PRACTICAL OF COMPUTER 2026

INDEX

Sr. TOPIC PAGE TEACHER SIG.

No.
01. Computer Introductions 1- 4
02. Computer input output device 5-8
03. Types of computer 9-12
04. MS. Word 13-15
05. MS. Excel 16-20
06. MS. Powerpoint 21-26
07. Introductions about Internet/Networking 27-30
08. Email or IP address 31-32
09. HTML 33-36
10. Python Programming 37-40
11. Java Programming 41-43
12. E-commerce Concepts 44-46
Computer Introduction.
1. Introduction to Computer:-

A computer is an electronic device that processes data and converts it into meaningful
information. It works according to a set of instructions called programs. Computers are
widely used in every field such as education, business, healthcare, entertainment, and
communication.

The word “computer” is derived from the Latin word computare, which means “to
calculate.” Initially, computers were used only for calculations, but now they can perform
many complex tasks quickly and accurately.

2. Characteristics of a Computer
1. Speed

Computers can perform millions of calculations in a second, making them extremely fast.

2. Accuracy

They provide accurate results if the input and instructions are correct.

3. Storage

Computers can store a large amount of data for future use.

4. Versatility

A computer can perform multiple types of tasks such as typing, drawing, calculating, and
browsing.

5. Automation

Once instructions are given, the computer performs tasks automatically without further
human intervention.

6. Diligence

Unlike humans, computers do not get tired or bored and can work continuously.

3. Basic Components of a Computer

A computer system mainly consists of the following parts:
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1. Input Unit

This unit is used to enter data into the computer.

Examples: Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Microphone

2. Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The CPU is known as the “brain of the computer.” It processes all instructions and controls
the functioning of the computer.

It has three parts:

 ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit): Performs calculations and logical operations

 Control Unit (CU): Controls all activities
 Registers: Temporary storage inside CPU

3. Output Unit

This unit displays the processed data to the user.

Examples: Monitor, Printer, Speakers

4. Memory Unit
It stores data and instructions.

Types of memory:

 Primary Memory: RAM, ROM

 Secondary Memory: Hard disk, Pen drive, CD/DVD

4. Types of Computers
Computers can be classified into different types:

1. Based on Size

 Supercomputers: Very powerful, used for scientific research

 Mainframe Computers: Used in large organizations
 Minicomputers: Medium-sized computers
 Microcomputers: Personal computers (PCs, laptops)

2. Based on Function

 Analog Computers: Work with continuous data

 Digital Computers: Work with discrete data (most common)
 Hybrid Computers: Combination of analog and digital
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5. Hardware and Software
Hardware

Hardware refers to the physical parts of a computer that we can see and touch.
Examples: Monitor, CPU, Keyboard, Mouse

Software

Software is a set of programs that tells the computer what to do.

Examples: Operating System, MS Word, Web Browsers

Types of software:

 System Software: Windows, Linux

 Application Software: MS Word, Excel

6. Uses of Computers
Computers are used in many areas:

1. Education

Used for online classes, research, and preparing assignments.

2. Business

Used for accounting, billing, and managing records.

3. Healthcare

Used for storing patient data, diagnosis, and medical research.

4. Entertainment

Used for watching movies, playing games, and listening to music.

5. Communication

Used for emails, video calls, and social media.

7. Advantages of Computers
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  Saves time and effort
 High accuracy
 Large storage capacity
 Multitasking ability
 Easy communication

8. Disadvantages of Computers
 Can cause health issues (eye strain, posture problems)
 Security risks (viruses, hacking)
 Job loss due to automation
 Dependency on machines

9. Conclusion
Computers have become an essential part of modern life. They make our work easier, faster,
and more efficient. From students to professionals, everyone depends on computers for daily
activities. Understanding the basics of computers is very important in today’s digital world.

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Computer Input and Output Devices

Introduction:-
A computer system works by taking data from the user, processing it, and producing results.
The devices that help in entering data into the computer are called input devices, and those
that display or produce the result are called output devices. Together, they form an essential
part of the computer system.

1. Input Devices

Definition:-
Input devices are hardware components used to enter data and instructions into a computer.

Functions of Input Devices

 Accept data from the user

 Convert data into machine-readable form
 Send data to the CPU for processing

Types of Input Devices

1. Keyboard

 Most commonly used input device

 Contains alphabets, numbers, and special keys
 Used for typing text and commands

2. Mouse

 Pointing device used to control cursor movement

 Used for clicking, selecting, dragging, and scrolling

3. Scanner

 Converts physical documents into digital format

 Used for storing images and documents

4. Microphone

 Used to input sound or voice

 Converts sound into digital signals
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5. Joystick

 Used mainly for playing games

 Controls movement in video games

6. Touchscreen

 Allows users to interact by touching the screen

 Common in smartphones and ATMs

7. Webcam

 Captures images and videos

 Used for video calls and recording

Diagram of Input Devices

INPUT DEVICES
----------------
| |
Keyboard Mouse
| |
Scanner Microphone
| |
Joystick Touchscreen

2. Output Devices
Definition

Output devices are hardware components that display or produce processed data from the
computer.

