AS2001 - Applied Mechanics 2/21/2025

Section 2: Mechanics of deformable solids

Chapter 3: Basic concepts of elastically deformed solids

Chapter 4: Stress and Strain

Chapter 5: Strength of bar type problems

Section 2: Mechanics of deformable solids

CONCEPT
1. Introduction to the mechanics of elastically
deforming solids
2. Equilibrium of a deformed body

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Section 2: Basic concepts of elastically deformed solids

1. Introduction to the mechanics of elastically deformed solids

Solid mechanics is a branch of mechanics that studies the effects

of stress and deformation on the internal structure of solids
under the influence of external forces.
From the stress quantity, we can calculate the strength of the
material. Meanwhile, the strain quantity is used to calculate the
displacement of the material.
It is important to understand the concept of the subject clearly
because many formulas and laws for design in engineering are
based on the principles of this subject.

Section 2: Basic concepts of elastically deformed solids

1. Introduction to the mechanics of elastically deformed solids

History of development

 In the early 17th century, Galileo conducted many experiments on the effects of loads on bars
and beams made from various materials. However, in the early 18th century, many
experimental methods for testing materials were improved everywhere, especially in France,
where there were famous Mechanics such as Saint-Venant, Poisson, Lamé and Navier.

 Over the years, after solving many basic problems of mechanics of materials, it was necessary
to use advanced mathematics and computer technology to solve more complex problems. As
a result, from this field opened up many different fields of mechanics such as elasticity theory,
plasticity theory. Research in many fields continues to solve more complex problems in
engineering.

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Section 2: Basic concepts of elastically deformed solids

2. Equilibrium of deformable solid

External force
Concentrated
force

G Surface
w(x) force

FR
Force Body
distribution force P
on the line

Section 2: Basic concepts of elastically deformed solids

2. Equilibrium of deformable solid

Reaction forces
Table 1.1
Type of connection Reaction force
1. Cable, chain or bar The string is
always taut
with tension
along the
direction of the
string.

2. Smooth contact The interaction force

between two
smooth surfaces is a
compressive force
and is perpendicular
to the surface.

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Section 2: Basic concepts of elastically deformed solids

2. Equilibrium of deformable solid

3. Slide pin

Force perpendicular to
the bearing surface

4. Fixed pin A force with any direction

lying in a plane
perpendicular to the axis of
rotation, we usually analyze
into two components Rx, Ry

5. Fixed/Jaw support The fixed/jaw linkage

includes an axial
reaction force F, a shear
reaction force V and a
moment reaction force
M to resist movement.

Section 2: Basic concepts of elastically deformed solids

2. Equilibrium of deformable solid

Equilibrium equation
 Fkx  0
 In 2 dimension space
   Fky  0  Fkx  0
 FR  0  Fkz  0 
     m ( F )  0  Fky  0
 M RO  0  x k  m (F )  0
 O k
 m y ( Fk )  0

 mz ( Fk )  0
Whether or not the equilibrium equation is used successfully depends on the analysis of the unknowns,
which are the reaction forces involved.

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Section 2: Basic concepts of elastically deformed solids

2. Equilibrium of deformable solid

Total internal force

Consider 4 Use a cross section Reduce the internal force to point
equilibrium forces to cut the object in O, which is the center of gravity of
half to examine the cross section.
F3 F4 internal forces.
MRO FR

F2 F2 F2
F1 F1 F1

In the bar and beam problem, the cross section will be perpendicular to the axis of the bar and beam.

Section 2: Basic concepts of elastically deformed solids

2. Equilibrium of deformable solid

In three-dimensional space
Analyze MRO and FR into perpendicular and in-section components
T
Axial force, N: is the force perpendicular to the cross-section. This force
appears when an external force acts to cause two parts of an object to be
stretched or compressed.
MRO N FR
Shear force, Q : is the force within the section. This force appears when an
external force acts to cause two parts to tend to slide against each other.

