SYMBOLIC MATH: All of the mathematical operations done with MATLAB so far were numerical. The operations were carried out by writing numerical expressions that could contain numbers and variables with preassigned numerical values. When a numerical expression is executed by MATLAB, the outcome is also numerical (a single number or an array with numbers). The number, or numbers, are either exact or a floating point-approximated value. For example, typing 1/4 gives 0.2500—an exact value, and typing 1/3 gives 0.3333—an approximated value. Many applications in math, science, and engineering require symbolic operations ,that is, mathematical operations with expressions that contain symbolic variables (variables that don’t have spe: ic numerical values when the operation is executed). The result of such operations is also a mathematical expression in terms of the symbolic variables For Example: 1. solving an algebraic equation that contains several variables and solving for one variable in terms of the others. Ifa, b, and x are symbolic variables and ax-b=0, x can be solved in terms of a and b to give xeb/a 2. the derivative of 2t*3+5t-8 with respect tot is 6t%2+5. Also, MATLAB has the capability of carrying out many types of symbolic operations. The numerical part of the symbolic operation is carried out by MATLAB exactly, with no approximation of numerical values. For example, the result of adding x/4 and x/3 is 7x/12 and not 0.5833x NOTE: symbolic operations can be performed by MATLAB once the Symbolic Math Toolbox is installed. SYMBOLIC MATH TOOLBOX: The Symbolic Math Toolbox is a collection of MATLAB functions that are used for execution of symbolic operations. The commands and functions for the symbolic operations have the same style and syntax as those for the numerical operations. The symbolic operations themselves are executed primarily by MuPad®, which is mathematical software designed for this purpose. (The Symbolic Math Toolbox is included in the student version of MATLAB. In the standard version, the toolbox is purchased separately)To check if the Symbolic Math Toolbox is installed on a computer, the user can type the command ver in the Command Window. In response, MATLAB displays information about the version that is used as well as a list of the toolboxes that are installed. SYMBOLIC OBJECTS: Symbolic objects are made of variables and numbers that, when used in mathematical expressions, tell MATLAB to execute the expression symbolically. ‘A symbolic object can be a variable (without a preassigned numerical value), a number, or an expression made of symbolic variables and numbers. Typically, the user first defines (creates) the symbolic variables (objects) that are needed, and then uses them to create symbolic expressions that are subsequently used in symbolic operations. If needed, symbolic expressions can be used in numerical operations . Creating Symbolic Objects Symbolic objects can be variables or numbers. They can be created with the sym and/or syms commands, A single symbolic object can be created with the sym command: object_name = sym('string’) where the string, which is the symbolic object, is assigned to a name. The string can be: * Asingle letter or a combination of several letters (no spaces). Examples: ‘a’,’x’,’xy’ * Acombination of letters and digits starting with a letter and with no spaces Examples: ‘xh12’,‘r2d2’ * Anumber. Examples: ‘15’, ‘4 In the first two examples(where the string is a single letter, a combination of several letters, or a combination of letters and digits), the symbolic object is a symbolic variable. In this case, it is convenient (but not necessary) to give the object the same name as the string. For example, a, bb, and x, can be defined as symbolic variables >> a=sym('a') a= a >> b=sym('b') b bThe name of the symbolic object can be different from the name of the variable. For example: >> cesym('d!) c= d >> desym(‘e') d= e Symbolic objects can also be numbers. The numbers don’t have to be typed as strings. For example, the sym command is used next to create symbolic objects from the numbers 5 and 7 and assign them to the variables c and d respectively >> cesym(5) c= 5 >> d=sym(7) d 7 Note that the display of symbolic objects starts at the beginning of the line and is not indented as is the display of numerical variables, For example: numercal variable c=5 is displayed as >>e=5 Creating several