Lecture Notes on Physics by Prof. Usman Danish Class: First Year Chapter No.

 “Chapter 4”
Work, Energy and Power
(A product of PAK ACADEMY)

WORK (S.Q & MCQ.S)

Definition:-
The Scalar or dot product of force and displacement is called work.
Or
Product of force and component of displacement in the direction of force is called work.
Or
Product of displacement and component of force in the direction of displacement is called work.
Or
Product of magnitude of force, displacement and cosine of the angle between them is called work.
Or
When a force is applied on an object and the object covers some displacement in the direction of force then we say that the
work has done on the object.
Formula:-
w=F ⃗
⃗ .d
Or w = Fdcosθ
Unit:-
SI unit of work is ‘N m’ or J (joule).
One Joule:-
When a force of one newton displaces a body through one meter in the direction of force then the amount of work on the
body is one joule.
Thus, 1J = 1N × 1m
Joule is the small unit of work. Some large units of work are kJ (kJ = 103 J), MJ (MJ = 106 J), etc. Do you Know?
Dimensions:- 1 calorie = 4.2 joule
As we know that, w = Fdcosθ
w=Nm (∴ cosθ is unitless quantity)
w = (kg m s-2) m ⇒ w = kg m2 s-2 (∴N = kgms-2)
[w] = [ML T ]2 −2

Nature:-
Work is a scalar quantity, so, it is directionless.
Dependence:-
Work depends upon:
Magnitude of force
Magnitude of displacement
Angle between applied force and displacement.
Important cases:-
Positive Work:-
The work done will be positive, if the angle between force and displacement is less than 90 o because value of ‘cosθ’ is
positive in the range 0o ≤ θ < 90o .

Negative Work:-
The work done will be negative, if the angle between force and displacement is greater than 90 o because value of ‘cosθ’ is
negative in the range 90o < θ < 270o .
For example; at 𝛉 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝐨 ,
w = Fdcos180o
w = Fd(−1) (∴ cos180o = −1)
w=−Fd
Maximum Work:-
The work done will be maximum, if the force and the displacement are parallel to each other i.e. θ = 0o .
wmax = Fdcos0o
wmax = Fd (1) (∴ cos0o = 1)
wmax = Fd
Minimum Work:-
The work done will be minimum, if the force and the displacement are
perpendicular to each other i.e. θ = 90o .
wmin = Fdcos90o
wmin = Fd (0) (∴ cos90o = 0)
wmin = 0
---------------------------------

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Lecture Notes on Physics by Prof. Usman Danish Class: First Year Chapter No. 4
WORK DONE BY CONSTANT FORCE (S.Q)
Constant Force:-
If the magnitude and the direction of a force remains same (constant) then the force is said to be constant force.
Explanation:-
Let us consider a constant force ‘F’ is acting on an object and displaces it through a distance ‘d’. If the angle between the
force and displacement is ‘θ’ then work done by the force is given by the following formula;
w = ⃗F. ⃗d
Or w = Fdcosθ
Graphical representation:-
Area under the graph between constant force and the displacement gives work done.
As we know that, Area (of rectangle) under the graph = length × width
Here, length = F and width = d
So, Area under the graph = F d ⇒ work
Area under the graph between force and displacement = work done on the object
---------------------------------

WORK DONE BY VARIABLE FORCE (L.Q)

