For Industrial Engineering

1. What is IPE?

IPE is science, and optimization of complex processes, systems, or organizations. Industrial and production
engineering is an interdisciplinary engineering discipline that includes manufacturing technology, engineering
sciences, management

2. What is Supply chain management?

Supply chain management, the management of the flow of goods and services, between businesses and
locations, and includes the movement and storage of raw materials, of work-in-process inventory, and of
finished goods as well as end to end order fulfillment from point of origin to point of consumption.

3. Production vs Manufacturing

Manufacturing is the process where machines produce goods from raw materials. Production is the process of
converting resources into finished products.

4. What is Lean manufacturing?

Lean manufacturing is a production method aimed primarily at reducing times within the production system as
well as response times from suppliers and to customers.

5. What is Line Balancing?

Line balancing is a production strategy that involves balancing operator and machine time to match the
production rate to the takt time.

6. What is Time study?

A time study is the examination and analysis of time and motion required to complete an action.

7. What is Work study?

Work-study is a way for students to earn money to pay for school through part-time on- (and sometimes
off-) campus jobs. The program gives students an opportunity to gain valuable work experience while pursuing
a college degree

8. What is Method study?

Method study is the process of subjecting work to systematic, critical scrutiny to make it more effective
and efficient.

9. Scheduling VS Sequencing

Sequencing is the order of tasks to be done in chain. Hence the next task is started once the previous one is
completed. Scheduling, on the other hand is the process in which people are assigned to time to accomplish
different tasks. It improves the delivery performance and reduces the manufacturing time and cost.

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10. Quality control VS quality Assurance.

Quality Assurance is known as QA and focuses on preventing defect. Quality Assurance ensures that the
approaches, techniques, methods and processes are designed for the projects are implemented correctly.

Quality Control is known as QC and focuses on identifying a defect. QC ensures that the approaches,
techniques, methods and processes are designed in the project are following correctly.

11. PDCA, Control chart, TQM.

PDCA is an iterative design and management method used in business for the control and continuous
improvement of processes and products

The control chart is a graph used to study how a process changes over time. A control chart always has a
central line for the average, an upper line for the upper control limit, and a lower line for the lower
control limit. ... Control charts for attribute data are used singly.

A core definition of total quality management (TQM) describes a management approach to long-term
success through customer satisfaction. In a TQM effort, all members of an organization participate in
improving processes, products, services, and the culture in which they work.

12. What is the name of basic quality tools?

Stratification analysis

Histogram.

Check sheet (tally sheet)

Cause and effect diagram (fishbone or Ishikawa diagram)

Pareto chart (80-20 rule)

Scatter diagram (Shewhart chart)

Control chart.

13. Cause Effect (fish bone) diagram, Scatter diagram.

A Cause-and-Effect Diagram is a tool that helps identify, sort, and display possible causes of a specific
problem or quality characteristic.

A scatter plot is a mechanism to understand the influence of independent variable over dependent
variable.

14. Lean tools (5S, Kaizen, Kanban, Six sigma)

5S is a system for organizing spaces so work can be performed efficiently, effectively, and safely. 5S
stands for the 5 steps of this methodology: Sort, Set in Order, Shine, Standardize, Sustain.

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Kaizen is a Japanese term meaning "change for the better" or "continuous improvement."

Kanban is a workflow management method for defining, managing and improving services that deliver
knowledge work. It aims to help you visualize your work, maximize efficiency, and improve continuously.

Six Sigma (6σ) is a set of techniques and tools for process improvement. A six sigma process is one in
which 99.99966% of all opportunities to produce some feature of a part are statistically expected to be
free of defects.

15. What is EOQ?

Economic order quantity (EOQ) is the ideal order quantity a company should purchase to minimize
inventory costs such as holding costs, shortage costs, and order costs.

16. What is forecasting?

Forecasting is a technique that uses historical data as inputs to make informed estimates that are
predictive in determining the direction of future trends. Businesses utilize forecasting to determine how
to allocate their budgets or plan for anticipated expenses for an upcoming period of time.

17. What is Ergonomics?

Ergonomics is the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among humans
and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods to
design in order to optimise human well-being and overall system performance.”

18. What is Safety Management?

Safety management is commonly understood as applying a set of principles, framework, processes and
measures to prevent accidents, injuries and other adverse consequences that may be caused by using a
service or a product.