Functions of Output Devices

 Receive processed data from CPU

 Convert it into human-readable form
 Present information to the user

Types of Output Devices

1. Monitor

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  Displays output in visual form
 Types: LCD, LED, OLED

2. Printer

 Produces hard copy of documents

 Types:
o Inkjet Printer
o Laser Printer

3. Speaker

 Produces sound output

 Used for music, videos, and alerts

4. Headphones

 Similar to speakers but for personal use

5. Projector

 Displays output on a large screen

 Used in classrooms and presentations

6. Plotter

 Used for printing large designs like maps and charts

Diagram of Output Devices

OUTPUT DEVICES
----------------
| |
Monitor Printer
| |
Speaker Headphones
| |
Projector Plotter

3. Combined Diagram (Input → Processing → Output)

+------------------+
| Input Devices |
| (Keyboard, Mouse)|
+--------+---------+
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 |
v
+------------------+
| CPU |
| Processing Unit |
+--------+---------+
|
v
+------------------+
| Output Devices |
| (Monitor, Printer)|
+------------------+

4. Difference Between Input and Output Devices

Feature Input Devices Output Devices

Purpose Enter data into computer Display processed data
Direction User → Computer Computer → User
Examples Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner Monitor, Printer, Speaker
Conversion Human-readable → Machine-readable Machine-readable → Human-readable

Conclusion
Input and output devices are essential components of a computer system. Input devices allow
users to provide data and instructions, while output devices present the results in a
meaningful way. Together, they enable smooth communication between the user and the
computer.

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1. Types of Computers Based on Size

a) Supercomputers
Supercomputers are the fastest and most powerful computers available. They are designed to
perform complex calculations at extremely high speeds. These computers are used in
scientific research, weather forecasting, space exploration, and nuclear simulations.

Supercomputers can process trillions of calculations per second. They are very large in size
and require special cooling systems to manage heat. Due to their high cost, they are usually
used by government organizations and research institutions.

b) Mainframe Computers
Mainframe computers are large and powerful systems used by big organizations for bulk
data processing. They can support hundreds or even thousands of users simultaneously.

These computers are commonly used in banks, insurance companies, railways, and large
corporations for tasks like transaction processing, data storage, and enterprise resource
planning. Mainframes are known for their reliability, security, and ability to handle large
volumes of data.

c) Minicomputers
Minicomputers are smaller than mainframes but more powerful than microcomputers. They
were widely used in the past by small and medium-sized businesses.

Minicomputers support multiple users at the same time and are often used in manufacturing
industries and laboratories. However, with the advancement of technology, they have largely
been replaced by more powerful microcomputers and servers.

d) Microcomputers (Personal Computers)

Microcomputers are the most commonly used type of computers. They are designed for
individual use and are also known as personal computers (PCs).

Examples include:

 Desktop computers
 Laptops
 Tablets
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  Smartphones

Microcomputers are used for everyday tasks such as browsing the internet, word processing,
gaming, and multimedia activities. They are affordable, easy to use, and widely available.

2. Types of Computers Based on Functionality

a) Analog Computers

Analog computers process continuous data and are used to measure physical quantities such
as temperature, pressure, and speed. These computers work with signals rather than discrete
values.

They are mainly used in scientific and engineering applications, such as simulations and
industrial processes.

b) Digital Computers
Digital computers are the most widely used computers today. They process data in the form
of binary numbers (0s and 1s). Examples include laptops, desktops, and smartphones.

Digital computers are accurate, reliable, and capable of performing a wide range of tasks
such as calculations, data processing, and communication.

c) Hybrid Computers
Hybrid computers combine the features of both analog and digital computers. They are used
in specialized applications where both continuous and discrete data need to be processed.

For example, hybrid computers are used in hospitals for monitoring patients and in scientific
research where precise calculations and real-time data processing are required.

3. Types of Computers Based on Purpose

a) General-Purpose Computers

General-purpose computers are designed to perform a variety of tasks. They can run different
types of programs and applications.

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Examples include personal computers and laptops. These computers are versatile and widely
used in homes, schools, and offices.

b) Special-Purpose Computers
Special-purpose computers are designed to perform a specific task. They are built for a
particular application and cannot perform multiple general tasks.