symbolic variables Several symbolic variables can be created in one command by using the syms ‘command, which has the form syms variable_name variable_name variable_name The command creates symbolic objects that have the same names as the symbolic variables, For example, the variables y, z, and d can all be created as symbolic variables in one ‘command by typing: >> symsyzd >y ye yNOTE: The variables created by the syms command are not displayed automatically(even if a semicolon is not typed at the end of the command). Typing the name of the variable shows that the variable was created. SYMBOLIC EXPRESSIONS: A symbolic expression is a mathematical expression containing one or more symbolic objects. When typed, a symbolic expression may look like a standard numerical expression However, because the expression contains symbolic objects, i MATLAB symbolically. s executed by Creating Symbolic Expression: ‘Symbolic expressions are mathematical expressions written in terms of symbolic variables. Once symbolic variables are created, they can be used for creating symbolic expressions. The symbolic expression is a symbolic object (the display is not indented). The form for creating a symbolic expression is: Expression_name = Mathematical expression EXAMPLE: >> syms xy zt >> faxtytztt*2 fe xeyez4tn2 Sédisplay is not indented Here x,y,z,t are defined as symbolic variables. ‘An expression x+y+z#t*2 is created with these variables and assigned tof. When a symbolic expression, which includes mathematical operations that can be executed (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division), is entered, MATLAB executes the operations as the expression is created EXAMPLE: 2442424 2a laos + +Et+Zt+Z+7+05 is entered >> f= x/2+3*x/2+y/542/3+2*y/34t/740.5 %I+F f= 24413/15*y41/34241/7*t41/2 ox + 424542 is displayedNotice that all the calculations are carried out exactly, with no numerical approximations. (for example: 0.5 is displayed as 1/2). Difference between exact and approximate calculations is shown by following example: Here,the same mathematical operations are carried out—once with symbolic variables and once with numerical variables. Use of symbolic variables: >> azsym(4); >> b=sym(7); >> cza/b+sqrt(4) c 18/7 >> cea/b+sqrt(2) c 4/7+2%(1/2) _ % An exact value of e is displayed as a symbolic object (the display is not Indented. Use of numerical variables: >>d=4; >> e=7; >> c=d/etsqrt(2) c 1.9856 % An approximated value of cis displayed as a number EXPRESSION CONTAINING BOTH SYMBOLIC AS WELL AS NUMERICAL VARIABLE: ‘An expression that is created can include both symbolic objects and numerical variables. If an expression includes a symbolic object (or several), all the mathematical operations will be carried out exactly.EXAMPLE: >> assym(4); >> b=3; >> c=a/7+sqrt{b) c 4/7+39(1/2) Additional facts about symbolic expressions and symbolic objects: 1 ‘Symbolic expressions can include numerical variables that have been obtained from the execution of numerical expressions. When these variables are inserted in symbolic expressions their exact value is used, even if the variable was displayed before with an approximated value. For Example: >> h=10/7 >> ceatbth c= 59/7 Sbexact value of h is used CONVERTING SYMBOLIC EXPRESSIONS TO NUMERICAL FORM: Itis possible to convert symbolic expressions/variables to numerical form. The double(S) command can be used to convert a symbolic expression (object) $ that is written in an exact form to numerical form. (The name “double” comes from the fact that the command returns a double- precision floating point number representing the value of S). Example: >> h=10/7; ym(3); >> c=atbth c= 59/7 >> double(c) %symbolic variable c is converted to its floating point form ans = 8.42863. Asymbolic object that is created can also be a symbolic expression written in terms of variables that were not first created as symbolic objects. For example, the quadratic expression ax? + bx + c can be created as a symbolic object named f by using the sym command: >> fesym('atx"2+bFx+c’) a*xA2tb*xtc Note: The variables a, b, c, and x included in the object do not exist individually as independent symbolic objects(the whole expression is one object). This means that it is impossible to perform symbolic math operations associated with the individual variables in the object(for example: it will not be possible to differentiate f with respect to x), 