Chapter 1 Notes

·
Atomiz #2 -
#p +
· I --waves I can't be located
precisely)
-

Schrodinger equate
Y : P (r)
,
probability
+[Y]
density at r wave
funct
node where [Y]" = 0

· Quantum #

① (n) obital
Principle
energy of
:
>
- n = 1 ,
2 3
,
...

② (1)
Orbital :
shape of orbital-subshell >
- 1 : Oton -
1 (s , p d
.

d
,
f)
③ Magnetic (Me) shape directionality
and
of Orbital - my
: I to + l

or-2
: -

② Ean (ms) magnetic properties (pin) of ~--

:

-
As n &, #nodes &

Aufbau principle : Orbitals

fill in order
of increasing
E from lowedt
t

·
- Pauli exclusion principle : no 2e-in atom have same 4
quantum #

- Hund's rule : -are

left unpaired when
filling until
they
must be
paired
ex 0 : 152 Is
↓
?

Ep a
[He] 2s[ph
Be- ↓
Aodla
14
To Ma

1s
2
Is ? 2p 3523p3
Tise- minit
:

↓ ↓

i
 BP -/
·
Ions
in salts
: -high MP and intermolecular
forces !!
soluble polar solvents
(non metal-metal) -
in

Render : ·

Ionizat energy
s
loss
of
-via
input of every
gives
Election
·

affinity
-
gain of e-via
output of energy
gives
· Covalent
bonding : share
of e-

↑
lone
Nonbonding
e-
pairs

=>
·
=

e--involved covalent bond

Bonding
· in

·
T bond
-ample ,
prevent in
every
covalent wond , , Q
bond additional bond double and triple ( Q
,
I ->
,
in ,

ππ

· Lewis Structure

① Sum valence e- (add for O change ,

remove
for ⑦ charp)
② Use e-pairs pair to atoms

(bondpreffered
③ Arrange not of
r-to satisfy the
following res over loneisa

H- duet rule

2nd now elts - oct rule

zid row elts + - can overshoot odt (ex Pupto 10
, Supto 12)
ex [02 : @ n + 6 + 6 = 16 valence e- o
-

C -
o

20x
check #
of e-after satisfying the odet

Lif more -> add bonds 1 =

c = 0
,
 attract
Electronegativity ability
·
: to e-

(EN) E ESP
map
:

-
-H -
F >
-

1
towards
Arrow always e-spends more time
more fN atom F

I
around

0 .

5/1 7 polar cor. .

:

if in

EN #) 1 7 ionic
.
:

= <0 .
5 :
nonpolar cov.

No! a polar molecule

polar bond
Look at
>
-
geometry dipoles ,
car

Cancel out
s nonpolar molecule
with polar Ibonds

(lone a
valence
of
e-

↓san
#
pairs
Formal
charge
+
FC
-

neutral unbonded
· : =
in
assumes
equal distribut atom

of e-

ex 180
N-
H ⑦
-

-
g
·

Terminology : ·

Composit" = molecular
formula
C
↑ constitut =
Connectivity (how atoms are
linked/orders
G .

Configurat =
Spatial arrangement
constitutional
· Isomers : .
isomer : same molecular
formula,
(wideeater I
connectivity or constitution
-
>
-
physical/chemical properties
 ·
Resonance

Definit
:
2t Lewis structures
for 1 molecule that cannot be
represented
accurately by
I structure

Same
Ris ①
connectivity (but I arrange of e-

I
② same of e-and net change · O3
#
Obey ③ same # of unpaired e-
800
order !
2nd now elte must
obeyoctetlove
⑤ Covalent bonds
favored over
pairs
⑥
↑
Minimal
change separat is
favored
⑦ O
①
charp
"
favored
"
on more

last EN
EN
=
· USAR : to know :
I between
"maleular obtergometf
shape"
e

Trigonal
Pyramidal] Tetrahedral
⑲y Tetrahedral ,
Bent ,
H

C
-
-oh
n
1nn n
-
n

Trigonal planar ,
hear

- c= ,
-B
n = 0

Love than bonds

·

pairs have more repulsion

·
Multiple bonds >
- 1e-
group
 ·
Curved Arrows ,
Arrow Pushing ,
Chemical Reactions

-
ALWAYS
Nucleophile
↓
Electrophile
↓
: :

from source to sink

↓
↓
&

e-rich species e-poor species

(neutral eie) (neutraleie)
Eertrophile
on o Nucleophila/
Bands

Dissociat of AB

bond broken 2e-are

A-B :
Heterolytic cleavage ,
is ,

given
to B , deprivingA from its e-

A XXB :

Homolytic Claray (forms radicals) ,

Ie -
for each
·
Acds and Bases

I
Bronted acid donates
:
proton
Bronted BH Ai
base
accepts proton eyH A B-
+ +
: -

gt j

Battacks & I bond breaks and

,

Ce-rich) Ce-poorfe to A
(heterolytic
go
-

11 strong acida low pla high ka !!!! leavage)

twis acid :
accepts electron pair (electrophite
donates electron
pair (nucleophile/
&

wis base :
 Golden Rule

· How structure
affects acidity :
>
-
Equilibrium favors weaker
acid
(highere
D H-A bond
strength
group (column)
Same
compare size
·
-

bond
the
greater the size the longer the , ,
the weaker it is
,
the more acidic it is

G
·
- I
n VS
-
↓
wealler bond bullier more acidic
, ,

② Eltonegativity
·
same period (now) ->
compare electronegativity
the bond
the more fN , the more
polarized becomes the more
,

acidic it is

ex H =
0 vs H -
F
d
EN more acidic
mov S

Cattracte M better than

Odos)
③ Inductive
Effect :

Anything that withdraws elections towards

itself establishes an inductive

effect that increases

theSton H -
more acidic

exx-CF3 , -halogene ,
-carbonyl groups

upon
not
are
s shoa
alway
The
" carbon -

groups
"draw"

the e-towards them,

>
-
Resonance

if conjugate
showcases resonance
base

making
H more partially+ = more stable =
favored
thus more acidic acid
=> stronger
Remark :
-
SH vs-OH
>

&
O is En than S
① more Contradicto

② Il is
weaker/longer than 8

Rule
>
- : We look at
size first/radius