Examples include:

 ATMs
 Traffic control systems
 Washing machine controllers
 Embedded systems in vehicles

These computers are efficient for their specific functions and are commonly found in
automated systems.

4. Modern Types of Computers

a) Workstations
Workstations are high-performance computers designed for technical or scientific
applications. They are more powerful than regular desktops and are used by engineers,
designers, and researchers.

b) Servers
Servers are computers that provide services, data, or resources to other computers over a
network. They play a crucial role in organizations by managing data, hosting websites, and
supporting applications.

c) Embedded Computers
Embedded computers are built into other devices to control their functions. They are not
used as standalone computers.

Examples include:

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  Microwave ovens
 Cars
 Smart TVs
 Industrial machines

These computers are designed for specific tasks and operate automatically.

d) Wearable Computers
Wearable computers are small devices that can be worn on the body. Examples include
smartwatches and fitness trackers.

They are used for health monitoring, communication, and tracking daily activities.

Conclusion
In conclusion, computers come in many different types, each designed to meet specific
needs. From powerful supercomputers used in scientific research to small embedded systems
in everyday devices, computers play a vital role in modern society. Understanding the
different types of computers helps us appreciate how technology is integrated into various
aspects of our lives. As technology continues to advance, new types of computers will
emerge, making our lives even more efficient and connected.

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Introduction to Microsoft Word:-
Microsoft Word is a word processing software developed by Microsoft. It is widely used for
creating, editing, formatting, and printing documents such as letters, reports, resumes, and
projects. It is a part of the Microsoft Office suite.

Features of MS Word:
 Text creation and editing
 Formatting (fonts, colors, styles)
 Spell check and grammar check
 Inserting images, tables, charts
 Page layout and design tools
 Printing and sharing documents

Uses of MS Word:
 Writing school assignments
 Creating professional documents
 Designing brochures and flyers
 Making resumes and applications

Basic Components of MS Word

When you open MS Word, you see different parts of the interface:

1. Title Bar – Shows the document name

2. Ribbon – Contains tabs like Home, Insert, Design, Layout
3. Quick Access Toolbar – Shortcuts for Save, Undo, Redo
4. Document Area – Where you type your content
5. Status Bar – Shows page number, word count
6. Scroll Bar – Helps navigate the document

Common Tabs:

 Home Tab – Font, paragraph, styles

 Insert Tab – Pictures, tables, shapes
 Design Tab – Themes and formatting

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  Layout Tab – Margins, orientation

Formatting in MS Word
Formatting improves the appearance of a document.

Text Formatting:

 Font style (Arial, Times New Roman)

 Font size
 Bold, Italic, Underline
 Text color and highlight

Paragraph Formatting:

 Alignment (Left, Center, Right, Justify)

 Line spacing
 Bullets and numbering
 Indentation

Page Formatting:

 Margins
 Page orientation (Portrait/Landscape)
 Page size
 Page borders

Inserting Elements in MS Word

MS Word allows adding different elements to enhance documents.

Insert Options:

 Tables – Organize data in rows and columns

 Pictures – Add images from device
 Shapes – Draw diagrams
 Charts – Represent data graphically
 Header & Footer – Add text at top/bottom
 Page Number – Number pages automatically

Steps to Insert a Picture:

1. Click on Insert tab

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 2. Select Pictures
3. Choose image from device
4. Click Insert

Saving, Printing, and Conclusion

Saving a Document:

1. Click File
2. Select Save As
3. Choose location
4. Enter file name
5. Click Save

Printing a Document:

1. Click File
2. Select Print
3. Choose printer
4. Click Print

Conclusion:
Microsoft Word is an essential tool for students and professionals. It makes document
creation easy and efficient. With its various features like formatting, inserting elements, and
editing tools, it helps in producing well-structured and attractive documents.

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Introduction to MS Excel
Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet program developed by Microsoft. It is a part of the
Microsoft Office suite. Excel is used to store, organize, calculate, and analyze data in a
structured format using rows and columns.

Excel is very helpful in performing mathematical calculations, managing large amounts of

data, and creating charts for better understanding. It is commonly used in schools, offices,
banks, and businesses.