19. What is Pareto chart?

A Pareto chart is a bar graph. The lengths of the bars represent frequency or cost (time or money), and
are arranged with longest bars on the left and the shortest to the right. In this way the chart visually
depicts which situations are more significant.

20. What is Brain storming?

Brainstorming is a method of generating ideas and sharing knowledge to solve a particular commercial
or technical problem, in which participants are encouraged to think without interruption. Brainstorming
is a group activity where each participant shares their ideas as soon as they come to mind.

21. What is Failure mode and Effect analysis?

Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) is a systematic, proactive method for evaluating a process to
identify where and how it might fail and to assess the relative impact of different failures, in order to
identify the parts of the process that are most in need of change

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22. What is sampling?

Sampling is a process used in statistical analysis in which a predetermined number of observations are
taken from a larger population. The methodology used to sample from a larger population depends on
the type of analysis being performed, but it may include simple random sampling or systematic sampling.

23. Product Life Cycle?

A product life cycle is the amount of time a product goes from being introduced into the market until it's
taken off the shelves. There are four stages in a product's life cycle—introduction, growth, maturity, and
decline.

24. Value Engineering?

Value engineering is a systematic, organized approach to providing necessary functions in a project at the
lowest cost. Value engineering promotes the substitution of materials and methods with less expensive
alternatives, without sacrificing functionality.

25. Green Manufacturing/ Engineering?

Green manufacturing is the renewal of production processes and the establishment of environmentally-
friendly operations within the manufacturing field. ... Green manufacturers research, develop, or utilize
technologies and practices to lessen their impact on the environment.

26. What is Push and Pull view?

In a push-based supply chain, products are pushed through the channel from production up to the
retailers. ... In a pull-based supply chain, procurement, production, and distribution are demand-driven
rather than based on predictions. Goods are produced in the amount and time needed.

27. Merchandising? And what is the job Responsibilities?

The process of merchandising involves understanding consumer needs, identifying & sourcing of right
merchandise, deciding the right assortment, planning distribution of merchandise to different locations
in the right quantities, deciding on the pricing, communicating merchandise offerings to the target
customers,

28. Aggregate VS Master Production Planning?

Aggregate planning is a marketing activity that does an aggregate plan for the production process, in advance of
6 to 18 months, to give an idea to management as to what quantity of materials and other resources are to be
procured and when, so that the total cost of operations of the organization is kept to the minimum over that
period.

A master production schedule is a plan for individual commodities to be produced in each time period such as
production, staffing, inventory, etc. It is usually linked to manufacturing where the plan indicates when and how
much of each product will be demanded.

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 The aggregate plan provides an overall guideline for master production scheduling which specifies the timing
and volume of the production of individual products. The master scheduler takes the aggregate decisions as
targets and tries to achieve them as much as possible.

29. Logistics VS SCM?

Supply chain management is a way to link major business processes within and across companies into a high-
performance business model that drives competitive advantage.

Logistics refers to the movement, storage, and flow of goods, services and information inside and outside the
organization.

Logistics is an activity within the supply chain.

30. What is SCM? Drives of SCM?

Supply chain management is the practice of coordinating the various activities necessary to produce and deliver
goods and services to a business's customers. Examples of supply chain activities can include designing,
farming, manufacturing, packaging, or transporting.

31. What are the scope of IPE?

IP engineering is a part of mechanical engineering that there is a lot of demand of production engineers both in
public and private sector for the smooth functioning of their instruments and to make industrial manufacturing.

32. What are the Duty and Responsibility of an IE officer?

Industrial engineers take the following job profiles:

a. analysts

b. Industrial system controller.

c. System supervisor

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33. ISO, Lean, 7 Wastes, 5S

ISO (International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies.
ISO is a nongovernmental organization that comprises standards bodies from more than 160 countries, with one
standards body representing each member country.

Lean is the concept of efficient manufacturing/operations that grew out of the Toyota Production System in the
middle of the 20th century. ... Lean is centered on preserving value with less work; with the ultimate goal of
providing perfect value to the customer through a perfect value creation process that has zero waste.

5S stands for the 5 steps of this methodology: Sort, Set in Order, Shine, Standardize, Sustain. These steps
involve going through everything in a space, deciding what's necessary and what isn't, putting things in order,
cleaning, and setting up procedures for performing these tasks on a regular basis

34. Sampling type, sampling detail

There are four main types of probability sample.

a. Simple random sampling: In a simple random sample, every member of the population has an equal chance
of being selected.

b. Systematic sampling.

c. Stratified sampling.

d. Cluster sampling.