4, Existing symbolic expressions can be used to create new symbolic expressions. This is done by simply using the name of the existing expression in the new expression. For example: >> syms xy; >> sl=xty si= xty >> sd=cy s2= xy >> s3=s1+2*52/s1 s3= xy+(2*x-2*y)/(x+y) The findsym Command and the Default Symbolic Variabl The findsym command can be used to find which symbolic variables are present in an existing symbolic expression The format of the command findsym(s) or findsym(S,n)* The findsym(s) command displays the names of all the symbolic variables (separated by commas) that are in the expression S in alphabetical order. Example: >> symsxuacn >> textutatcen t= xtutatcrn >> findsym(t) ans = a,c,n,u,x The findsym(S,n) command displays n symbolic variables that are in expression S in the default order. Example: >> symsxuacn >> textutatcén; >> findsym(t,4) ans = xune >> findsym(t,5) ans = xun,ca >> findsym(t,6) ans = a, 6,1, u,x >> findsym(t,1) ans = x For one-letter symbolic variables, the default order starts with x, and followed by letters, according to their closeness tox. If there are two letters equally close to x, the letter that is after x in alphabetical order is first (y before w, and z before v). The default symbolic variable in an expression S can be identified by typing findsym(S,1). CHANGING THE FORM OF AN EXISTING SYMBOLIC EXPRESSION: ‘Symbolic expressions are either created by the user or by MATLAB as the result of symbolic operations. The expressions created by MATLAB might not be in the simplest form or in a form that the user prefers. The form of an existing symbolic expression can be changed by collecting terms with the same power, by expanding products, by factoring out common multipliers, by using mathematical and trigonometric identities, and by many other operations.Some commands that can be used for this purpose are: 1. The collect comman The collect command collects the terms in the expression that have the variable with the same power. In the new expression, the terms will be ordered in decreasing order of power. ‘The command has the form collect(s) or collect(S, variable_name) where S is the expression The collect(S) form works best when an expression has only one symbolic variable. Example: >> syms xy N24+x-exp(x))* (X43) s (x924x-exp(x))* (x43) >> S1=collect(S) Sis X93+4*xA24(-exp(x)+3)*x-3* exp(x) If an expression has more than one variable, MATLAB will collect the terms of one variable first, then those of a second variable, and so on. The order of the variables is determined by MATLAB. The user can specify the first variable by using the collect(S, variable_name) form of the command, EXAMPLE: >> Ta(2*xA2492)* (xt 243) t (2*xA2+yA2)*(x4yA243) >> Si=collect(T) S1= DHaABH(2*YA2+6)*XAZYA2*HYAD*(yA23) >> S1=collect(T,y) S1= Ms (24xA24x43) 4YA24D*KAZ* 43) NOTE: when collect(T) is used, the reformatted expression is written in order of decreasing powers of x, but when collect(T,y)is used, the reformatted expression is written in order of decreasing powers of y.The expand command: ‘The expand command expands expre: ns in two ways. It carries out products of terms that include summation (used with at least one of the terms), and it uses trigonometric identities and exponential and logarithmic laws to expand corresponding terms that include summation. The form of the commani expand{(s) where S is symbolic expression Example: >> symsaxy S=(x+5)* (a) (xd) s (x45) *(-a)*(x44) >> T=expand{(s) T XABEO*XAZ-aMKAZ-9MK4AH20"-20%2 >> expand(tan(x+y)) ans = (tan(x)+tan(y))/(1-tan(x)*tan(y)) The factor command: The factor command changes an expression that is a polynomial to a product of polynomials of a lower degree. The form of the command i factor(S) where S is the symbolic expression Example: > syms x >> S=xhB+4%XA2-11°%-30 s= XA3444X2-11%-30 >> factor(S) ans = (-3)*(+5)*(+2) The simplify command: The simplify command uses mathematical operations (addition, multiplication, rules of fractions, powers, logarithms, etc.) and functional and trigonometric identities to generate a simpler form of the expression The format of the simplify command isExai simplify(S) where er S is the name of the existing expression to be simp or an expression to be simplified can be typed in for S. mple: >> syms xy >> S=(xh245#x46)/(x+2) Ss («9245 %x+6)/(x42) Des: x43 implify(S) >> simplify((x+y)/(1/x+1/y)) ans xy 5. The simple command: The simple