Variable Force:-
A force whose magnitude or direction changes during its application is known as variable force.
Examples:-
Few examples of variable forces are:
Force of gravity.
Force of spring motion.
Drag force, etc.
Work done by variable force:-
If the magnitude or the direction or both magnitude and direction of a force changes or does not remain constant during
work done, then it is called work is done by variable force.
Necessary Condition for calculation:-
The formula to calculate work done ‘w = ⃗F. ⃗d’ is only applicable for constant force. In order to make a variable force as
constant force we divide whole path or displacement into equal patches such that force remains constant or same in each
patch.
Explanation:-
Consider the motion of an object due to a variable force ‘F’ from point ‘a’ to ‘b’ as shown in figure. We divide our
displacement into N-equal patches to make force constant.
Calculation:-
Work done along 1st patch, w1 = F ⃗ 1 . ∆d⃗1
w1 = F1 ∆d1 cos θ1
Similarly, Work done along 2nd patch, w2 = ⃗F2 . ∆d ⃗2
w2 = F2 ∆d2 cos θ2
'' '' '' '' '' ''
'' '' '' '' '' ''
'' '' '' '' '' ''
th
Work done along N patch, wN = FN . ∆dN ⃗ ⃗
wN = FN ∆dN cos θN
Total work done from ‘a’ to ‘b’, w = w1 + w2 + ⋯ + wN
w = F1 ∆d1 cos θ1 + F2 ∆d2 cos θ2 + ⋯ + FN ∆dN cos θN
Or, w = ∑N i=1 Fi ∆di cos θi
Graphical Method:-
The work done by variable force can also be calculated by finding area under the graph plotted
between ‘F cosθ’ and displacement. The graph is of irregular shape. The value of ‘Fcosθ’ at the
start of each element is shown by vertical line and displacement by horizontal line.
Explanation:-
To find area under the curve, we divide the whole graph into a N - vertical strips.
Each strip is a thin rectangle. ⃗1
Area of 1st rectangle = w1 = ⃗F1 . ∆d
w1 = F1 ∆d1 cos θ1
Similarly, Area of 2nd rectangle = w2 = F ⃗ 2 . ∆d ⃗2
w2 = F2 ∆d2 cos θ2
'' '' '' '' ''
'' '' '' '' ''
'' '' '' '' ''
Area of nth rectangle = wN = F ⃗ N . ∆d ⃗n
wn = Fn ∆dn cos θn
Total area under the curve = Total work done from point ‘a’ to ‘b’

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Lecture Notes on Physics by Prof. Usman Danish Class: First Year Chapter No. 4
Hence, total work done w = w1 + w2 + ⋯ + wN
w = F1 ∆d1 cos θ1 + F2 ∆d2 cos θ2 + ⋯ + FN ∆dN cos θN
Or, w = ∑N i=1 Fi ∆di cos θi
To get more accurate result we divide the total displacement from point ‘a’ to ‘b’ into very large number of equal intervals i.e. n →
∞, so that, d→ 0.
w = lim (∑N i=1 Fi ∆di cos θi )
d→ 0
---------------------------------
WORK DONE BY GRAVITATIONAL FIELD (L.Q)
Or
GRAVITATIONAL FIELD AS A CONS ERVATIVE FIELD
Gravitational Field:-
The region or space around the earth in which it can attract any object towards its center is called gravitational field.
Conservative Field:-
The field in which work done is independent of the path followed by the object is called conservative field.
Or
The field in which net work done in a closed path is zero is called conservative field.
Examples:-
Few examples of conservative fields are:
Gravitational field
Electric Field
Elastic field, etc.
Necessary Condition:-
For a field to be conservative, the work done in a closed path is zero or work done is independent of the path
followed by the object in the field.
Work done in Gravitational Field:
In gravitational field, gravitational force (F = mg) does work in moving an object from one point to another.
Sign of Convention:-
When θ = 0o between F ⃗ and d⃗ then work done is taken as positive
w = Fdcos0o
w = Fd (1) (∴ cos0o = 1)
w = Fd i.e. positive work
When θ = 90o between F ⃗ and d ⃗ then work done is zero.
w = Fdcos90o
w = Fd (0) (∴ cos90o = 0)
w= 0
When θ = 180o between ⃗F and ⃗d then work done is taken as negative
w = Fdcos180o
w = Fd (−1) (∴ cos180o = −1)
w = − Fd i.e. negative work
Explanation:-
Consider an object of mass ‘m’ is moved from point ‘A’ to ‘B’ along three different paths in the gravitational field as shown
in figure.
Work done along path – I, wACB = w1:-
To make force constant we divide our ‘path – I’ in two parts i.e. from ‘A to C’ and ‘C to B’. From figure it is clear that;
w1 = wAC + wCB → (i)
Along path ‘A to C’ θ = 90o between force and displacement;
wAC = Fdcos90o
wAC = 0 (∴ cos90o = 0) MCQ.s:
o ⃗
Along path ‘C to B’ θ = 180 between F and d; ⃗
wCB = Fdcos180o Electric or electrostatic force,
wAc = −F d o
(∴ cos180 = −1) elastic spring force, magnetic force
Here, F = mg and d = h; therefore, are also conservative forces.
wAc = −mgh
Now, equation (i) 
w1 = 0 − mgh
w1 = −mgh --------→ (a)
Work done along path – II, wADB = w2:-
To make force constant we divide our ‘path – II’ in two parts i.e. from ‘A to D’ and ‘D to B’. From figure it is clear that;
w2 = wAD + wDB → (ii)
Along path ‘A to D’ θ = 180o between force and displacement;
wAD = Fdcos180o
wAD = −mgh (∴ cos180o = −1)
Here, F = mg and d = h; therefore,