35. Agile manufacturing

Agile manufacturing is a manufacturing methodology that places an extremely strong focus on rapid response to
the customer – turning speed and agility into a key competitive advantage. An agile company is in a much better
position to take advantage of short windows of opportunity and fast changes in customer demand.

36. ERP detail

Enterprise resource planning (ERP) is defined as the ability to deliver an integrated suite of business
applications. ERP tools share a common process and data model, covering broad and deep operational end-to-
end processes, such as those found in finance, HR, distribution, manufacturing, service and the supply chain.
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37. Forecasting vs prediction

A forecast refers to a calculation or an estimation which uses data from previous events, combined with recent
trends to come up a future event outcome. On the other hand, a prediction is an actual act of indicating that
something will happen in the future with or without prior information.

38. Efficiency vs effectiveness

Efficiency is defined as the ability to accomplish something with the least amount of wasted time, money, and
effort or competency in performance. Effectiveness is defined as the degree to which something is successful in
producing a desired result; success.

39. Productivity, flow shop, job shop, project, crashing of project

Productivity is the efficiency of production of goods or services expressed by some measure. Measurements of
productivity are often expressed as a ratio of an aggregate output to a single input or an aggregate input used in
a production process, i.e. output per unit of input, typically over a specific period of time.

High-volume manufacturers (e.g. automotive) traditionally use a flow shop model, with each stage happening in
exactly the same order every time. The key to flow shop scheduling is that the product goes through each step
of the process only once. If the product needs two drilling operations, for example, you will have two drilling
machines.

Most small machine shops deal with high-mix, low-volume products and often use a job shop model. Machines
are grouped by functionality and the product moves between them as and when they need to, often passing
through the same machine several times before it leaves the machine shop.

A project is defined as a sequence of tasks that must be completed to attain a certain outcome.

Project crashing is when you shorten the duration of a project by reducing the time of one or more tasks.
Crashing is done by increasing the resources to the project, which helps make tasks take less time than what
they were planned for. Of course, this also adds to the cost of the overall project.

40. Gantt chart detail

A Gantt chart is a bar chart that provides a visual view of project tasks scheduled over time. A Gantt chart is
used for project planning: it’s a useful way of showing what work is scheduled to be done on specific days. It
helps project managers and team members view the start dates, end dates and milestones of a project schedule
in one simple stacked bar chart.

41. VSM, MRP-I, MRP-II

Value stream mapping is a paper and pencil tool that helps you to see and understand the flow of material and
information as a product or service makes its way through the value stream. A value stream map is made up of a
three distinct looking parts: a process map, a corresponding timeline, and information flow.

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Material requirements planning (MRP 1) is a system for calculating the materials and components needed to
manufacture a product. It consists of three primary steps: taking inventory of the materials and components on
hand, identifying which additional ones are needed and then scheduling their production or purchase.

Manufacturing resource planning (MRP 2) is defined as a method for the effective planning of all resources of a
manufacturing company. Ideally, it addresses operational planning in units, financial planning, and has a
simulation capability to answer "what-if" questions and is an extension of closed-loop MRP 1.

42. JIT, Reliability

Just-in-time, or JIT, is an inventory management method in which goods are received from suppliers only as
they are needed. The main objective of this method is to reduce inventory holding costs and increase inventory
turnover.

Reliability is the degree of consistency of a measure. A test will be reliable when it gives the same repeated
result under the same conditions.

(JIT vs TQM) JIT is a pull system that focuses on producing what is necessary when it is necessary and in
necessary amounts allowing the pursue of quality, cost minimization, delivery time and waste reduction, while
TQM aims to improve quality by continuous improvements of operations to guarantee free defects products.

43. Bull-whip Effect

The bullwhip effect often occurs when retailers become highly reactive to demand, and in turn, amplify
expectations around it, which causes a domino effect along the supply chain.

44. Simplex, queueing theory, simplex 4 condition, OR basic nonlinear (Mandatory for teaching)

simplex

Queueing theory is the mathematical study of waiting lines, or queues. A queueing model is constructed so that
queue lengths and waiting time can be predicted.

45. Statistics model like- Normal distribution, Binomial distribution (Mandatory for teaching)

Normal distribution, also known as the Gaussian distribution, is a probability distribution that is symmetric
about the mean, showing that data near the mean are more frequent in occurrence than data far from the mean.
In graph form, normal distribution will appear as a bell curve.