Q
O Torque, T : is the moment perpendicular to the cross-section. This moment
M
occurs when an external force causes a part of the object to twist about an
axis perpendicular to the cross-section.
F2
F1 Bending moment, M : is the moment in the section. This moment appears
when an external force bends an object around an axis in the section plane.

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Section 2: Basic concepts of elastically deformed solids

2. Equilibrium of deformable solid

External plane-force system

Consider an object subjected to a plane force system. Because the external force system is plane, the
internal force components at the cross-section only have the axial force component Nz, shear force Qy
and bending moment Mx.

F2 Section F3 F2
Qy
Mx
z
Nz
F4
F1 F1

y
Representation in the conventional positive direction

Section 2: Basic concepts of elastically deformed solids

2. Equilibrium of deformable solid

Find internal forces in a plane force system

Consider left-side solid Consider right-side solid
y F3
F2 Qy Qy
Mx Mx
z z
Nz Nz
F4
F1
y
Right coordinate system Inverse coordinate system

When analyzing internal forces, we will have internal  Fy  0  Qy

force components Nz, Qy, Mx. To find these three 
 Fz  0  N z
internal force components, we only need to use the  m 0 M
force balance conditions for a plane force system.  Ox x

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Section 2: Basic concepts of elastically deformed solids

2. Equilibrium of deformable solid

Steps to calculate internal force

Step 1: Calculate the reaction forces acting on the system (if required!)
Analyze the reaction forces acting on the system. If the system consists of many
objects linked together, we must calculate all the reaction forces between the objects.
Then use the necessary equilibrium equations to calculate the reaction forces.
Step 2: Analyze the free body model
All external forces including the reaction components must be kept in their correct
positions, the cross-section position must be selected at the position where the
internal forces are to be calculated and the internal forces must be analyzed.
Step 3: Force balance equation
Force includes internal force and external force. If the force system is flat, we have 3
balanced equations and we will find 3 internal force components.

Section 2: Basic concepts of elastically deformed solids

2. Equilibrium of deformable solid

Example: Find the internal force components at point C

270 N/m

A B

C
3m 6m
Solution
Calculate the reaction force acting on the system.
We do not need to calculate the bond reaction at A because we can consider the CB section
to calculate the internal force at C.
Free-form body model
We will consider the free body model for section CB. It is important that we keep the
distributed force after considering the cross section, then we calculate the resultant force of
the distributed force on section CB.

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Section 2: Basic concepts of elastically deformed solids

2. Equilibrium of deformable solid

270 N/m 180 N/m

A B

C
3m 6m

Force distributed at point C : w / 6 = 270 / 9 so w=180 (N/m)

540 N
The resultant force of the distributed force on 180 N/m
the CB segment with the point of application Qy
passing through the center of gravity of the N C B
z
distribution shape 6 / 3 = 2 (m) from the end C
Mx
has magnitude F = 180 * 6 / 2 = 540 (N) 2m 4m

Section 2: Basic concepts of elastically deformed solids

2. Equilibrium of deformable solid

540 N Equilibrium equation

180 N/m
Qy
Because the force system is flat, we have 3 force balance
Mx equations to find the three internal force components Nz,
C B Qy, Mx.
Nz
 Fy  Qy  540  0  Qy  540 (N)
2m 4m

 Fz   N z  0  N z  0 (N)
 m   M  540  2  0  M  1080 (N  m)
 Cx x x
540 N
135 N
Note: We can still calculate the internal force 90 N/m
180 N/m
components by considering the AC segment, but then 1215 N Mx
we have to calculate the reaction force at end A. We A C
3645 N.m Nz
will get a free body model as shown on the side. From
1m 1,5 m Qy
there we will also calculate the internal force
components as above. 0,5 m

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Section 2: Basic concepts of elastically deformed solids

2. Equilibrium of deformable solid

Question: At what position on the beam will the shear force and
moment magnitude be maximum?
• Finding the maximum shear force and moment is nothing more than an extremum problem.
• To answer the above question, we must examine the distribution function of shear force and
moment along the length of the beam.
• Investigate the shear force and moment distribution function depending on the position
variable changing in the model (variable z in the z-axis direction). From there, we find the
extreme value of the function according to variable z and we will get the maximum value at a
specific position.