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Lecture Notes on Physics by Prof. Usman Danish Class: First Year Chapter No. 4
wAc = −mgh
Along path ‘D to B’ θ = 90o between F ⃗;
⃗ and d
wDB = Fdcos90o
wDB = 0 (∴ cos90o = 0)
Now, equation (ii) 
w2 = −mgh + 0
w2 = −mgh --------→ (b)
Work done along path – III, wAB = w3:-
Path III can be divided into small horizontal and vertical steps (patches), as shown in figure.
Total work done along path-III, w3 = wh + wv → (iii)
Work done along horizontal steps:-
Along all horizontal patches, θ = 90o between F ⃗ . Hence work done along all horizontal patches is zero. As,
⃗ and d
wh = F d cos90o
wh = 0 (∴ cos90o = 0)
Work done along vertical steps:-
Work done along 1st vertical patch, wv1 = F ⃗ . ∆y⃗1
wv1 = F ∆y1 cos θ
Here, F = mg and θ = 180o
wv1 = mg ∆y1 cos 180o
st
Work done along 1 vertical patch, wv1 = − mg ∆y1 (∴ cos180o = −1)
nd
Similarly, Work done along 2 vertical patch, wv2 = − mg ∆y2
'' '' '' '' '' ''
'' '' '' '' '' ''
'' '' '' '' '' ''
Work done along Nth vertical patch, wvN = − mg ∆yN
Total work done along all vertical patches, wv = wv1 + wv2 + ⋯ + wvN
wv = (− mg ∆y1 ) + (− mg ∆y2 ) + ⋯ + (− mg ∆yN )
wv = − mg(∆y1 + ∆y2 + ⋯ + ∆yN )
As, ∆y1 + ∆y2 + ⋯ + ∆yN = h
Total work done along all vertical patches, wv = − mgh
Net work done along path -III:-
From equation (iii); we can write as,
w3 = 0 + (− mgh)
w3 = −mgh --------→ (c)
Conclusion:-
From equations (a), (b) and (c) it is clear that work done in the gravitational field is independent of the path followed by the
object. Hence, gravitational field is a conservative field.

Alternative method:- (optional) (S.Q)

Work done along closed path ABCDA:-
In closed path ACBD total work is given as;
w = wAC + wCB + wBD + wDA -------→ (x)
wAC = F d cosθ
⃗.
⃗ and d
Here, θ = 90o between F
Hence, wAC = F d cos90o
wAC = 0
(∴ cos90o = 0)

wCB = F d cosθ
⃗ . Also, F = mg, and d = h;
⃗ and d
Here, θ = 180o between F
Hence, wCB = mgh cos180o
wCB = −mgh
(∴ cos180o = −1)
wBD = F d cosθ
⃗.
⃗ and d
Here, θ = 90o between F
Hence, wBD = F d cos90o
wBD = 0
(∴ cos90o = 0)
wDA = F d cosθ
Here, θ = 0o between ⃗F and ⃗d. Also F = mg and d = h;
Hence, wDA = mg h cos0o
wDA = mgh
(∴ cos0o = 1)
Equation (x) 
Total work done along closed path ACBD, w = 0 + (−mgh) + 0 + (mgh)

