known as the instruction cycle.

Decode

Start Fetch Instruction Cycle Execute

Store
 MEMORY

❑ A memory is just like a human brain. It is used to store data and instructions.

❑ Computer memory is the storage space in the computer, where data is to be

processed and instructions required for processing are stored.
 SIZE OF MEMORY

BIT (Binary Digit):

✓ A computer system uses electrical components (e.g., integrated circuits and
semiconductors) to handle data or information stored in it.
✓ A microprocessor uses binary digits 0 and 1 to decide the OFF and ON state
respectively, of various circuits. Furthermore, a bit is the smallest unit of
representation in the binary language.

BYTE:
✓ A byte is the representation of a group of 8 bits. Moreover, a byte is a unit that
expresses any word, symbol, or character in the computer language.
✓ Computer storage is measured in byte multiple. For example, A 500GB hard drive
holds 500 (500,000,000) million bytes of data.
✓ e.g. 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0

BIT
1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1

BYTE
TYPES OF
MEMORY
 PRIMARY MEMORY

❑ Primary memory is also known as main memory or may also refer to “Internal
memory.”and primary storage.

❑ That allows a processor to access stores running programs and currently processed
data that stored in a memory location.
 SECONDARY MEMORY

❑ A secondary storage device refers to any non-volatile storage device that is internal
or external to the computer. A secondary storage device is also known as an auxiliary
storage device, backup storage device.

❑ Allowing software, data, and other information to be stored on a more portable,

permanent, and secure basis.

❑ Most external secondary storage devices have a larger capacity than primary storage
options, and they often cost much less to purchase and maintain.
 CASH MEMORY

❑ Cache memory is a small-sized type of volatile computer memory that provides high-
speed data access to a processor and stores frequently used computer programs,
applications and data.

❑ A temporary storage of memory, cache makes data retrieving easier and more
efficient. It is the fastest memory in a computer, and is typically integrated onto the
motherboard and directly embedded in the processor.

LEVEL 01:
L1 is the primary type cache memory. The Size of the L1 cache very small comparison to
others that is up to 8mb.

LEVEL 02:
L2 is secondary type cache memory. The Size of the L2 cache is more capacious than L1
that is between 64KB to 16MB. L2 cache is Located on computer microprocessor.

LEVEL 03:
The L3 cache is larger in size but also slower in speed than L1 and L2. L3 cache double
speed than the RAM.
 VOLATILE & NON-VOLATILE MEMORY

VOLATILE MEMORY:
❑ It was a computer memory, that require a electricity power to maintain & store a
data or information in a computer system.
❑ In volatile memory, data or information are save or store in a computer system as
long as power supply of system is ON, but when the power supply switched OFF, data
or information is lost. E.g. RAM

NON-VOLATILEMEMORY:
❑ It was also a computer memory & it was a permanent memory.
❑ Data or information store & save, even if a power supply of a system are OFF. It was
typically used for long term memory for a feature.
❑ E.g. ROM, Secondary Storage Memory, HDD, USB Flash Memory.
 FLASH MEMORY

❑ Flash memory, also known as flash storage, is a type of nonvolatile memory that
erases data in units called blocks and rewrites data at the byte level.

❑ Flash memory is widely used for storage and data transfer in consumer devices,
enterprise systems and industrial applications.
 CMOS

❑ Alternatively known as an RTC (real-time clock), NVRAM (non-volatile random-

access memory).

❑ CMOS is short for complementary metal-oxide semiconductor. CMOS is an onboard,

battery-powered semiconductor chip inside computers that stores information.

❑ This information ranges from the system time and date to your computer's hardware
settings.
 EXPENSION SLOTS

❑ In computers, a slot, or expansion slot , is an engineered technique for adding

capability to a computer in the form of connection pinholes (typically.

❑ In the range of 16 to 64 closely-spaced holes) and a place to fit an

expansion card containing the circuitry that provides some specialized capability,
such as video acceleration, sound, or disk drive control.

Computer Expansion Slots:

✓ AGP: (accelerated graphics port) - Video card.

✓ PCI: Network card, SCSI (small computer system interface), sound card, video card.
✓ PCI Express: Video card, modem, sound card, network card.
 POWER SUPPLY

❑ A power supply unit (PSU) converts mains AC to low-voltage regulated DC power for
the internal components of a computer.

❑ Modern personal computers universally use switched-mode power supplies.

❑ Some power supplies have a manual switch for selecting input voltage, while others
automatically adapt to the main voltage.
 SYSTEM CLOCK

❑ A system clock or timer uses a quartz crystal oscillator to generate pulses.

❑ These pulses are counted as the number of cycles per second.

❑ Then the cycles are counted into Hertz. A modern computer has a million (MHz)or
billion hertz per second(GHz).

❑ A 3.2GHz processor means it has 3.2 billion cycles per second.

Thank you!