The steps to find the moment distribution function will be similar to the way to find the internal
force components, but instead of calculating the internal force at a specific location, we will
calculate the internal force depending on the position variable z. Therefore, we must choose
one end of the beam as the origin, the z coordinate at the cross-section location being
calculated will have the z coordinate compared to the origin position we have chosen.

Section 2: Basic concepts of elastically deformed solids

2. Equilibrium of deformable solid

Calculate the internal force component at any point C on the beam at a distance z from end B.

270 N/m 270 * z / 9 = 30z

A B

C
9-z z
15z2
The resultant force of the distributed force on 30z
the CB segment with the point of application Qy
passing through the center of gravity of the
distribution shape at a distance z / 3 from the Nz C B
end C has magnitude F = 30z * z / 2 = 15z2 Mx
z/3 2z/3

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Section 2: Basic concepts of elastically deformed solids

2. Equilibrium of deformable solid

15z2 Equilibrium equation

30z
Qy
Because the force system is flat, we have 3 force balance
Mx equations to find the three internal force components Nz,
C B Qy, Mx.
Nz
 Fy  Qy  15 z 2  0  Qy  15 z 2
z/3 2z/3 
 Fz   N z  0  Nz  0
 m   M  15 z 2  z / 3  0  M  5 z 3
  Cx x x

To find the position where the shear force and internal moment are the largest, we just need to
find the largest value on the shear force and moment distribution function as above.
dQy
Qy  15 z 2   30 z  0 z  [0;9]
dz
The function always increases on the interval [0; 9] so the shear force reaches its maximum
value at position z = 9 (m) corresponding to Qymax = 1215 (N)

Section 2: Basic concepts of elastically deformed solids

2. Equilibrium of deformable solid

d Mx
M x  5z3 
 15 z 2  0 z  [0,9]
dz
The function always increases on the interval [0;9] so the moment reaches its maximum
value at position z = 9 (m) corresponding to Mxmax = 3645 (N.m)
Comment:
• We find the magnitude of the maximum shear force and moment at position z=9(m)
right at end A of the beam, that maximum value is also equal to the connecting reaction
at end A.
• The distribution function is a first-order function, corresponding to which the shear
force is a second-order function and the internal moment is a cubic function. These
three components have a differential relationship.
Through the above example, we find the distribution function of shear force and moment
along the length of the beam. From this function we can draw a graph, this graph is called
internal force diagram.

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Section 2: Basic concepts of elastically deformed solids

2. Equilibrium of deformable solid

Internal force diagram

270 N/m

A B

9m
1215 N

Qy Qy  15 z 2
z
Mx M x  5 z 3

-3645 N.m

Section 2: Basic concepts of elastically deformed solids

2. Equilibrium of deformable solid

Relationship between load, shear force and bending moment

To find the relationship between the members, we consider a small beam section of
dimension dz. The load that will act on the upper surface of the element can be a
distributed force, a concentrated force or a moment as shown in the figure.
q P M0

Mx Qy Mx + dMx Mx Qy Mx + Mx1 Mx Qy Mx + Mx1

dz Qy + dQy dz Qy + Qy1 dz Qy + Qy1

When a force acts on an element, the internal force components on the left and right
sides of the element may be different.
For each type of load, we can write two force balance equations, a vertical force balance
equation that obtains the relationship between load and shear force, and a moment
balance equation that obtains the relationship between shear force and bending moment.

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Section 2: Basic concepts of elastically deformed solids

2. Equilibrium of deformable solid

Distributed force
q Consider the condition of vertical force balance

Mx Qy Mx + dMx F y  Qy  q  dz  (Qy  dQy )  0

If the force is distributed upward,
dQy
  q we will remove the (-) sign in the
dz Qy + dQy dz above equation.
Take the total moment for the left cross-section of the element
dz
m x   M x  q  dz 
2
 (M x  dM x )  (Qy  dQy )  dz  0

dM x
  Qy
dz

Section 2: Basic concepts of elastically deformed solids

2. Equilibrium of deformable solid

Comment:
• If there is no distributed load (q=0) then dQy/dz=0 meaning the shear force will be constant.

