Chapter-1
Motion
• Rest-> A body is said to be in a state of rest when its position
does not change with respect to a reference point.
• Motion-> A body is said to be in a state of motion when its
position change continuously with reference to a point.
→ Motion can be of different types depending upon the type of
path by which the object is going through.
(i) Circulatory motion/Circular motion – In a circular path.
(ii) Linear motion – In a straight line path.
(iii) Oscillatory/Vibratory motion – To and fro path with respect
to origin.
• Scalar quantity-> It is the physical quantity having own
magnitude but no direction. Example: distance, speed.
• Vector quantity-> It is the physical quantity that requires
both magnitude and direction.
Example: displacement, velocity.
Distance and Displacement
→ The actual path or length travelled by a object during its
journey from its initial position to its final position is called the
distance.
→ Distance is a scalar quantity which requires only magnitude
but no direction to explain [Link]: Ramesh travelled 65 km.
(Distance is measured by odometer in vehicles.)
→ Displacement is a vector quantity requiring both magnitude
and direction for its [Link]: Ramesh travelled 65
km south-west from Clock Tower.
→ Displacement can be zero (when initial point and final point
of motion are same)Example: circular motion.
Uniform and Non-uniform Motions
Uniform Motion
→ When a body travels equal distance in equal interval of time,
then the motion is said to be uniform motion.
Non-uniform Motion
→ In this type of motion, the body will travel unequal distances
in equal intervals of time.
Two types of non-uniform-motion
(i) Accelerated Motion: When motion of a body increases with
time.
(ii) Retardation/Deaceleration Motion: When motion of a
body decreases with time.
Speed
→ The measurement of distance travelled by a body per unit
time is called speed.
• Speed (v) = Distance Travelled/Time Taken = s/t
• SI unit = m/s (meter/second)
→ If a body is executing uniform motion, then there will be a
constant speed or uniform motion.
→ If a body is travelling with non-uniform motion, then the
speed will not remain uniform but have different values
throughout the motion of such body.
→ For non-uniform motion, average speed will describe one
single value of speed throughout the motion of the body.
• Average speed = Total distance travelled/Total time taken
Velocity
→ It is the speed of a body in given direction.
• Velocity = Displacement/Time
→ Velocity is a vector quantity. Its value changes when either
its magnitude or direction changes.
→ For non-uniform motion in a given line, average velocity will
be calculated in the same way as done in average speed.
• Average velocity = Total displacement/Total time.
• For uniformly changing velocity, the average velocity can be
calculated as follows :Avg. Velocity (vavg) = (Initial velocity +
Final velocity)/2 = (u+v)/2
where, u = initial velocity, v = final velocity
• SI unit of velocity = ms-1.\
• Velocity = Displacement/Time.
→ It can be positive (+ve), negative (-ve) or zero.
Example 1: During first half of a journey by a body it travel
with a speed of 40 km/hr and in the next half it travels with a
speed of 20 km/hr. Calculate the average speed of the whole
journey.
Solution
Speed during first half (v1) = 40 km/hr
Speed during second half (v 2 ) = 20 km/hr
Average speed = (v1+v2)/2 = (40+60)/2 = 60/2 = 30
Average speed by an object (body) = 30 km/hr.
Example 2: A car travels 20 km in first hour, 40 km in second
hour and 30 km in third hour. Calculate the average speed of
the train.
Solution
Speed in Ist hour = 20 km/hr
Distance travelled during 1st hr = 1×20= 20 km
Speed in 2nd hour = 40 km/hr
Distance travelled during 2nd hr = 1×40= 40 km
Speed in 3rd hour = 30 km/hr
Distance travelled during 3rd hr = 1×30= 30 km
Average speed = Total distance travelled/Total time taken=
(20+40+30)/3 = 90/3 = 30 km/hr
Acceleration
→ Acceleration is seen in non-uniform motion and it can be
defined as the rate of change of velocity with time.
• Acceleration (a) = Change in velocity/Time = (v-u)/twhere, v =
final velocity, u = initial velocity
ss
→ If v > u, then ‘a’ will be positive (+ve).
Retardation/Deaceleration
→ Deceleration is seen in non-uniform motion during decrease
in velocity with time. It has same definition as acceleration.
• Deceleration (a') = Change in velocity/Time = (v-u)/t Here, v <
u, ‘a’ = negative (-ve).
The three equations of motion of a body moving
along a straight line with uniform acceleration are -
Uniform Circular Motion
When a body moves along a circular path with a uniform speed,
its motion is called uniform circular
motion.
Examples: Motion of the Moon around the Earth, a cyclist moving
in a circular track at constant speed
In uniform circular motion, although the speed remains constant,
the direction of motion and velocity
change continuously. Thus, uniform circular motion is an
accelerated motion.
The external force needed to make a body travel in a circular
path is known as centripetal force.
The circumference of a circle of radius ‘r’ is given by 2r. If a
body takes ‘t’ seconds to go once round
the circular path of radius ‘r’, then its velocity ‘v’ is given by
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