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The binomial distribution is a probability distribution that summarizes the likelihood that a value will take one
of two independent values under a given set of parameters or assumptions.

For Production/Manufacturing Engineering

1) JIG Vs. Fixture

The Major Difference between Jig and Fixture is that Jig is a type of tool used to control the location or
motion of another tool. Whereas Fixture is a support or work holding device used to hold work in place.

2) Complete location / 3-2-1 method

The 3-2-1 principle of location (six point location principle) is used to constrain the movement of work
piece along the three axes XX, YY, and ZZ. This is achieved by providing six locating points, 3 pins in
base plate, 2 pins in vertical plane and 1 pin in a plane which is perpendicular to first two planes.

3) Location Vs. Clamping

Locating the work piece is the first basic function of a jig or fixture. Once located, the work piece must
also be held to prevent movement during the operational cycle. The process of holding the position of the
work piece in the jig or fixture is called clamping.

4) Degree of freedom

A workpiece free in space can move in an infinite number of directions. For analysis, this motion can be
broken down into twelve directional movements, or "degrees of freedom." All twelve degrees of freedom
must be restricted to ensure proper referencing of a workpiece.

5) Types of sheet metal operations, stamping, nibbling etc.

Different Types of Sheet Metal Operations are:

 Shearing Operation.

 Blanking & Fine Blanking Operation.

 Piercing Operation.

 Perforating Operation.

 Slotting Operation.

 Notching Operation.

 Bending Operation

6) Manufacturing? Types

The term manufacturing refers to the processing of raw materials or parts into finished goods through
the use of tools, human labor, machinery, and chemical processing.

The four main types of manufacturing are casting and molding, machining, joining, and shearing and
forming.

7) Casting

Casting is a manufacturing process in which a liquid material is usually poured into a mold, which
contains a hollow cavity of the desired shape, and then allowed to solidify.

8) Draft angle

The angle, which is positioned to run toward the direction of a mold's pull and parting line, helps with
releasing the part from the mold.

9) Chill, Pattern, Sand details

A chill is an object used to promote solidification in a specific portion of a metal casting mold

In the process of sand casting, a pattern is a replica of the original object to be cast.

10) Gate system, Mould Vs Die

The gating system in casting is a metal pouring system that conducts molten metal into the mold cavity.

Dies and molds are both tools for shaping. Dies are used to shape sheet metal and other metal forms. On
the other hand, molds are used in injection molding such as with melted resin or casting molten metal.

11) Casting yield

The weight of casting or castings divided by the total weight of metal poured into the mold, expressed as a
percent.

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12) Riser, Permanent moulding, Precision moulding

A riser, also known as a feeder, is a reservoir built into a metal casting mold to prevent cavities

Permanent mould casting is a process for producing a large number of castings using a single reusable
mould.

Precision molding is used when a product requires tight tolerance.

13) Forming, forging

Forming Process also known as Metal Forming is a large set of manufacturing process by which a raw
material converted into a product. ... The example of forming processes are sheet metal manufacturing,
forging, rolling, extrusion, wire drawing, thread rolling, rotary swinging, and so on

14) Injection moulding, extrusion, Die casting, plastic details

Injection molding is a method to obtain molded products by injecting plastic materials molten by heat
into a mold, and then cooling and solidifying them.

Extrusion is a manufacturing process used to make pipes, hoses, drinking straws, curtain tracks, rods,
and fibre

Die casting is a metal casting process in which molten metal is forced into a steel mold under high
pressure into a mold cavity

15) Fabrication

Fabricators make components and parts for different products such as machines, engines, toys, electrical
equipment and household appliances. They may create a whole set of components or work on individual
pieces.

16) Allotropy, Entropy

The existence of a substance and especially an element in two or more different forms

The measure of a system's thermal energy per unit temperature that is unavailable for doing useful work

17) Brazing, Soldering…… etc. difference.

The only difference between brazing and soldering is the temperature at which each process takes place.
Soldering takes place at a temperature below 840°F (450°C), and brazing occurs at a temperature above
840°F (450°C).

18) TIG vs MIG (Detail concept)

The difference between the two is the way the arc is used. MIG (metal inert gas) welding uses a feed wire
that constantly moves through the gun to create the spark, then melts to form the weld. TIG (tungsten
inert gas) welding uses long rods to fuse two metals directly together.