• If the distributed load is constant then dQy/dz is also constant and the shear force varies
linearly (first order).

• If the shear force is zero then the bending moment will be extreme or constant at that
location.

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Section 2: Basic concepts of elastically deformed solids

2. Equilibrium of deformable solid

Concentrated force
Consider the condition of vertical force balance
P
F y  Qy  P  (Qy  Qy1 )  0
Mx Qy Mx + Mx1
If the force is distributed upward, we will
 Qy1   P remove the (-) sign in the above equation.
dz Qy + Qy1

Take the total moment for the left cross-section of the element
dz
 mx   M x  P  2  (M x  M x1 )  (Qy  Qy1 )  dz  0
dz
 M x1  P   Qy dx  Qy1dx
2

Section 2: Basic concepts of elastically deformed solids

2. Equilibrium of deformable solid

Comment:
• The abrupt change (jump) of the shear force appears at the location of the concentrated force.
• When moving from left to right of the element passing through the point of action of the
concentrated force, the shear force will decrease by exactly the magnitude of the concentrated
force P.
• There is no abrupt change (jump) of the bending moment when passing through the point of
action of the concentrated force.
• There is an abrupt change in the rate of change (slope) of the bending moment when passing
through the point of action of the concentrated force, this change is exactly equal to the
magnitude of the concentrated force P.

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Section 2: Basic concepts of elastically deformed solids

2. Equilibrium of deformable solid

Load in the form of torque

M0 Consider the condition of vertical force balance

Mx Qy Mx + Mx1
F y  Qy  (Qy  Qy1 )  0

 Qy1  0
dz Qy + Qy1

Take the total moment for the left cross-section of the element

m x   M x  M 0  ( M x  M x1 )  (Qy  Qy1 )  dz  0

 M x1   M 0

Section 2: Basic concepts of elastically deformed solids

2. Equilibrium of deformable solid

Comment:
• The shear force remains constant at the point of action of the couple.
• The bending moment will change abruptly (jump) at the point of action of the couple.

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Section 2: Basic concepts of elastically deformed solids

2. Equilibrium of deformable solid

How to draw internal force diagram

 Method 1: Analytical method (write equations and draw graphs)
Step 1: Calculate the reaction forces acting on the system (if necessary!)
Release the link to analyze the link reactions. Then use the necessary equilibrium
equations to calculate the link reactions.
Step 2: Segmentation on the object
Segment the object so that there are no abrupt changes in force, moment and direction of
the object.
Step 3: Analyze the free body model on each segment
Use the force balance equation to write the mathematical expression of the internal force
component according to the coordinate variable z.
Step 4: Draw the internal force diagram
Drawing internal force diagrams based on mathematical expressions is similar to drawing
function graphs.

Section 2: Basic concepts of elastically deformed solids

2. Equilibrium of deformable solid

Example: Draw an internal force diagram for a beam with a force diagram as shown.

P = 20 kN M = 20 kN.m q = 10 kN/m
A
C B
D E

1m 1m 1m 2m

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Section 2: Basic concepts of elastically deformed solids

2. Equilibrium of deformable solid

Calculate the reaction force acting on the system.

Q = 20 kN
P = 20 kN M = 20 kN.m
A
C B

Ay By
To find the reaction force Ay, we balance the moment at position B to eliminate the unknown By
m B  20  5  Ay  4  20  10  2 1  0  Ay  25 (kN)
To find the reaction force By, we balance the force in the y direction.
 Fy  20  Ay  10  2  By  0  By  15 (kN)
Segmentation on the object
We divide the beam into four segments: CA, AD, DE, EB because at A there is a concentrated
force, at D there is a random action and on segment EB there is an evenly distributed force.