Key Features of MS Excel:

 Data storage in tabular form

 Built-in formulas and functions
 Graphical representation of data
 Data sorting and filtering
 Automation using formulas

Components of Excel Window

1. Workbook:
A workbook is an Excel file that contains multiple worksheets.

2. Worksheet:
A worksheet is a single page where data is entered and managed.

3. Rows and Columns:

 Rows are horizontal (numbered 1, 2, 3…)

 Columns are vertical (labeled A, B, C…)

4. Cell:
A cell is the intersection of a row and a column (e.g., A1, B2).

5. Active Cell:
The currently selected cell where data is entered.

6. Formula Bar:
Displays or edits the content of the selected cell.

7. Ribbon:
The top menu area containing tabs like Home, Insert, Page Layout, etc.

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Data Entry and Editing
Entering Data:

 Click on a cell and type data

 Press Enter to confirm

Types of Data:

 Text (Names, labels)

 Numbers (Marks, salary)
 Dates (01/01/2025)

Editing Data:

 Double-click the cell or press F2

 Use Delete or Backspace to remove data

Copy and Paste:

 Use Ctrl + C to copy

 Use Ctrl + V to paste

AutoFill Feature:

 Drag the fill handle to automatically fill data (e.g., numbers, dates)

Formatting in Excel

Formatting improves the appearance of data.

Text Formatting:

 Bold, Italic, Underline

 Font size and color

Cell Formatting:

 Borders and shading

 Alignment (Left, Center, Right)

Number Formatting:

 Currency (₹ symbol)
 Percentage (%)
 Date format
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Formatting helps in making the spreadsheet more readable and professional.

Formulas and Functions

Formulas are used to perform calculations. Every formula begins with =.

Basic Formulas:

 Addition: =A1+B1
 Subtraction: =A1-B1
 Multiplication: =A1*B1
 Division: =A1/B1

Functions:

 SUM(A1:A10) → Adds values

 AVERAGE(A1:A10) → Calculates average
 MAX(A1:A10) → Finds maximum
 MIN(A1:A10) → Finds minimum
 COUNT(A1:A10) → Counts numbers

Functions save time and reduce errors.

Charts and Graphs

Charts help in visualizing data.

Types of Charts:

 Column Chart
 Bar Chart
 Line Chart
 Pie Chart

Steps to Create a Chart:

1. Select the data

2. Click on Insert tab
3. Choose a chart type

Charts make data easy to understand and analyze.

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Data Management Tools
Sorting:

 Arrange data in ascending or descending order

Filtering:

 Display only required data

Find and Replace:

 Quickly find specific data

 Replace with new values

Conditional Formatting:

 Highlight cells based on conditions

Example: Marks above 80 highlighted in green

Advanced Features
Pivot Tables:

 Used to summarize large data

 Helps in quick analysis

Data Validation:

 Restricts data entry (e.g., only numbers allowed)

Freeze Panes:

 Keeps rows/columns visible while scrolling

Protection:

 Protect sheets from unauthorized editing

Practical Applications

MS Excel is used in many real-life situations:

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  Preparing student mark sheets
 Salary calculation
 Budget planning
 Inventory management
 Data analysis in business

It is a very useful tool in daily life.

Advantages, Disadvantages, and Conclusion

Advantages:

 Easy to use
 Saves time
 Accurate calculations
 Handles large data

Disadvantages:

 Errors in formulas can cause problems

 Needs basic knowledge

Conclusion:-
MS Excel is an important software for students and professionals. It helps in organizing data,
performing calculations, and presenting information clearly. Learning Excel improves
productivity and efficiency in work.

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Introduction to MS PowerPoint
Microsoft PowerPoint is a presentation software developed by Microsoft. It is a part of the
Microsoft Office suite and is used to create slideshows for presenting information in a clear
and attractive way.

PowerPoint is widely used in schools, colleges, offices, and businesses to present ideas,
projects, reports, and data visually.

Features of MS PowerPoint:

 Creation of slides for presentations

 Use of text, images, audio, and video
 Built-in themes and templates
 Animation and transition effects
 Easy sharing and presentation

Components of PowerPoint Window

1. Slides:
Slides are individual pages of a presentation.

2. Slide Pane:
Displays the current slide being edited.

3. Thumbnail Pane:
Shows small previews of all slides.

4. Ribbon:
The top menu bar with tabs like Home, Insert, Design, etc.

5. Notes Section:
Area to add notes for the presenter.

6. Status Bar:
Shows slide number and other information.

These components help users create and manage presentations easily.

Creating and Formatting Slides

Creating a Presentation:

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  Open PowerPoint
 Select a blank presentation or template

Adding Slides:

 Click on “New Slide”

 Choose layout (Title Slide, Content, etc.)

Formatting Slides:

 Change font size, style, and color

 Apply themes and backgrounds
 Insert shapes and icons

Inserting Content:

 Text
 Pictures
 Tables
 Charts

Formatting makes slides more attractive and engaging.