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Lecture Notes on Physics by Prof. Usman Danish Class: First Year Chapter No. 4
w=0
Conclusion:-
In gravitational field work between two points is independent of the path followed by the object and total work done along
closed path is zero. Hence, gravitational field is conservative field.
---------------------------------
NON-CONSERVATIVE F ORCES (S.Q)
Definition:
The forces whose work done is dependent of the path followed by the object are called non-conservative forces.
Explanation:
The force of friction is non-conservative force because if an object is moved over a rough surface between two points along
different paths, the work done depends on the path followed by the moving object. All velocity dependent forces are non-
conservative forces.
Examples of non-conservative forces:-
Frictional force
Air resistance
Drag force
Tension in a string
Normal Force
Propulsion force of a rocket
Propulsion force of a motor
---------------------------------
POWER (S.Q)
Definition:-
Power is defined as the rate of doing work.
Or
Rate of change of work done is called power.
Or
Rate at which work is being done is called power.
Or
Work done per unit time (per second) is called power.
Or
Dot product of force and velocity is called power.
Formula:-
work done ∆W
P=  P=
time ∆t
Or, ⃗⃗ V
P = F. ⃗
Unit:-
J
SI unit of power is watt (W = )
S
Non-SI units are kilowatt, Megawatt, Horse power (1 hp = 760 W), etc.
Dimensions:-
∆w
P=
∆t
J
P=
S
Nm One Watt:-
P= (∴ J = N m)
S
(kgms−2 ) m If an object performs work of 1
= (∴ N = kg m s −2 )
s
kgm2 s−2
joule in one second then power of
= the object will be one watt.
s
P = kgm2s-3 1J
1W =
[P] = [ML2 T −3 ] 1S
Nature:-
Power is a scalar quantity.
Average Power:-
The ratio of total work done ‘∆w’ and the total time ‘∆t’ is known as average power.
∆w
Pav or < P > =
∆t
Instantaneous Power:-
∆𝑤
The limiting value of ‘ ’, as the time interval ‘∆t’, following time t, approaches to zero, is called instantaneous power.
∆𝑡
Or
The power at any instant of time is called instantaneous power.
∆w
Pins = lim ( )
∆t→O ∆t
Relation between power, force and velocity:- (S. Q)
Dot product of force and velocity is called power.

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Lecture Notes on Physics by Prof. Usman Danish Class: First Year Chapter No. 4
Formula:-
⃗⃗ V
P = F. ⃗
Proof:-
⃗ ’ and a uniform force ‘F
Considered an object of mass ‘m’ is moving with velocity ‘V ⃗ ’ acts on it, then instantaneous power is
given as;
Lim ∆w
P= ( )
∆t→0 ∆t
As, ∆w = F ⃗
⃗ .∆ d
⃗
⃗ .∆d
F
= lim ( )
∆t→0 ∆t
⃗
∆d
Since, lim = ⃗V
∆t→0 ∆t
Therefore, ⃗⃗ V
P = F. ⃗
---------------------------------
KILOWATT HOUR (S.Q)
Definition:-
If an agency or object consumes one kilo watt (1000 W) power in 1 hour, then the work or energy consumed by the object is
said to be one kilo-watt hour.
Or
One kilo watt hour is the work done in one hour by an agency whose power is one kilowatt (1000 W).
Note:-
kWh is the commercial unit of electric energy.
Relation between kilo watt hour and joule:-
1 kWh = 3.6 MJ
Proof:-
We know that,
1kW = 1000 W
I hour = 60 min
1 min = 60 s
Therefore, 1 h = 3600 s
kWh = 1000 x 3600
= 3600000 W s
joule
= 3.6 × 106 J (∴ watt = ⇒ W s = J)
sec
1 kWh = 3.6 MJ
---------------------------------
ENERGY (S.Q)
Definition:-
Ability or capability or capacity to do work is called energy.
Types:
Mechanical energy
Sound energy
Light energy
Solar energy
Nuclear energy
Wind energy, etc.
Types of Mechanical Energy:-
Mechanical energy is the energy that is possessed by an object due to its motion or due to its
position
Or
Energy stored in a system by reason of the position of its parts is called mechanical energy.
It has two types:
Kinetic energy (K.E)
Potential energy (P.E)
Potential Energy:-
The potential energy is possessed by a body because of its position in a force field, e.g. gravitational field etc., or because of
its constrained state.
Or
The energy of a body due to its rest position is called potential energy.
Or
The energy possessed by an object by virtue of its configuration is called potential energy.
Types of Potential Energy:-
❖ Gravitational P.E
❖ Elastic P.E
❖ Electric P.E, etc.

