Digital
Communication
GATE EC
Copyright © 2014-2021 Testbook Edu Solutions Pvt. Ltd.: All rights reserved
Download Testbook
Digital Communication
Sampling theorm
For Base Band signals
I. fs > 2fm over sampling
II. fs = 2fm critical sampling
III. fs < 2fm under sampling
Where fs is sampling frequency and fm is the maximum frequency component available in the message signal
For Band Pass signal:
Where
* + represent greatest integer function.
Points to Remember
fs = 2fm is called Nquist criterion for proper reconstruction of message signal.
GATE EC | Digital Communication PAGE 2
Download Testbook
Pulse code modulation
Uniform Quantizer: It has two types
I. mid-rise
II. mid-tread
Here step size remain same but in some cases we need non uniform quantizer where step size is not same.
Companding
Companding method:
I. μ-law:
V0, Vin are normalized values.
Generally μ = 255 used in US-Japan.
GATE EC | Digital Communication PAGE 3
Download Testbook
II. A-law:
Generally A = 81.5 is used in India, Europe.
Encoding
The process of assigning some digital number to a particular sample is called encoding. The number of bits
for the sample depends upon the number of Quantization level.
Types of line Codes
I. UNRZ (unipolar non return to zero):
1 → +ve pulse
0 → no pulse
II. BNRZ (Bipolar non return to zero)
1 → +ve pulse
0 → no pulse
III. URZ:
1 → +ve pulse for T/2
0 → no pulse
IV. BRZ
1 → +ve pulse for T/2
0 → -ve pulse for T/2
V. Manchester code (split-phase code):
1 → +ve pulse for T/2 followed by negative (-ve) pulse for T/2
0 → -ve pulse for T/2 followed by +ve pulse for T/2.
GATE EC | Digital Communication PAGE 4
Download Testbook
VI. Differential coding:
1 → +ve pulse for T/2, 0 → No pulse
Next 1 → -ve pulse for T/2, next 1 → +ve pulse of T/2 and so on.
Formulae in PCM
I. Step size
L = number of levels = 2n
n = number of bits
Quantization error = ± Δ/2
Quantization error power = Δ2/12
Bandwidth = Rb = nfs where Rb is called bit rate, fs is called sampling frequency.
For any signal:
For sinusoidal signal:
GATE EC | Digital Communication PAGE 5
Download Testbook
SQNR ≡ (1.76 + 6n) dB ≅ (1.8 + 6n) dB
Minimum channel Bandwidth required to transmit = R0/2
By using Raised cosine filter:
Where α is called roll of factor
Differential Pulse code modulation
It takes the advantage of correlation of the samples.
Transmitter:
Receiver:
GATE EC | Digital Communication PAGE 6
Download Testbook
It require less number of Quantization level and hence less Bandwidth required.
Delta modulation
It is one bit modulation.
Transmitter:
Receiver
Where Fm is cut off frequency of Low Pass Filter.
GATE EC | Digital Communication PAGE 7
Download Testbook
In DM there is a problem with the step size hence we need some technique where-in step size adjust
itself:
Adaptive delta modulation: In this modulation step size adjust itself. Its SNR is better than DM.
Digital modulation (Band Pass)
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
Where
Also
Where Ø1(t) = Orthonormal function =
Constillation diagram:
Bandwidth = 2Rb
Frequency Shift Keying: (FSK)
GATE EC | Digital Communication PAGE 8
Download Testbook
ω2 < ω 1
Bandwidth = F1 – F2 + 2Rb
If Pulse used for 1 and 0 are orthogonal then FSK is called Minimum Shift Keying MSK.
For Maximum SNR:
Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)
Bandwidth of BPSK = 2Rb
Minimum Channel Bandwidth Required = Rb if raised cosine filter is used:
for M – ary.
GATE EC | Digital Communication PAGE 9
Download Testbook
Differential Phase Shift Keying:
Transmitter:
Receiver:
It require less Bandwidth.
GATE EC | Digital Communication PAGE 10