Animations and Transitions

Animations:

 Applied to objects (text, images)

 Examples: Appear, Fade, Fly In

Transitions:

 Applied between slides

 Examples: Fade, Push, Wipe

Steps to Add Animation:

1. Select object
2. Click on Animations tab
3. Choose effect

Steps to Add Transition:

1. Select slide
2. Click on Transitions tab
3. Choose transition style
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Animations and transitions make presentations more dynamic and interesting.

Slide Show, Uses, and Conclusion

Slide Show:

 Press F5 to start presentation

 Use arrow keys to move between slides

Uses of PowerPoint:

 School projects
 Business presentations
 Teaching and training
 Seminars and meetings

Advantages:

 Easy to use
 Visually appealing
 Helps in better understanding

Disadvantages:

 Overuse of effects can distract

 Requires basic computer knowledge

Working with Themes and Backgrounds

Themes are pre-designed styles that give a professional look to presentations.

Features of Themes:

 Pre-set color combinations

 Font styles
 Background designs

Applying a Theme:

1. Go to Design tab
2. Select a theme
3. Apply to slides

Background Formatting:

 Solid color
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  Gradient color
 Picture background

Using themes and backgrounds improves the visual appeal of slides.

Inserting Pictures, Audio, and Video

Multimedia elements make presentations more interesting.

Inserting Pictures:

 Go to Insert tab → Pictures

 Choose image from computer

Inserting Audio:

 Insert → Audio
 Add sound or voice recording

Inserting Video:

 Insert → Video
 Add video file

Multimedia helps in better explanation and keeps audience engaged.

Working with Tables and Charts

Tables:

 Used to present data in rows and columns

Steps:

1. Insert → Table
2. Select rows and columns

Charts:

 Used for graphical representation

Types:

 Bar chart
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  Line chart
 Pie chart

Charts help in easy understanding of data.

Slide Master and Layouts

Slide Master:

 Controls design of all slides

 Ensures uniform formatting

Uses:

 Add logo to all slides

 Set same font and style

Layouts:

 Pre-designed slide formats

 Examples: Title Slide, Content Slide

Using Slide Master saves time and maintains consistency.

Printing and Sharing Presentations

Printing Options:

 Full page slides

 Handouts (multiple slides per page)

Sharing Methods:

 Email
 USB drive
 Cloud storage

Export Options:

 PDF format
 Video format

Sharing makes it easy to present work to others.

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Tips for Effective Presentation
 Keep slides simple
 Use bullet points
 Avoid too much text
 Use clear fonts
 Maintain proper color contrast

Presentation Skills:

 Speak clearly
 Maintain eye contact
 Be confident

Conclusion
Microsoft PowerPoint is an important tool for creating presentations. It helps in explaining
ideas visually and effectively. By using proper design, multimedia, and presentation skills,
anyone can create a professional and impressive presentation.

26
Introduction to Internet and Networking

1. What is a Network?
A network is a group of two or more computers or devices connected to share resources and
exchange information. Networks can be as small as two computers in a home (LAN – Local
Area Network) or as large as the global Internet.

Types of Networks
1. LAN (Local Area Network) – Covers a small area like a home, office, or building.
2. WAN (Wide Area Network) – Covers a large geographic area; the Internet is the
largest example.
3. MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) – Covers a city or town.
4. PAN (Personal Area Network) – Small network for personal devices like phones,
laptops, and wearables.

Practical Example:
 Connecting a printer to multiple computers in an office uses a LAN.
 Accessing a website in another country uses a WAN.

Diagram to Insert:

 Simple LAN diagram showing computers connected to a switch/router.

2. What is the Internet?

The Internet is a global network of interconnected computers and servers that communicate
using standardized protocols. It allows users to share information, access websites, send
emails, and stream media.

Key Components of the Internet

1. IP Address (Internet Protocol) – Unique address identifying each device on a

network.
2. DNS (Domain Name System) – Translates human-readable domain names (like
[Link]) into IP addresses.
3. ISP (Internet Service Provider) – Company that provides Internet access (e.g.,
Comcast, AT&T).
4. Web Servers and Clients – Servers host websites; clients (browsers) access them.

Practical Exercise:

27
  Find your computer’s IP address:
o Windows: ipconfig in Command Prompt
o Mac/Linux: ifconfig in Terminal

Diagram to Insert:

 Simple Internet diagram showing client → ISP → DNS → Server.

3. Networking Devices

Networking requires devices to connect, manage, and route data:

1. Router – Directs data between networks (e.g., home router).

2. Switch – Connects devices within a LAN.
3. Hub – Basic device connecting multiple devices, less intelligent than a switch.
4. Modem – Converts digital data to analog signals and vice versa for Internet access.
5. Access Point (AP) – Extends wireless network coverage.

