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POWER SYSTEM
PROTECTION

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
R22 SEMESTER END
EXAM

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SYLLABUS
UNIT - I
Protective Relays: Introduction, Need for power system protection, effects of faults,
evolution of protective relays, zones of protection, primary and backup protection,
essential qualities of protection, classification of protective relays and schemes, current
transformers, potential transformers, basic relay terminology. Operating Principles and
Relay Construction: Electromagnetic relays, thermal relays, static relays,
microprocessor based protective relays

UNIT - II
Over-Current Protection: Time-current characteristics, current setting, over current
protective schemes, directional relay, protection of parallel feeders, protection of ring
mains, Phase fault and earth fault protection, Combined earth fault and phase fault
protective scheme, Directional earth fault relay. Distance Protection: Impedance relay,
reactance relay, MHO relay, input quantities for various types of distance relays, Effect
of arc resistance, Effect of power swings, effect of line length and source impedance on
the performance of distance relays, selection of distance relays, MHO relay with
blinders, Reduction of measuring units, switched distance schemes, auto re-closing.
UNIT - III
Pilot Relaying Schemes: Wire Pilot protection, Carrier current protection. AC Machines
and Bus Zone Protection: Protection of Generators, Protection of transformers,
Buszone protection, frame leakage protection.
UNIT - IV
Static Relays: Amplitude and Phase comparators, Duality between AC and PC, Static
amplitude comparator, integrating and instantaneous comparators, static phase
comparators, coincidence type of phase comparator, static over current relays, static
directional relay, static differential relay, static distance relays, Multi input
comparators, concept of Quadrilateral and Elliptical relay characteristics.
Microprocessor Based Relays: Advantages, over current relays, directional relays,
distance relays.
UNIT – V
Circuit Breakers: Introduction, arcing in circuit breakers, arc interruption theories, re-
striking and recovery voltage, resistance switching, current chopping, interruption of
capacitive current, oil circuit breaker, air blast circuit breakers, SF6 circuit breaker,
operating mechanism, selection of circuit breakers, high voltage DC breakers, ratings of
circuit breakers, testing of circuit breakers. Fuses: Introduction, fuse characteristics,
types of fuses, application of HRC fuses, discrimination.
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UNIT-I

Important Questions

1. Explain the fundamental requirements of a protective relaying system:

Speed, Sensitivity, Selectivity, and Reliability.
2. Discuss the zones of protection in a power system and explain the
concept of primary and backup protection.
3. Describe the construction and principle of operation of an
Electromagnetic Induction-type overcurrent relay.
4. Define the following terms related to protective relays: Pick-up current,
Reset current, Plug Setting Multiplier (PSM), and Time Multiplier Setting
(TMS).
5. Explain the operating principle and characteristics of an IDMT (Inverse
Definite Minimum Time) relay.
6. Describe the construction and working of a Directional Overcurrent
Relay with a neat circuit diagram.
7. Discuss the application of overcurrent protection in radial and ring main
feeders.
8. Explain the principle of operation of a Universal Torque Equation and
show how it is used to derive various relay characteristics.
9. Differentiate between instantaneous, definite time, and inverse time
overcurrent relays.
10.A relay is set at 125% and has a 10A current rating. If the CT ratio is
400/5 and the fault current is 4000A, calculate the Plug Setting Multiplier
(PSM).

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UNIT-II

Important Questions

1. Explain the working principle of a Distance Relay and discuss its

classification: Impedance, Reactance, and Mho relays.
2. Derive the threshold characteristics of an Impedance Relay on an R-X
diagram.
3. Describe the operation of a Reactance Relay and explain why it is
preferred for earth fault protection.
4. Explain the characteristics of a Mho Relay on an R-X diagram and
discuss its self-directional property.
5. Discuss the phenomenon of "Power Swings" and how they affect the
performance of distance relays.
6. Explain the three-step distance protection scheme for long transmission
lines.
7. Discuss the effect of "Arc Resistance" on the performance of different
distance relays.
8. Explain the principle of Differential Protection and discuss the problem
of "Spurious Currents" due to CT saturation.
9. Describe the Percentage Biased Differential Relay and explain how it
overcomes the drawbacks of simple differential relays.
[Link] the applications of Impedance, Reactance, and Mho relays
based on the length of the transmission line.

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UNIT–III

Important Questions
1. Describe the various types of faults that occur in an Alternator and
suggest suitable protection schemes for each.
2. Explain the Percentage Differential Protection (Merz-Price) scheme for a
3-phase Alternator stator winding.
3. Discuss the protection scheme against "Inter-turn Faults" in the stator
winding of a generator.
4. Explain the causes and consequences of "Loss of Excitation" in an
alternator and describe the relay used for its protection.
5. Describe the protection of a generator against Unbalanced Loading
(Negative Phase Sequence protection).
6. Explain the protection of an Alternator against "Over-speeding" and
"Over-heating."
7. Discuss the various faults occurring in a Transformer and the protective
measures taken.
8. Explain the construction and working of a Buchholz Relay. Mention its
advantages and limitations.
9. Describe the biased differential protection scheme for a Star-Delta power
transformer, considering CT connections.
[Link] the phenomenon of "Magnetizing Inrush Current" in transformers
and how it is handled in differential protection.

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UNIT – IV

Important Questions
1. Describe the construction and working of a Permanent Magnet Moving
Coil (PMMC) type relay.
2. Explain the principle of operation of a Static Relay with the help of a
general block diagram.
3. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of Static Relays compared to
Electromagnetic Relays.
4. Explain the working of a Static Comparator and its types (Amplitude and
Phase Comparators).
5. Describe the operation of a Numerical Relay (Microprocessor-based
relay) with a neat block diagram.
6. Discuss the functions of Data Acquisition Systems (DAS) in numerical
protective relaying.
7. Explain the process of sampling and quantization in numerical relays.
8. Describe the basic logic representation of protective relaying using
"AND," "OR," and "NOT" gates.
9. Explain the principle of Overcurrent Protection using a Microprocessor-
based system.
[Link] the concept of "Digital Relaying" and its benefits in modern
substation automation.

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UNIT-V
Important Questions

1. Explain the principle of Arc Initiation and Arc Interruption in a Circuit

Breaker.
2. Discuss the "Slepian’ s Theory" (Race theory) and "Cassie’s Theory" of
arc extinction.
3. Define and explain the following terms: Restriking Voltage, Recovery
Voltage, and RRRV (Rate of Rise of Restriking Voltage).
4. Derive the expression for the Restriking Voltage and RRRV in a circuit
breaker.
5. Describe the construction and working principle of an Air Blast Circuit
Breaker.
6. Explain the operation of a SF6 (Sulphur Hexafluoride) Circuit Breaker
and discuss its advantages over other types.
7. Describe the construction and principle of operation of a Vacuum Circuit
Breaker (VCB).
8. Discuss the "Current Chopping" phenomenon in circuit breakers and the
methods used to minimize its effects.
9. Explain the concept of "Resistance Switching" and its importance in
controlling restriking voltage.
[Link] the following ratings of a circuit breaker: Breaking Capacity,
Making Capacity, and Short-time Rating.

NOTE: These questions are based on historical trends and are

intended for practice only. There is no guarantee they will
appear in the exam; please ensure you study the entire
syllabus for comprehensive preparation

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