command finds the form of the expression with the fewest number of characters. When the command is executed, MATLAB creates several forms of the expression by applying the collect, expand, factor, and simplify commands, and other simplification functions that are not covered here. Then MATLAB returns the expression with the shortest form. The simple command has the following three forms: A. F=simple(S) (The shortest form of S is assigned to F) Example: >> syms x S=(x93-4*X2416"X)/(x43+64) S= (43-4°x92416*x)/(xA3464) B. simple(s) (All the simplification trails are displayed. The shortest is assigned to ans.)Example: >> simple(S) simplify: wx) radsimp: x/(x+4) combine(trig): x/(xra) factor: xix) expand: AU(xh3464)*x43-4/ (993464) N2416/(x93+64)*x combine: (x93-4*x"2416*x)/(x3+64) convert(exp): (093-4°x"2416%X)/(x"3+64) convert(sincos): (093-4°x42416%X)/(x"3+64) convert(tan): (093-4*x42416*X)/(x3 +64) collect(x): (093-444 2416*X)/(0x3 +64) ans = x/(x+a)C._[F how] = simple(s) (The shortest form of S is assigned to F. The name (string) of the simplification method is assigned to how) Example: >> [G how] = simple(S) Ge x/(x+4) how = factor 6. The pretty Command: The pretty command displays a symbolic expression in a format resembling the mathematical format in which expressions are generally typed The command has form: pretty(S) where either S is the name of the existing expression to be simplified or an expression to be simplified can be typed in for S. EXAMPLE: >> syms ab ex S=sqrt(a*x*2 + b*x +c) s= (atx 2+b*xtc)A(1/2) >> pretty(S) 2 12 (ax +bx+c) Symbolic and Numeric Conversions: Consider the ordinary MATLAB quantity The sym function has four options for returning a symbolic representation of the numeric value stored in 1) The '£' option sym(t,'f£') returns a symbolic floating-point representation, '1.999999999999a'*2*(-4) 2) The 'r! optionsym(t,'r') returns the rational form 1/10 This is the default setting for sym. That is, calling sym without a second argument is the same as using sym with the 'r' option. sym(t) ans = 1/10 3) The third option ' e' returns the rational form of t plus the difference between the theoretical rational expression for t and its actual (machine) floating-point value in terms of eps (the floating-point relative accuracy). sym(t,'e') ans 1/10+eps/40 4) The fourth option 'cl' returns the decimal expansion of t up to the number of significant digits specified by digits sym(t,'d') ans = -1000900000000000055511151231 The default value of digits is 32 (hence, sym(t, 'cl") retums a number with 32 significant digits), but if you prefer a shorter representation, use the digit s command as follows. digits (7) sym(t,'d") ans = 1000000 Constructing Real and Complex Variable: In Symbolic Math Toolbox™, symbolic variables are complex variables by default. For example, if user declare z as a symbolic variable using syms z ‘Then MATLAB" assumes that z is a complex variable. User can always check if a symbolic variable is assumed to be complex or real by using assumptions. If 2 is complex, assumptions(z) returns an empty symbolic object: assumptions(z) ans = Empty sym: 1-by-0The sym command allows to specify the mathematical properties of symbolic variables by using the ‘real’ option. That is, the statements x= sym('x;,‘real'); y=sym('y’,'real’); or more efficiently syms x y real z=xtity create symbolic variables x and y that have the added mathematical property of being real variables. Specifically this means that the expression F=xA2 + yA2 is strictly nonnegative. Hence, z is a (formal) complex variable and can be manipulated as such. Thus, the commands conj(x), conj(z), expand(z*conj(2)) return the complex conjugates of the variables X HIY, WAZHYAZ (The conj command is the complex conjugate operator for the toolbox.) Also, If conj(x) == x returns 1, then xis a real variable. Clearing real property of a variable: To clear x of its "real" property, type syms x unreal or x= sym('x;unreal') Note: The command clear x does not make x a nonreal variable. Example: >> symsz %By default z is complex variable >> conj(z) ans = conj(z) >>symszreal %defining z as real >> conj(z) ans =z >> z=sym('z'/'unreal') _% converting z from real to non real variable 2 z >> conj(2) ans = conj(z) Creating Abstract Function: If user want to create an abstract (i.e. indeterminant) function fix), type f= sym("f(x)') Then f acts like f(x) and can be manipulated