Practical Exercise:

 Identify networking devices in your home or lab. Label which are routers, switches, or
access points.

4. Network Protocols

Protocols are rules for communication in a network. Common protocols include:

1. TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) – Core protocol of the

Internet.
2. HTTP/HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol / Secure) – For accessing web pages.
3. FTP (File Transfer Protocol) – For transferring files between computers.
4. SMTP/IMAP/POP3 – For sending and receiving emails.
5. DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) – Automatically assigns IP addresses.

Practical Exercise:
 Open Command Prompt/Terminal and ping a website:

ping [Link]

 Observe the response times and IP address.

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5. Types of Network Connections
1. Wired Networks – Use cables like Ethernet; faster and more reliable.
2. Wireless Networks – Use Wi-Fi; convenient but can be affected by interference.
3. Mobile Networks – 4G/5G for smartphones.
4. Satellite Internet – Useful in remote areas but higher latency.

Practical Exercise:

 Check your Wi-Fi speed using free online tools like Speedtest.
 Compare wired vs. wireless speed on the same device.

6. Network Security Basics

Networking comes with security risks. Common threats include viruses, malware, and
unauthorized access.

Security Measures:

1. Firewall – Blocks unauthorized access.

2. Antivirus Software – Protects against malicious programs.
3. Strong Passwords & Encryption – Secure Wi-Fi and sensitive data.
4. VPN (Virtual Private Network) – Encrypts data when using public networks.

Practical Exercise:

 Turn on the firewall on your computer and check blocked connections.

 Create a strong Wi-Fi password (12+ characters with numbers, letters, symbols).

7. Summary and Practical Applications

The Internet and networking are crucial for modern life. From accessing cloud services to
streaming video, understanding networks helps you troubleshoot issues, secure systems, and
optimize performance.

Key Takeaways:

 Networks allow sharing of data and resources.

 The Internet is a global network of networks.

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  Devices, protocols, and security measures are essential for safe and efficient
networking.

Suggested Hands-On Practice:

 Connect two computers via LAN and transfer a file.

 Access a website using its IP instead of the domain name to understand DNS.
 Use Wireshark (network analyzer) to capture packets and see network traffic.

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Email and IP Address

Introduction to Email
Email (Electronic Mail) is a method of sending and receiving digital messages over the
internet. It is one of the most widely used communication tools in the modern world.

2. Structure of an Email Address

An email address has three main parts:

 Username: The name of the user (e.g., john123)

 @ Symbol: Separates username and domain
 Domain Name: The mail server (e.g., [Link])

👉 Example: john123@[Link]

3. Features of Email

 Fast communication
 Can send attachments (documents, images, etc.)
 Accessible from anywhere
 Cost-effective

4. Uses of Email

 Personal communication
 Business communication
 Sending official documents
 Online registrations

5. Practical Activity (Email)

Objective: Create and send an email

Steps:

1. Open an email service (like Gmail)

2. Click on “Compose”
3. Enter recipient email address
4. Write subject and message
5. Click “Send”

Result: Email successfully sent to the recipient

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Introduction to IP Address
1. What is an IP Address?

An IP (Internet Protocol) Address is a unique number assigned to each device connected to a

network. It helps identify and communicate between devices on the internet.

2. Types of IP Address

 IPv4: Example → [Link]

 IPv6: Example → 2001:0db8:85a3::8a2e:0370:7334

3. Structure of IP Address

 IPv4 consists of four numbers separated by dots

 Each number ranges from 0 to 255

4. Uses of IP Address

 Identifies devices on a network

 Helps in data transfer
 Used in website hosting and networking

5. Practical Activity (IP Address)

Objective: Find your computer’s IP address

Steps:

1. Open Command Prompt (Windows)

2. Type: ipconfig
3. Press Enter
4. Look for “IPv4 Address”

Result: Your system’s IP address is displayed

Conclusion :- Email and IP addresses are essential components of internet

communication. Email allows users to send messages quickly, while IP addresses help
devices connect and communicate with each other efficiently.

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Introduction to HTML
HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is the standard language used to create webpages. It
defines the structure of a webpage using tags.

Key Points:

 HTML is not a programming language; it’s a markup language.

 Web browsers read HTML files and display content on the screen.

2. Basic Structure of an HTML Document

Every HTML document has a basic structure:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>My First Page</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome to HTML</h1>
<p>This is my first webpage.</p>
</body>
</html>

Explanation of Tags:

 <!DOCTYPE html> → Defines HTML version

 <html> → Root element of the page
 <head> → Contains metadata and title
 <title> → Page title shown in browser tab
 <body> → Contains visible content
 <h1> → Heading
 <p> → Paragraph

3. Practical Activity 1: Create Your First Webpage

Objective: Make a simple webpage.