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Lecture Notes on Physics by Prof. Usman Danish Class: First Year Chapter No. 4
Gravitational P.E:-
The potential energy due to gravitational field near the surface of the earth at certain height is called gravitational potential
energy.
Or
The energy possessed by an object due to its rest position near the surface of earth is called gravitational potential energy.
Formula:-
Gravitational P.E., Ug= W= F d
In gravitational field, F = mg
Ug= mgh
Elastic P.E:- (Optional)
Potential energy stored as a result of deformation of an elastic object, such as the stretching of a spring is called elastic P.E.
It is equal to the work done to stretch the spring.
Or
The energy stored in a spring due to its compressed and stretched state is called elastic P.E.
Formula:-
1
UElastic = k xo2 Where, k = Spring constant and xo = Amplitude of vibrating body
2
Electric Potential Energy:- (Optional)
The energy possessed by a charge particularly in the state of rest in an electric field is called electric P.E.
Formula:-
Ue = q ∆V Where, Q = Magnitude of charge and ∆V = Potential difference
Kinetic Energy:-
The energy of a body due to its motion is called kinetic energy.
Or
The energy possessed by an object by virtue of its state of motion is called K.E.
Formula:-
1
K.E = mv 2 Where, m = mass of the object and v = velocity of the object
2
Derivation:
Consider a car running with a constant speed on a road. If its engine is switched OFF, it will still cover some distance before
stopping. As long as it is moving, it is doing work against the force of friction of the road. In other words, during this interval, it will
exert a force equal in magnitude to the force of friction ‘f’. Let the distance travelled before coming to rest be ‘d’, then the work done
by the car would be ‘fd’. This work is done by the car due to its motion. The ability of a body to do work due to its motion is its kinetic
energy. Therefore, kinetic energy of the car is equal to ‘fd’. The acceleration can be found by using Newton's second law of motion,
i.e.,
F = ma
As the car slows down and finally stops, its acceleration ‘a’ is negative because it is produced by force of friction ‘f’ acting apposite
to the direction of motion. Thus,
f = − ma
f
or a =−
m
We can now determine the value of ‘fd’ by using the third equation of motion, i.e;
2as = vf2 − vi2
f
Here, Initial velocity vi = v, final velocity vf = 0, distance travelled s = d and acceleration a = − . Putting values in the above
m
equation of motion, we have
f
2 (− ) d = (0)2 − (v)2
m
f
− 2 ( ) d = − vi2
m
1
f d = m v2
2
As ‘fd’ is equal to the kinetic energy of body, therefore;
1
K. E = m v 2
2
Since, kinetic energy is equal to work which the body is capable of doing, so the unit of kinetic energy must be that of work, i.e. joule
(J).
---------------------------------
Objectives:-
✓ SI unit of every type of energy i.e. P.E & K.E. is joule having dimensions [ML2T-2].
✓ P.E. is always stored in some field i.e. gravitational field, electric field, etc.
✓ Gravitational P.E., Ug ∝ m
✓ Ug ∝ g
✓ Ug ∝ h (height from surface or center of earth)
✓ K.E. ∝ m
✓ K. E. ∝ v2
✓ When ḿ = 2m and v́ = 2v then
1
K.E.' = ḿv́ 2
2
1
= (2m) (2v)2
2