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19) Spot welding

Spot welding (also known as resistance spot welding) is a resistance welding process. This welding
process is used primarily for welding two or more metal sheets together by applying pressure and heat
from an electric current to the weld area.

20) Specification, parts and positions of lathe, milling, drilling, shaper, grinding m/c.

21) Write down some attachment of lathe & milling m/c.

Following are the 5 different types of lathe attachments:

Taper Turning attachments.

Grinding attachments.

Gear cutting attachments.

Milling attachment.

Thread chasing dials.

Attachments for Milling Machine:

Vertical Milling Attachment or Swivel Attachment:

High-Speed Milling Attachment:

Slotting Attachment:

Universal Dividing Head (Index Head):

Circular Milling Attachment:

Rack Milling Attachment:

Vise:

Arbors:

22) Lathe accessories + milling gear cutter mechanism.

The following are the different lathe accessories:

 Centres.

 Chuck.

 Catch plate or carriage.

 Face plate.

 Angle plate.
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  Mandrel.

 Rests.

1) Chuck types, gear types detail

Following are the different types of chucks used in lathe machine:

 Four jaws independent chuck.

 Three jaws universal chuck.

 Combination type chuck.

 Magnetic type Chuck.

 Collet chuck.

 Air or hydraulic operated chuck.

 Drill Chuck.

Read on to learn the different types of gear and the applications and industries that utilize them.

 Spur Gear. Spur gears transmit power through shafts that are parallel. ...

 Helical Gear. ...

 Double Helical Gear. ...

 Herringbone Gear. ...

 Bevel Gear. ...

 Worm Gear. ...

 Hypoid Gear.

2) Addendum, dedendum, pitch...etc.

Dedendum circle: It is the circle drawn through the bottom of the teeth. ... Addendum: It is the radial distance
of a tooth from the pitch circle to the top of the tooth (or addendum circle). Dedendum. It is the radial
distance of a tooth from the pitch circle to the bottom of the tooth (or dedendum circle). The pitch of a gear is
defined as the distance between two identical points on two adjacent gear teeth.

 =?

Thus, if the pitch diameter of a gear is 40 mm and the number of teeth 20, the module is 2, which means that
there are 2 mm of pitch diameter for each tooth ...

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3) Dividing head/ indexing?

An indexing head, also known as a dividing head or spiral head, is a specialized tool that allows a workpiece to
be circularly indexed; that is, easily and precisely rotated to preset angles or circular divisions.

4) Spur gear…. etc. gear define.

Spur gears or straight-cut gears are the simplest type of gear. They consist of a cylinder or disk with teeth
projecting radially. Viewing the gear at 90 ...

5) Cutting tool? Chips? Types of chips? Cutting tool geometry, tool signature.

a cutting tool or cutter is typically a hardened metal tool that is used to cut, shape, and remove material from a
workpiece by means of machining tools as well as abrasive tools by way of shear deformation.

Basically there are three types of chips produced in the metal machining and these are continuous,
discontinuous and continuous with built-up edge.

the shape and angles to which the cutting portion of a cutting tool are ground. It influences the type of
machining process for materials, the efficiency and economy, the quality of the finished part, and the life of the
cutting tool (the operating time up to normal dullness).

The numerical code that describes all key angles of a given cutting tool is called tool signature.

6) Orthogonal vs oblique cutting

The major difference between orthogonal and oblique cutting is that in orthogonal cutting, the cutting edge of
the tool is perpendicular to the direction of motion. In oblique cutting the cutting edge makes an angle with
the direction of motion.

7) Cutting angle define

the angle between the cutting face of a cutting tool and the surface of the work back of the tool

8) Cutting force detail

Cutting force is the resistance of the material against the intrusion of the cutting tool. The force directions
and amplitudes differ in different cutting processes such as turning, milling, drilling, etc.

9) Gear types, Norton gear

These gearboxes provide an arithmetic series of speed steps that is suitable for cutting threads. The main
advantage of using this is that the speeds are evenly distributed, more concentrated and easily stepped in a small
diameter range than in a large one.

10) Clutch, brake

A clutch is a mechanical device that engages and disengages power transmission, a device for slowing or
stopping a moving vehicle, typically by applying pressure to the wheels.

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11) Slenderness ratio of column.