Steps:

1. Open Notepad (Windows) or any text editor

2. Write the basic HTML code shown above
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 3. Save the file as [Link]
4. Open the file in any browser

Result: You will see a webpage with heading “Welcome to HTML” and a paragraph.

HTML Tags and Elements

1. Common HTML Tags

Tag Description Example

<h1> to <h6> Headings <h2>My Heading</h2>

<p> Paragraph <p>This is a paragraph.</p>

<a> Hyperlink <a href="[Link]

<img> Image <img src="[Link]" alt="My Image">

<ul> / <ol> Lists <ul><li>Item 1</li></ul>

<table> Table <table><tr><td>Data</td></tr></table>

2. Practical Activity 2: Add Content

Objective: Add headings, paragraph, and links to webpage.

Code Example:

<h1>My Favorite Websites</h1>

<p>Here are some websites I like:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="[Link]
<li><a href="[Link]
</ul>

Result: You will see a heading, a paragraph, and a clickable list of links.

Images, Tables, and Forms

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1. Adding Images

<img src="[Link]" alt="Flower" width="300" height="200">

 src → image file

 alt → text if image doesn’t load
 width & height → size of image

2. Creating Tables

<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Age</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>John</td>
<td>20</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Mary</td>
<td>22</td>
</tr>
</table>

 <table> → Creates table

 <tr> → Table row
 <th> → Table header
 <td> → Table data

3. Creating Forms

<form>
Name: <input type="text" name="name"><br><br>
Email: <input type="email" name="email"><br><br>
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form>

 <form> → Container for form

 <input> → Textbox, email, submit button
 type → Specifies input type

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4. Practical Activity 3: Complete Webpage
Objective: Make a small webpage with headings, paragraphs, images, links, and a form.
Steps:

1. Combine all previous codes

2. Save as [Link]
3. Open in browser

Result: You get a simple webpage with content, links, image, table, and form.

Conclusion
HTML is the foundation of web development. By learning HTML, you can create simple
webpages, structure content, add images, links, tables, and interactive forms.

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Python Programming

Introduction to Python
Python is a high-level, interpreted programming language known for its simplicity and
readability. It is widely used in web development, data science, artificial intelligence, and
automation.

2. Features of Python

 Easy to learn and use

 Interpreted language (no need for compilation)
 Cross-platform (runs on Windows, Linux, Mac)
 Large standard library
 Supports multiple programming paradigms

3. Basic Syntax of Python

Python uses simple and readable syntax.

# My first Python program

print("Hello, World!")

Explanation:

 print() → Displays output on the screen

 No semicolon required
 Indentation is important in Python

4. Practical Activity 1: Hello Program

Objective: Print a message on the screen

Steps:

1. Open IDLE or any Python editor

2. Type the code above
3. Run the program

Result: Output will display → Hello, World!

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Variables and Data Types
1. Variables in Python

Variables are used to store data values.

name = "John"
age = 20
marks = 85.5

2. Data Types

 int → Integer (e.g., 10)

 float → Decimal (e.g., 10.5)
 str → String (e.g., "Hello")
 bool → True/False

3. Taking User Input

name = input("Enter your name: ")

print("Hello", name)

4. Practical Activity 2: Simple Calculator

Objective: Perform addition of two numbers

a = int(input("Enter first number: "))

b = int(input("Enter second number: "))
sum = a + b
print("Sum =", sum)

Result: Program adds two numbers entered by the user

Control Statements and Loops

1. Conditional Statements

Used to make decisions

age = int(input("Enter age: "))

if age >= 18:
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 print("You are eligible to vote")
else:
print("You are not eligible")

2. Loops in Python

For Loop
for i in range(1, 6):
print(i)
While Loop
i = 1
while i <= 5:
print(i)
i += 1

3. Practical Activity 3: Print Table

Objective: Print multiplication table

num = int(input("Enter a number: "))

for i in range(1, 11):
print(num, "x", i, "=", num * i)

Result: Displays multiplication table

Functions and Conclusion

1. Functions in Python

Functions are blocks of code that perform a specific task.

def greet(name):
print("Hello", name)

greet("John")

2. Advantages of Functions

 Code reusability
 Easy debugging

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  Improves readability

3. Practical Activity 4: Function Program

Objective: Create a function to find square of a number

def square(n):
return n * n

num = int(input("Enter number: "))

print("Square =", square(num))

Result: Displays square of the number

Conclusion
Python is a powerful and easy-to-learn programming language. It is widely used in different
fields such as web development, automation, and data science. Learning Python helps in
building logical thinking and programming skills.

