BCA 304: Web Technology

Time: 3 Hrs. Max. Marks: 75

Unit I

Introduction to Basics of Internet: Concepts of Internet: Domain, IP Addressing, Resolving Domain Names,

Overview of TCP/IP and its Services, WWW.

Unit II

Introduction to HTML, Designing Pages with HTML, Essential Tags, Deprecated Tags, Tags and Attributes, Text

Styles and Text Arrangements, Text, Effects, Exposure to Various Tags (DIV, MARQUEE, NOBR, DFN, HR,

LISTING, Comment, IMG), Color and Background of Web Pages, Lists and their Types, Attributes of Image Tag.

Unit III

Hypertext, Hyperlink and Hypermedia, Links, Anchors and URLs, concept of navigation, Different Section of a

Page and Graphics, Footnote and e-Mailing, Creating Table, Frame, Form and Style Sheet.

Unit IV

DHTML: Dynamic HTML, Document Object Model, Features of DHTML, CSSP (Cascading Style Sheet

Positioning) and JSSS (JavaScript assisted Style Sheet), Layers of Netscape, The ID Attribute, DHTML Events.

Unit V

Web Designing Tools: Front Page Basics , Web Terminologies, Phases of Planning and Building Web Sites, The

FTP, HTTP and WAP, Features, Front Page Views, Adding Pictures, Backgrounds, Links, Relating Front Page to dhtml

Internet
Internet is called the network of networks. It is a global communication system that links together thousands of
individual networks. In other words, internet is a collection of interlinked computer networks, connected by
copper wires, fiber-optic cables, wireless connections, etc. As a result, a computer can virtually connect to
other computers in any network. These connections allow users to interchange messages, to communicate in
real time (getting instant messages and responses), to share data and programs and to access limitless
information.

Basics of Internet Architecture

Internet architecture is a meta-network, which refers to a congregation of thousands of distinct
networks interacting with a common protocol. In simple terms, it is referred as an internetwork that is
connected using protocols. Protocol used is TCP/IP. This protocol connects any two networks that
differ in hardware, software and design.
Process
TCP/IP provides end to end transmission, i.e., each and every node on one network has the ability to
communicate with any other node on the network.
Layers of Internet Architecture
Internet architecture consists of three layers −
IP
In order to communicate, we need our data to be encapsulated as Internet Protocol (IP) packets.
These IP packets travel across number of hosts in a network through routing to reach the destination.
However IP does not support error detection and error recovery, and is incapable of detecting loss of
packets.
TCP
TCP stands for "Transmission Control Protocol". It provides end to end transmission of data, i.e.,
from source to destination. It is a very complex protocol as it supports recovery of lost packets.
Application Protocol
Third layer in internet architecture is the application layer which has different protocols on which the
internet services are built. Some of the examples of internet services include email (SMTP facilitates
email feature), file transfer (FTP facilitates file transfer feature), etc.
The concept of Internet was originated in 1969 and has undergone several technological &
Infrastructural changes as discussed below:
  The origin of Internet devised from the concept of Advanced Research Project
Agency Network (ARPANET).
 ARPANET was developed by United States Department of Defense.
 Basic purpose of ARPANET was to provide communication among the various bodies of
government.
 Initially, there were only four nodes, formally called Hosts.
 In 1972, the ARPANET spread over the globe with 23 nodes located at different
countries and thus became known as Internet.
 By the time, with invention of new technologies such as TCP/IP protocols, DNS, WWW,
browsers, scripting languages etc.,Internet provided a medium to publish and access
information over the web.

Internet Terminology -:
TCP/IP-: TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol and is a suite of communication protocols used to interconnect network
devices on the internet. TCP/IP is also used as a communications protocol in a
private computer network (an intranet or extranet).

WWW-:The World Wide Web -- also known as the web, WWW or W3 -- refers to all the public
websites or pages that users can access on their local computers and other devices through the
internet. These pages and documents are interconnected by means of hyperlinks that users click on
for information.

Web Server-:A web server is software and hardware that uses HTTP
(Hypertext Transfer Protocol) and other protocols to respond to client requests
made over the World Wide Web. The main job of a web server is to display
website content through storing, processing and delivering webpages to users.

ISP-:An internet service provider (ISP) is a company that provides access to the
internet. ISPs can provide this access through multiple means, including dial-up,
DSL, cable, wireless and fiber-optic connections. A variety of companies serve
as ISPs, including cable providers, mobile carriers, and telephone companies.
Domain
While every computer has its own unique address, every user using the Internet has a unique
address called a domain. A domain recognizes one or more IP addresses. An example of a domain
is [Link] and is part of the URL such as [Link] The standard top-level
domains are:

 com - Commercial business

 edu - Educational institutions
  gov - Government agencies
 mil - Military
 net - Networks organization
 org - Organizations (nonprofit)

There are additional top-level domains that are now recognized on the Internet. They include:

 aero - Air-transport industry

 biz - Businesses
 coop - Cooperatives
 info - Unrestricted use
 museum - museums
 pro - Accountants, lawyers, physicians, and other professionals
 tv - Television

Some countries use a sub-domain or geographical domain as part of their address. Fox example, an
academic institution such as Oxford University in the United Kingdom can use [Link]. An example of a
URL with this domain is [Link]

Browser
A piece of software such as Mozilla Firefox and Internet Explorer that allows a computer to access
and display documents, view pictures, hear sound, and view video clips from the World Wide Web.