The slenderness ratio is defined as the ratio of length l to the radius of gyration k, represented as l/k. When
the slenderness ratio exceeds a value of 100 for a strong slim column, failure by buckling can be expected.
Columns of stiffer and more brittle materials will buckle at lower slenderness ratios.

12) Machinability? Machine vs Engine

Machinability defines the ease at which a material (mainly metal) can be cut or shaped while providing a
satisfactory surface finish. A material with good machinability requires little power to cut, produces a smooth
surface finish and minimizes wear on the tooling.

A machine consumes energy whereas an engine produces energy. Engine converts heat energy to Mechanical
Energy but machine converts all forms of energy to mechanical energy except heat energy. A engine runs a
machine,without a engine a machine can't run.

13) Advance manufacturing process: Edm, Ecm, Explosion, Plasma arc

Electro-Chemical Machining (ECM) EDM is thermal energy based non-traditional machining process.
ECM is electrical energy based non-traditional machining process. Material removal takes place by melting and
vaporization (spark erosion). It is one volume removal process.

EDM's voltage can be anywhere from 50 to 400 Volts, generating tremendous energy in a spark. emitting
a lower current ECM, though, is a low voltage, high current process-- electricity is being conducted through
the electrolyte solution, carrying a much higher current than with EDM.

14) Drill bit detail

1) Twist Drill Bits. Also known as high-speed bits, they resemble corkscrews and are some of the most
popular bits. ...

2) Brad Point Drill Bits. ...

3) Masonry Drill Bits. ...

4) Rivet Drill Bits. ...

5) Spade Drill Bits. ...

6) Installer Bits. ...

7) Step Bits. ...

8) Auger Bits.

15) Angle of repose, concepts of conveyor, AS/RS

The Angle of Repose is the angle the material makes with the horizontal when dumped in a pile, such as a
stockpile or a stationary belt . ... The higher the Surcharge Angle, the more material can be stacked on the belt .
It is often the maximum incline of the conveyor .
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Automated Storage and Retrieval Systems (AS/RS) offer a faster, more efficient way to move goods through
your facility using horizontal and vertical storage carousels. By eliminating forklift trips down storage aisles
and wasted travel time between widely placed racking, AS/RS allow you to run more efficiently and adjust your
racking to save storage and floor space.

16) CAD/CAM; Cellular layout, Product vs Process layout

CAD/CAM stands for computer-aided design & computer-aided manufacturing. CAD/CAM software is
used to design and manufacture prototypes, finished products and production runs. Computer Aided
Manufacturing (CAM) is the use of software and computer-controlled machinery to automate a manufacturing
process. Based on that definition, you need three components for a CAM system to function: Software that tells
a machine how to make a product by generating toolpaths.

Product Layout is a type of layout design in which the resources needed to produce the product are arranged in
one line, as per the sequence of operations. Process Layout refers to the type of layout design wherein the
resources having homogeneous processes or functions are combined together. A process layout is where
similar items are grouped together. Process layouts are ideal for companies that perform custom work and
where the demand for each product is low. A product layout is where the equipment, tools, and machines are
located according to how a product is made.

17) CAD, CAM, CAE difference

CAD, computer-aided design, is the use of computers to design 2D and 3D models. CAE, computer-aided
engineering, are mostly software tools that provide the engineering analysis (ie. ... of a design. CAM, computer-
aided manufacturing, uses software to control machinery involved in the manufacturing process

18) Flexible manufacturing

A flexible manufacturing system (FMS) is a production method that is designed to easily adapt to changes
in the type and quantity of the product being manufactured. Machines and computerized systems can be
configured to manufacture a variety of parts and handle changing levels of production.

19) TPM

TPM (Total Productive Maintenance) is a holistic approach to equipment maintenance that strives to achieve
perfect production: No Breakdowns. No Small Stops or Slow Running. No Defects.

20) Process capability, Critical process capability

Process capability is defined as a statistical measure of the inherent process variability of a given
characteristic. You can use a process-capability study to assess the ability of a process to meet specifications.
... They are valuable tools for evaluating initial and ongoing capability of parts and processes. Process
capability index (Cpk) is a statistical tool, to measure the ability of a process to produce output within
customer's specification limits.

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21) Design of experiment

Design of Experiments (DOE) is the most effective method to achieve product and process efficiency and
optimization. Design of experiments (DOE) is a systematic method to determine the relationship between
factors affecting a process and the output of that process.

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