LIFE PROCESS

The basic functions performed by living organism to maintain their life are called life processes. Ex. Nutrition ,Respiration
,Transportation Excretion, Movement ,Reproduction etc.

NUTRITION

The process of taking food to get energy is called Nutrition.

MODES OF NUTRITION

There are two types of Nutrition----

(a) Autotrophic modes of nutrition—The process by which ,the plants make their own food by the process called
photosynthesis eg. Plants
(b) Heterotrophic modes of nutrition – The process in which organisms are not able to make their own food and
depend on other organisms for their food .

TYPES OF HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION---

(1) SAPROPHYTIC NUTRITION

Organism obtain its food from dead and decaying plants and animals eg. Fungi
(2) PARASITIC NUTRITION
Organism derives its food from the body of another living organism called host. [Link], Lice ,Tapeworm.
(3) HOLOZOIC NUTRITION -
Organism convert complex food into simpler [Link]. Amoeba,Human being

DIFFERENT STEPS OF NUTRITION-----

(a) Ingestion—The process of taking food.

(b) Digestion—The process of conversion of large insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules , so that it can
easily be absorbed.
(c) Absorption--- The process in which the digested food absorb thru the intestinal wall into blood stream.
(d) Assimilation—The process in which absorbed food are used to get energy, growth, repair and maintenance is
called assimilation.
(e) Egestion--- The process of removing undigested food.

AUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION IN PLANTS---

The raw material required for photosynthesis are

(1) CO2--- Atmosphere

(2) Water------ Soil
(3) Minerals----- Soil
(4) Sunlight ----- Sun

STEPS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

(1) Trapping of sunlight by chloroplast

(2) This light energy is utilized for photolysis.
2H2O→2H2+O2-------------environment
 (3) Hydrogen is utilized to reduce CO2 to starch (glucose) CO2 + H2→ C6H12O6
NUTRITION IN AMOEBA

NUTRITION IN HUMAN BEING

DIGESTION IN BUCCAL CAVITY

PHYSICAL DIGESTION ----By teeth---- Food crushed in small size

CHEMICAL DIGESTION----By salivary glands----Secretes salivary amylase .
Starch( Carbohydrates)-------------------→ Sugar (Maltose)
Salivary amylase
While chewing food ,we can feel the sweetness of it,because of sugar (maltose)formation in buccal cavity.
PERISTALTIC MOVEMENT---Regular contraction and expansion of food pipe ,which pushes food into stomach.
STOMACH-----Walls of stomach secretes gastric juice, which contains HCi acid ,pepsin enzyme and Mucus. Their
functions are
1. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) ---- It kills bacteria and makes the medium acidic for activation of Pepsin enzyme.
2. PEPSIN ENZYME---------It converts pepsin into Peptones.
3. MUCUS------- It helps to protect the stomach wall from acid .

Food stays here for 2-3 [Link] partially digested food than move to the small [Link] exit of food is
regulated by the SPHINCTER MUSCLE,
SMALL INTESTINE ----- It is 6.5 meter long tube.

HERBIVORES have small intestine longer than CARNIVORES, because they have to digest CELLULOSE present in grass.

, The small intestine receives the secretions of two glands pancreas and liver.

LIVER IS THE BIGGEST GLAND OF OUR BODY.

Liver has Gall bladder which secretes BILE [Link] is not an enzyme but necessary for digestion .because

1 It has salts ,which makes the medium alkaline for activation of pancreatic enzyme.

2. Helps in emulsification(,converts big fat into small globules so that it can easily be digested.)

PANCREATIC JUICE contains pancreatic enzymes, which acts on different food components and simplify them for
absorption.

1 AMYLASE converts carbohydrates into glucose.

2 LIPASE converts fat into fatty acid and glycerol

3 TRIPSIN converts protein into amino acid

These are the simplified form of food which can easily be absorbed by villi.

Digestion completes at anterior portion of small intestine.

Absorption completes at posterior portion of small intestine., it has finger like projection called villi,which increase the
surface area for food absorption.

The assimilation of food occurs in BODY CELLS.

LARGE INTESTINE ------------Walls of this absorb the water and undigested food get expelled from the body in solid
form,and helps in egestion.

RESPIRATION

Breathing and Respiration seems similar but have different meaning.

BREATHING | RESPIRATION

• It is a simple process. It is a complex process

• It is a simple mechanism to get In this process food is oxidized to release energy
• Oxygen and release CO2
• It is a physical process It is a chemical process
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
AEROBIC RESPIRATION ANEROBIC RESPIRATION
It takes place in presence of oxygen It takes place in absence of oxygen
Food is completely oxidized. Incomplete oxidation of food takes place
By products are CO2+ H2O+ ENERGY (36 ATP) By products are
In YEAST----Ethanol+ CO2 + 2 ATP Energy
In MUSCLES OF HUMAN BEING----Lactic acid +Energy
First step of respiration is called GLYCOLYSIS which takes place in cytoplasm.
 GLUCOSE ---------------PYRUVATE (2 molecules)
Second step of respiration takes place in MITOCHONDRIA(It is known as KREB CYCLE)
Fate of pyruvate depends on presence of oxygen and in absence of oxygen and then AEROBIC AND ANEROBIC
RESPIRATION takes place.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN HUMANS

The main organs of human respiratory system are------- Nose, Nasal passage, Trachea, Bronchi , Lungs,
Diaphragm

ROLE OF CARTILAGENOUS RINGS IN TRACHEA(WIND PIPE)

It prevent wind pipe from collapsing.