E-mail
Mail that's electronically transmitted by your computer. As opposed to snail mail, e-mail sends your
messages instantaneously, anywhere in the world. It has the capability to send messages at any time
and to anyone.

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

The standard method for downloading and uploading files over the Internet. With FTP, you can login
to a server and transfer files (meaning you can "send" or "receive" files).

Homepage
The first page that is viewed when the browser starts. It is also the page of a Web site that provides
the introduction or content with links.

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

The abbreviation for Hypertext Transfer Protocol. It is the set of rules by which Web pages are
transferred across the Internet.
TelNet
A terminal emulation protocol (or Internet program) used to connect a computer to a remote host or
server. Telnet is one of the oldest Internet activities and is primarily used to access online databases
or to read articles stored on university servers.

Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

An addressing scheme that is used on the Internet to locate resources and/or services on the World
Wide Web. Basically the URL is the address of a computer file that has been put on a computer server
to access the Internet.

Web Page
A single hypertext file or a page that is part of a Web site.

Website
A collection of World Wide Web pages or files.

What is Domain

A domain name is the identity of one or more IP addresses; for example, the domain name
[Link] points to the IP address "[Link]". Domain names are invented as it is easy to
remember a name rather than a long string of numbers. It would be easy to enter a domain name in
the search bar than a long sequence of numbers.

So, it is the web address of your website that people need to type in the browser URL bar to visit your
website. In simple words, suppose your website is a house, then the domain name is its address.

A domain name cannot have more than sixty-three characters excluding .com, .net, .org, .edu, etc.
The minimum length of a domain is one character excluding the extensions. It is entered in the URL
after the protocol and subdomain as shown in the following example and the image:

E.g. [Link]

https: ( Protocol)

www. (Subdomain)
[Link] (domain and domain suffix)

How Domain Name Works:

When the domain name is entered in your web browser, a request is sent to the global network of
servers that form the Domain Name System (DNS), which is like a phonebook of the internet.

The server then searches the name servers related to the domain and forwards the request to the
name servers. The name servers are big computers, which are managed by hosting companies. The
hosting company forwards the request to the webserver where your site is stored. The web server
fetches the requested web page or information and forwards it to the browser.

The Domain Names System is managed by Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
(ICANN). It is a non-profit organization that creates and implements the policies for domain names.

ICANN authorizes the companies called Domain Name Registrars for selling domain names. It also
allows them to make changes to domain names registry on your behalf, and to sell domain names,
manages their records, renewal, and transfer to other registrars. As a domain name owner, you are
required to renew your domain registration before it expires.

Domain Name Server

Mapping a domain name to an IP Address is known as Name-Address
Resolution. The Domain Name Server (DNS) Resolver performs this operation
by consulting name servers.
Mapping name to an address or an address to a name is called name-address
resolution.
RESOLVER:
 DNS is designed as a client -server application.
  A host that needs to map an address to a name or a name to an address
calls a DNS client called a resolver.
 The resolver accesses the closest DNS server with a mapping request.
 If the server has the information it satisfies the resolver ;otherwise, it
either refers the resolver to other servers or asks other servers to
provide the information.
 After the resolver receives the mapping, it interprets the response to
see if it is a real resolution or an error, and finally delivers the result to
the process that requested it.
 Mapping Names to Addresses:
n this case, the server checks the generic domains or the country domains to find the mapping. If the
domain name is from the generic section, the resolver receives a domain name such as “chal .atc:
[Link]”. The query is sent by the resolver to the local DNS server for resolution. If the local server
cannot resolve the query, it either refers the resolver to other servers or asks other servers directly. If
the domain name is from the country domain section, the resolver receives a domain name such as
“ch .[Link]”. The procedure is the same.

Mapping Addresses to Names:

A client can send as IP address to a server to be mapped to a domain name. This is called a PTR
query. To answer queries of this kind, DNS uses the inverse domain. However, in the request, the IP
address is reversed and two labels, in- addr and arpa are appended to create a domain acceptable by
the inverse domain section. For example. if the resolver receives the IP address [Link] , the
resolver first inverts the address and then adds the two labels before sending. the domain name sent
is “[Link].[Link]” , which is received by the local DNS and resolved.

In order to find a particular DNS requesting host place its query to the Local DNS Server with a
mapping request. If it has the information, the resolver is satisfied else the resolver is referred to
other servers or other servers are asked to provide the information. After the resolver, gets the
response, it checks whether the response is correct or not. If the response is correct, the response is
passed to the process that requested it, else the name query fails.