by the toolbox commands. for example: To construct the first difference ratio, type df = (subs(f,'x’,'x+h!) -f/'ht or syms xh df = (subs(f,x,x+h)-f)/h which returns di (fleth)f(x))/h This application of sym is useful when computing Fourier, Laplace, and z-transforms. PLOTTING SYMBOLIC EXPRESSION. In many cases, there is a need to plot a symbolic expression. This can easily be done with the ezplot command, For a symbolic expression S that contains one variable var, MATLAB considers the expression to be a function s(var), and the command creates a plot of s(var) versus var. For a symbolic expression that contains two symbolic variables vari and var2, MATLAB considers the expression to be a function in the form s(var1,var2)=0 , and the command creates a plot of one variable versus the other. To plot a symbolic expression S that contains one or two variables, the ezplot command is:ezplot(s) or ezplot(S,[min,max]) or ezplot(s,[xmin,xmax,ymin,ymax]) where xmin/min xmax/max represents domain of independent variable whereas ymin,ymax is domain of dependent variable. Some points about ezplot command: Sis the symbolic expression to be plotted. It can be the name of a previously created symbolic expression, or an expression can be typed in for S. Itis also possible to type the expression to be plotted as a string without having the variables in the expression first created as symbolic objects. IFS has one symbolic variable, a plot of S(var) versus var is created, with the values of var (the independent variable) on the abscissa (horizontal axis), and the values of on the ordinate (vertical axis). If the symbolic expression S has two symbolic variables, var1 and var2, the expression is assumed to be a function with the form S(var1,var2)=0 . MATLAB creates a plot of one variable versus the other variable. The variable that is first in alphabetic order is taken to be the independent variable. For example, if the variables in S are x and y, then x is the independent variable and is plotted on the abscissa and y is the dependent variable plotted on the ordinate. If the variables in S are u and v, then u is the independent variable and vis the dependent variable. In the ezplot{S) command, if $ has one variable (S(var) ), the plot is over the domain - 2ncvar<2n(default domain) and the range is selected by MATLAB. IFS has two variables (S(var1,var2)), the plot is over 2n> syms x S=(3*x+2)/(4*x-1) Se (3*x#2)/(4"*%-1) >> ezplot(s) DeeeNAny 22. >> syms xy SEA KN2-1B*xtA*yA2412¢y-11 s= APKA2-ABt xed tyAD+ 124 Y-LL >> ezplot(s) Birqueno:s Fin _Eait_View Inewt Toolt_ Window Halp (Deas RAZ 2 EO 3. >> symst (=cos(2*t) x= cos(2*t) >> yesin(4*t); >> explot(xy) Tete_Window Hae lowuelsary 25CALCULUS: Calculus is an essential subject in mathematics required for science and engineering students. It contains two main topics which are the differentiation and integration of functions. The former one(calculus) is based on understanding the determination of limits. With the capability of the symbolic manipulation software today, solutions to calculus problems can be obtained rapidly. MATLAB provides various ways for solving problems of differential and integral calculus, solving differential equations of any degree and calculation of limits. Best of all, user can easily plot the graphs of complex functions and check maxima, minima and other stationery points on a graph by solving the original function, as well as its derivative. SOLVING EQUATIONS: 1. Using solve command: If eqns an equation, solve(eqn) / solve(eqn, x) solves eqn for the symbolic variable x. (Use the == operator to specify the equation and solve it using solve.) For solving equations,use the command solve by following these steps. ‘* Represent the variable you are solving using syms command. ‘* Move every term to the left side of the equation so that the equations of the form ‘atx)=h(x) become g(x}-h(x)=0 © Ifthe term on the left side is f(x) and the equation is f(x)=0 Example: >> syms ab ex >> eqn =a*x2+b*x +c eqn= at x2+b xtc >> solx=solve(eqn, x) %solved with respect to x solx [1/2/a*(-b+(b*2-4*a*c)*(1/2))] [ 1/2/a*(-b-(b*2-4*a*c)4(1/2))] n2HyAD solve(eqn, y) _ %solved with respect to y solve does not automatically return all solutions of an equation. Solve the equation cos(x) == -sin(x). The solve function returns one of many solutions. Example: >osyms x >> solx = solve(cos(x}+sin(x), x) solx = -1/4*pi