Acknowledgement

I would like to express my sincere thanks and profound gratitude to our esteemed guide
Sri. P. Suresh Praveen Kumar, Assoc. Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, for his
expert guidance, valuable suggestions, reference, material provided and continuous
encouragement throughout my project work.

I am thankful to Dr. G. Chennakeshava Reddy, Asst Professor and Head of

Department of Civil Engineering, for his help and cooperation during our project work and
course of my study.

We would like to express our sincere thanks to Prof. V. S. S. Murthy, Principal of

KSRM College of Engineering for providing an opportunity for doing this project work.

We would like to thank Dr. K. Chandra Obul Reddy, Managing Director of Kandula
Group of Institutions, for providing the providing the facilities for doing this project work.

We would like to express our sincere thanks to Sri. P. Suresh Praveen Kumar,
Assistant Professor & Project Coordinator, Deportment of Civil Engineering for their valuable
suggestions, constant support and continuous encouragement throughout the course of our
project work.

Last but not least, we thank all those who helped us directly or indirectly for the
successful completion of our project in time.

[Link]. Saif 219y1A0143

S. Steevan 219Y1A0142
S. Pavani 219Y1A0140
R. Praveen 219Y1A0138
K. Nagesh 219Y1A0116

i
 Department of Civil Engineering

K S R M College of Engineering (Autonomous) Kadapa – 516

003

Vision:
To produce high competent ethical civil engineering professionals with
globally perspectives for catering to local, national and global needs and
evolving the department to provide state-of-the-art consultancy, research &
development in the field of civil engineering and its aliened areas.

Mission:
• To produce high caliber civil engineers by providing rigorous hands–
on education with Innovative and original thinking in the minds of
budding engineers to face the challenges of future.
• With continuous interaction of industries, research organizations and
eminent professionals enriching the curriculum and setting the
department as center of excellence for academics, consultancies and
research in the field of Civil Engineering and allied areas.
• By inculcating the field activities, certificate programs, professional
& ethical values to our students in order to make them prepare to face
the competitive world.

ii
DEPARTMENT VISION AND MISSION:
VISION:
To become a frontrunner in the field of Civil Engineering, and tackle national
and global challenges that aligns with the needs of society.
MISSION:
M1: To provide value added education and cope up with the changes through
innovative and dynamic curriculum.
M2: To engage in research that creates state-of-the-art technologies and
futuristic knowledge, with a strong emphasis on meeting the socio-economic
requirements of society.
M3: To produce globally competent professionals with leadership skills, team
work and ethical conduct.

iii
Programme Outcomes
PO1 - Engineering Knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science,
engineering fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of
complex engineering problems.
PO2 - Problem Analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and
analyze complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using
first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
PO3 - Design/Development of solutions: Design solutions for complex
engineering problems and design system components or processes that meet the
specified needs with appropriate consideration for the public health and safety,
and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
PO4 - Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based
knowledge and research methods including design of experiments, analysis and
interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid
conclusions.
PO5 - Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques,
resources, and modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and
modeling to complex engineering activities with an understanding of the
limitations.
PO6 - The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual
knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues, and the
consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.
PO7 - Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the
professional engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and
demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.
PO8 - Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and
responsibilities and norms of engineering practice.
PO9 - Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a
member or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
PO10 - Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering
activities with the engineering community and with society at large, such as,
being able to comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation,
make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
PO11 - Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and
understanding of the engineering and management principles and apply these to
iv
one's own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in
multidisciplinary environments.
PO12 - Life-long learning: Recognize the need for and have the preparation and
ability to engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of
technological change.

Programme Specific Outcomes

The graduates in Civil Engineering will be able to
PSO 1: Analyze, Design, Construct, Maintain and Operate infrastructural
projects.
PSO 2: Assess the environmental impact of various projects and take required
measures to curb environmental deterioration.
PSO 3: Use latest software’s pertaining to various streams of Civil Engineering.

v
 CONTENTS

Description Page No.

Abstract viii
List of Figures x
List of Tables ix

CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 General 1

1.2 Applications of shallow foundation 1

1.3 Bearing capacity of soil for shallow foundation 3

1.4 General Shear Failure 4

1.5 Local Shear Failure 5

1.6 Punching Shear Failure 6

1.7 Aim and Objectives 7

Chapter 2 2.1 INTRODUCTION 8

2.2 Objectives of Model Testing 8

2.3 Research on Settlement Analysis of Shallow 9
Foundations
2.4 Research on Soil-Structure Interaction (SSI) and 9
Foundation Performance
2.5 Geotechnical Challenges in Shallow Foundation 10
Design
2.6 Innovations and Modern Approaches in Shallow 10
Foundation Design
2.7 Objectives of Model Testing 10
2.8 Model test 11
2.8.1 Plate Load Test (PLT) 11

vi
 2.8.2 Test Procedure (As per IS 1888:1982) 11

Chapter 3 3.1 INTRODUCTION 12

3.2 Staad pro analysis 12

3.3 Staad pro advance Foundation design 12

3.3.1 Detail drawing of a maximum load bearing 12

column
3.3.2 Design summary of a maximum load bearing 14
column
3.4 Materials And Testing Facilities 14

3.4.1 Model of footing 14

3.5 Loading Frame 15

3.6 Experimental Setup and Procedure for Vertical 15

Load Test
Chapter 4 References 17

vii
 EVALUATION OF SAFE BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL
FOR SHALLOW FOUNDATION

ABSTRACT
The bearing capacity of soil is a fundamental concept in geotechnical engineering, determining
the maximum load per unit area the soil can sustain without failure or excessive settlement. It
is crucial for the safe and economical design of foundations, ensuring structures remain stable
and functional over their lifespan. Factors influencing soil bearing capacity include soil type,
density, cohesion, angle of internal friction, and groundwater conditions. Soil bearing capacity
is a critical parameter in geotechnical engineering, defining the maximum load the soil can
safely support without failure or excessive settlement. It plays a vital role in foundation design,
ensuring structural stability and longevity. This study explores the factors influencing soil
bearing capacity, including soil type, density, cohesion, and groundwater level. It also
examines various methods for determining bearing capacity, such as field tests (Plate Load
Test) and laboratory tests (Direct Shear Test, Triaxial Test). Accurate assessment of soil
bearing capacity is essential to prevent structural failures, optimize foundation design, and
reduce construction costs.

Key Words: Plate load test, Direct shear test, Triaxial test.

viii
 List of Tables

Table No Description Page No

1.1 Comparison of Failure Mechanisms 6

3.1 design summary of a column 14

ix
 List of Figures

Figure No Description Page No

1.1 Application of shallow foundation for Residential Buildings 1

1.2 Application of shallow foundation for Roads and pavements 2
1.3 Application of shallow foundation for Bridges with shallow 2
footings
1.4 Application of shallow foundation for commercial buildings 2
1.5 Bearing capacity failure mechanism proposed by Terzaghi 1943 4
1.6 General Shear Failure 4
1.7 Local Shear Failure 5
1.8 Punching Shear Failure 6
3.1 Model of Structure of building 12
3.2 design of a section 13
3.3 Model test mould 14
3.4 model of shallow foundation 15
3.5 Loading frame 15
3.6 Complete set up for vertical load test 16