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Java Programming

Introduction to Java
Java is a high-level, object-oriented programming language developed by Sun
Microsystems. It is platform-independent, meaning a program written in Java can run on
any operating system with the Java Virtual Machine (JVM).

Key Features of Java:

 Object-oriented
 Platform-independent (Write Once, Run Anywhere)
 Robust and secure
 Rich standard library
 Supports multithreading

2. Basic Structure of a Java Program

public class HelloWorld {

public static void main(String[] args) {
[Link]("Hello, World!");
}
}

Explanation of Tags:

 class → Defines a class in Java

 main() → Entry point of the program
 [Link]() → Prints output on the screen

3. Practical Activity 1: Hello World Program

Objective: Write and run your first Java program

Steps:

1. Open Notepad or any Java IDE (e.g., Eclipse, IntelliJ)

2. Type the code above
3. Save as [Link]
4. Compile: javac [Link]
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 5. Run: java HelloWorld

Result: Output → Hello, World!

Variables, Data Types, and Loops

1. Variables and Data Types

Variables store data values. Java has different types:

Type Example

int int age = 20;

float float price = 10.5f;

double double salary = 5000.75;

char char grade = 'A';

String String name = "John";

boolean boolean isJavaFun = true;

2. Practical Activity 2: Simple Addition

Objective: Add two numbers using Java

import [Link];

public class AddNumbers {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner([Link]);
[Link]("Enter first number: ");
int a = [Link]();
[Link]("Enter second number: ");
int b = [Link]();
int sum = a + b;
[Link]("Sum = " + sum);
}
}

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Result: Program takes input and prints the sum

3. Loops in Java

For Loop Example

for(int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
[Link]("Number: " + i);
}
While Loop Example
int i = 1;
while(i <= 5) {
[Link]("Number: " + i);
i++;
}

4. Practical Activity 3: Multiplication Table

Scanner sc = new Scanner([Link]);

[Link]("Enter a number: ");
int num = [Link]();

for(int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {

[Link](num + " x " + i + " = " + (num * i));
}

Result: Displays the multiplication table of the input number

Conclusion
Java is a versatile and widely used programming language. Learning Java helps in
developing desktop applications, web applications, and Android apps. Understanding the
basics of variables, loops, and input/output is essential for building advanced programs.

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E-Commerce Concepts

Introduction to E-Commerce

1. What is E-Commerce?

E-Commerce (Electronic Commerce) is the buying and selling of goods and services over
the internet. It allows businesses and consumers to interact online without physical presence.

Key Points:

 Conducted over websites, mobile apps, and online platforms

 Includes online shopping, banking, ticket booking, and more
 Provides convenience, speed, and global reach

2. Types of E-Commerce

1. B2C (Business to Consumer)

o Business sells products/services directly to consumers.
o Example: Amazon, Flipkart
2. B2B (Business to Business)
o Transactions between businesses.
o Example: Alibaba
3. C2C (Consumer to Consumer)
o Consumers sell products/services to other consumers.
o Example: eBay, OLX
4. C2B (Consumer to Business)
o Consumers offer products or services to businesses.
o Example: Freelance platforms like Upwork

3. Practical Activity 1: Identify E-Commerce Websites

Objective: Identify and classify e-commerce websites by type

Steps:

1. Visit any website like Amazon or eBay

2. Determine its type (B2C, B2B, etc.)
3. Write examples in a table
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Website Type Purpose

Amazon B2C Online shopping

Alibaba B2B Business product supply

OLX C2C Selling used products

Features, Advantages, and Practical Activity

1. Features of E-Commerce

 Online product catalogs

 Shopping cart and checkout
 Payment gateways (credit/debit, wallets)
 Order tracking
 Customer reviews and ratings

2. Advantages of E-Commerce

 24/7 availability
 No geographic boundaries
 Cost-effective and time-saving
 Easy comparison of products
 Direct customer feedback

3. Practical Activity 2: Online Shopping Simulation

Objective: Understand the e-commerce buying process

Steps:

1. Open an e-commerce website (like Amazon, Flipkart)

2. Select a product to buy
3. Add the product to the shopping cart
4. Proceed to checkout
5. Choose payment method (do not complete the actual payment)
6. Note the steps involved

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Observation:
 Product selection, cart, checkout, and payment are key steps in e-commerce
 Online reviews and ratings influence purchase decisions

4. Conclusion
E-Commerce has transformed the way people buy and sell products. Understanding the
types, features, and practical usage of e-commerce helps in leveraging online business
opportunities effectively.

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