Section 2: Basic concepts of elastically deformed solids

2. Equilibrium of deformable solid

Free body model analysis on each segment

20 kN 25 kN 20 kN.m 10 kN/m 15 kN
 From C to A: 0 m < z <1 m
C A D E B Qy  20
20 kN Mx 
 M x  20 z
z  From A to D: 1 m < z <2 m
Qy
20 kN 25 kN Mx Qy  20  25  5

z
 M x  20 z  25( z  1)  5 z  25
Qy  From D to E: 2 m < z <3 m
20 kN.m
20 kN 25 kN Mx (z-3)/2 Qy  5

z  M x  5 z  25  20  5 z  5
Qy 10(z-3)
20 kN.m  From E to B: 3 m < z <5 m
20 kN 25 kN Mx
Qy  5  10( z  3)  10 z  35

z M  5 z  5  10( z  3)( z  3) / 2  5 z 2  35 z  50
Qy  x

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Section 2: Basic concepts of elastically deformed solids

2. Equilibrium of deformable solid

Draw internal force diagram 15 kN

20 kN 25 kN M = 20 kN.m q = 10 kN/m

A
C B
D E
5 5
Qy
kN
-20 -15
z 10 11,25
5
Mx
kN.m -15
-20

Section 2: Basic concepts of elastically deformed solids

2. Equilibrium of deformable solid

Characteristics of internal force diagram

 For sections where there is no distributed force acting, the shear force diagram is
constant, resulting in a linear moment diagram.
 For sections where the force is distributed with a constant magnitude, the shear force
diagram is linear, resulting in a parabolic moment diagram.
 When the shear force diagram is linear, at the position where the shear force is 0, the
moment diagram at that position will reach its extreme value.
 At the position where concentrated (or random) force acts, the shear force diagram Qy
(or moment Mx) will have a jump, the value of this jump is equal to the magnitude of
concentrated (or random) force.

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Section 2: Basic concepts of elastically deformed solids

2. Equilibrium of deformable solid

How to draw internal force diagram

 Method 2: Quick drawing method (calculate required points and draw graph)
Step 1: Calculate the reaction forces acting on the system (if necessary!)
Release the link to analyze the link reactions. Then use the necessary equilibrium equations
to calculate the link reactions.
Step 2: Segmentation on the object
Segment the object so that there are no abrupt changes in force, moment and direction of
the object.
Step 3: Analyze the free body model on each segment
Calculate the shear force and moment at the points before and after the point we segment.
Step 4: Draw the internal force diagram
Based on the characteristics of the diagram and the shear force and moment of the points
before and after the segment point, we will draw the diagram.

Section 2: Basic concepts of elastically deformed solids

2. Equilibrium of deformable solid

20 kN 25 kN 20 kN.m 10 kN/m 15 kN Q1  20

A D E 
C M1  0
1 2 3 4 5 67 8 B
20 kN M1
Q2  20

Q1 M2
 M 2  20
20 kN
Q3  5
Q2 
20 kN 25 kN M3  M 3  20

M4 Q4  5
20 kN 25 kN Q3 
 M 4  15
Q4
20 kN.m
M5
Q5  5
20 kN 25 kN 
M 5  5
Q5

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Section 2: Basic concepts of elastically deformed solids

2. Equilibrium of deformable solid

20 kN 25 kN 20 kN.m 10 kN/m 15 kN Q6  5

A D E 
C  M 6  10
1 2 3 4 5 67 8 B
20 kN 25 kN
20 kN.m
M6 Q7  5

 M 7  10
20 kN.m Q6
20 kN 25 kN M7 Q8  15

Q7 20 kN M 8  0
20 kN.m
20 kN 25 kN M8

5 5 Q8
Qy
kN -20 -15
10 11,255
5
Mx
kN.m -15
-20

Section 2: Basic concepts of elastically deformed solids

2. Equilibrium of deformable solid

Based on the characteristics of the internal force diagram, we can draw the diagram faster by
calculating only at the necessary points, without having to calculate too many points. We can
quickly draw each type of diagram one by one.
20 kN 25 kN 20 kN.m 10 kN/m 15 kN
A D E
C B

5 5
Qy
kN -20 -15

10 11,255
5
Mx
kN.m -15
-20

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