Tutorial
The Bernoulli equation we have derived is based on the following
assumptions requires:
• Steady flow
• Incompressible (𝜌 constant)
• Inviscid (no friction losses)
• Applied along a streamline
• No work done on the fluid
Note: If viscosity matters, we add head loss and/or
pump/turbine terms.
Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL) and Energy Grade Line (EGL)
• HGL – line representing static
pressure and elevation head
• EGL – line representing the total
head.
• The difference between EGL and
HGL is the dynamic head.
• For ideal fluid, EGL is horizontal
• For uniform flow, HGL is horizontal
EGL and HGL for a real fluid
Where HGL intersects
the fluid the pressure
is zero. Important in
avoiding cavitation.
Principle used in
siphoning
Effect of adding or
removing mechanical
energy
Velocity measurement by a pitot tube
A piezometer and a Pitot tube are
tapped into a horizontal water pipe, as
shown, to measure static and
stagnation pressures. For the indicated
water column heights, determine the
velocity at the centre of the pipe.
[1.53m/s]
Energy balance of steady flows
For circular pipes with
laminar flow, head loss,
hL is given by:
Note that Bernoulli’s equation is
just a special case of
incompressible flow with no
mechanical work devices and
negligible friction
Example
Water is flowing from a garden hose (Fig.
12–18). A child places his thumb to cover
most of the hose outlet, causing a thin jet
of high-speed water to emerge. The
pressure in the hose just upstream of his
thumb is 400 kPa. If the hose is held
upward, what is the maximum height that
the jet could achieve?
[40.8m]
Try this
A tank contains oil of relative density 0.85 to a depth of 2.4 m. It
discharges through a 25 mm diameter straight pipe at a point 6 m
below the bottom of the tank.
a) Calculate the discharge in litres per second find the oil pressure at a
point halfway along the pipe
[6.26 L/s], [-25 kN/m2 gauge]
Try this
Oil of relative density 0.8 flows at the rate of 216 litres/s through a falling
pipe which tapers gradually in the direction of flow. The diameter at a
point A is 0.6 m and at a point B, 3.6 m vertically below A, it is 0.3 m. The
gauge pressure at A is 84 Kpa. Calculate the pressure at B.
[109 Kpa]
Try this
Water flows down a sloping pipe which has one end 1.3 m above the
other. The pipe section tapers from 0.9 m diameter at the top end A to
0.45 m diameter at the lower end B. The flow of water is 9 ton/min.
Find the difference in pressure between A and B.
[12.3 kN/m2]
Try this
At the end of the summer, a swimming pool is
being drained through a very long, small diameter
hose. The hose is smooth, of inner diameter D = 6
cm, and of length L = 65 m. The initial height
difference From the pool surface To The outlet of
the Hose is H = 2.2 m. Calculate the Volume flow
rate in litres/min at the start of draining.
The properties of water are ρ = 998 kg/m3 and µ =
0.001002 kg/m·s.
[0.6 L/min]