RESIDUAL VOLUME OF GASES/AIR IN LUNGS----It provide sufficient time for absorption of oxygen and releasing of
CO2.

BREATHING ( MECHANICAL)

BREATH IN--- Flat diaphragm and outward movement of rib cage increases lung cavity / chest cavity , air pressure
decreases , air is sucked in, hence inhalation takes place

BREATH OUT ----- Dome shaped diaphragm and inward movement of ribcage reduced the size of chest cavity,air
pressure increases, air moves out , hence exhalation takes place

RATE OF BREATHING IN HUMAN BEING --- 15 -18 P/Minute

In aquatic organisms breathing rate is higher than terrestrial organism as they have to absorb oxygen dissolved in
water For eg Fish

TRANSPORT IN PLANTS

Plants have two type of tissues

1 Xylem – helps in transportation of water and minerals

2 Phloem – helps in transportation of food

Main components of blood

1 plasma – The main liquid part of blood where all cells are [Link] contains 90% water. It is colourless liquid.

2 Red blood cells (RBC) – This cells are red because of red pigment called haemoglobin , helps in circulation of oxygen.

3 White blood cells (WBC) – Fight infection &protect us from disease.

4 Platelets – It helps in the coagulation of blood . Responsible for clotting of blood at the time of injury.

HUMAN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

It consists of heart, arteries, vein ,capillaries and blood.

DOUBLE CIRCULATION OF BLOOD --- When blood passes two times through the heart ,one in the form of oxygenated
blood and another in the form of deoxygenated blood in one circulation, is called double circulation of blood.

Systemic circulation – from heart to the body organs and back to the heart.

Pulmonary circulation – from heart to lungs and back to the heart.

Importance of double circulation of blood

1 It provide sufficient amount of energy in Aves and Mammals.

2 It maintains body temperature.

Heart beat – One complete contraction and relaxation of the heart called heart [Link] is 70 -72 per minute for an
adults.

Pulse rate – 70-72 per minute.

Blood pressure—The pressure at which blood is pumped by the heart in the body

Systolic Pressure—The maximum pressure at which blood is pumped by the heart to the body by main Aorta is called
the systolic pressure. It is 120 mm Hg

Diastolic pressure – The minimum pressure in the arteries during the relaxation phase of the heart is called diastolic
pressure. It is 80 mm Hg

Difference between arteries and veins

ARTERIES VEINS

Carry blood away from the heart to the body organs carry blood from the body cells to the heart

It has thick walls It has thin walls

It do not have valve It has valve to stop back flow of blood

It carry oxygenated blood It carry deoxygenated blood

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

Lymph is another medium of circulation in the human [Link] flows only one direction from body cells to the heart
.It has specific WBC called lymphocytes.

Function –1 It helps in fighting infection and disease.

2 It helps in cleaning of blood

3 It helps in circulation of large fat and protein molecule

EXCRETION

The process of removal of toxic waste from the body.

Excretion in plants The waste products produced by plants are CO2, Water vapour and oxygen by the process called
respiration and photosynthesis . These wastes are removed thru the’ stomata’ and ‘lenticels ‘ in stem.

The plants get rid of these waste by shadding of leaves , peeling of bark and felling of fruits.
 HUMAN EXCRETORY SYSTEM STRUCTURE OF NEPHRON

How is the amount of urine produced regulated ?

It depends on osmoregulation , more water is required to be excreted when quantity of dissolved waste in body is
[Link] also depends on ADH Hormone ( Anti diuretic hormone).

How blood is filtered when passes through Nephron ?

The unit of kidney is called Nephrons. A Kidney has million of [Link] are filtration unit.

A Nephron has two main parts 1 . Glomerulus (bunch of blood vessels)

2 Bowman capsule

Blood enters through glomerulus in the kidney .Useful substances are reabsorbed (amino acid , glucose, salts, water)

Substances which are being excreted are Urea and Uric acid .These are nitrogenous waste. Urine is yellow in colour
because of pigment UROCHROME. Urine is collected in a muscular organ called Urinary [Link] it is filled
completely , a person urge to release it.

WHEN KIDNEY NOT WORKS NOMALLY, in some patients ,then they have to go for DIALYSIS .This phenomenon helps
them to remove nitrogenous waste artificially.

Prepared by : HEMA VERMA