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Lecture Notes on Physics by Prof. Usman Danish Class: First Year Chapter No. 4
1
= (2m) (4v2)
2
1
K.E.' = 8 ( mv 2 )
2
= 8 (K.E.)
i.e. by doubling mass and velocity of the object, K.E. increases ‘8’ times.
---------------------------------
ABSOLUTE POTENTIAL ENERGY (L.Q)
Definition:-
The absolute gravitational P.E. of an object at a certain position/point is the work done by gravitational force in displacing
the object from that position to infinity, where the force of gravity becomes zero.
Or
The potential energy possessed by a body at a certain height in a gravitational field with respect to reference point of
zero potential is known as absolute potential energy.
Formula:-
GMm
Ug = −
r
Where, Ug= Absolute P.E, G = Gravitational Constant, M = Mass of Earth, m= mass of the object and r = distance of object
from centre of earth.
Gravitational Force:-
In gravitational field working force is force of gravity or gravitational force which is given by Newton’s gravitational law as,
GMm
Fg = 2
r
Where, Fg = gravitational force, M = mass of Earth, m = mass of the object, r = distance of the object from centre of earth
Problem / Difficulty with force:-
As we move an object away from earth i.e. from earth surface to infinity, gravity or gravitational force does not remain
constant but varies from point to point.
Solution of the Problem:-
We divide whole path i.e. from certain position on the surface of the earth to infinity, into N-equal length patches, so that,
the force of gravity remains constant.
Explanation:-
Consider an object of mass ‘m’ is present at ‘r 1’ distance from center of earth, is moved from position/level ‘1’ to infinity.
We divide the whole path into N-equal patches and calculate work done in each patch. Sum of work done in all patches gives
us the value of absolute P.E.
Calculation of r2:-
Here, r = r2 – r1 → (1)
We take a point in between level ‘1’ and ‘2’ which is at ‘r’ distance from the centre of earth. This point is at an average
distance between level ‘1’ and ‘2’ is given as,
r +r
r = 1 2 → (2)
2
From equation (1); we can write as,
r = r2 – r1
r + r1 = r2 → (3)
Put eq. (3) in eq. (2); we get,
r +∆r+r1
r= 1
2
2r1 +∆r
=
2
2r1 ∆r
= +
2 2
∆r
r = r1 +
2
Taking square on both sides,
∆r 2
r2 = (r1 + )
2
∆r 2 ∆r
r2 = (r1 )2 + ( ) + 2 (r1 ) ( )
2 2
∆r2
r2 = r1 2 + + r1 r
4
∆r2 ∆r2
As, << r12
 ≈0
4 4
r2 = r12 + r1r
r2 = r12 + r1 (r2 – r1) (r = r2 – r1)
r2 = r12 + r1 r2 - r12
r12 = r1 r2
Calculation of work:-
Work done from level ‘1’ to ‘2’, W1→2 = ⃗F. ⃗d
W1→2 = F d cosθ
Mm
Here, F = G 2 , d = r = r2 – r1 and ⃗
⃗ and d
θ = 180o between F
r
GMm
W1→2 = ( ) (∆r)(cos180o )
r2

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Lecture Notes on Physics by Prof. Usman Danish Class: First Year Chapter No. 4
GMm
= - 2 (∆r) (∴ cos180o = −1)
r
2
Put ∆r = r2 – r1 and r = r1 r2 in above equation; we get,
GMm
=− (r2 − r1 )
r1 r2
r2 − r1
= −GMm( )
r1 r2
r2 r1
= −GMm ( − )
r1 r2 r1 r2
1 1
Work done from level ‘1’ to ‘2’, W1→2 = −GMm ( − )
r1 r2
Similarly,
1 1
Work done from level ‘2’ to ‘3’, W2→3 = −GMm ( − )
r2 r3
'' '' '' '' '' ''
'' '' '' '' '' ''
'' '' '' '' '' ''
1 1
Work done from level ‘N-1’ to ‘N’, WN−1→N = −GMm ( − )
rN−1 rN
Net work done:-
W1→N = W1→2 + W2→3 + …………. WN−1→N
1 1 1 1 1 1
= (−GMm ( − )) + (−GMm ( − )) + ……… + (−GMm ( − ))
r1 r2 r2 r3 rN−1 rN
1 1 1 1 1 1
= −GMm [ − + − − ……. − ]
r1 r2 r2 r3 rN−1 rN
1 1
W1→N = −GMm [ − ]
r1 rN
Absolute potential Energy:-
For absolute potential energy,
N → ∞ and rN → ∞
1 1
W1→∞ = −GMm [ − ]
r1 ∞
1
As we know that; W1→∞ = Absolute P.E = Ug and =0
∞
1
Ug = −GMm [ − 0]
r1
−GMm
Ug =
r1
General Form:-
Absolute P.E at any point which is at ‘r’ distance from center of earth is given as;
−GMm
Ug =
r
Important Features:-
Absolute P.E at the surface of earth
−GMm
Ug =
R
Negative sign indicates that gravitational field is attractive in nature.
As we move away from earth surface absolute P.E increases and vice versa.
At infinity absolute P.E is zero.
---------------------------------
ESCAPE VELOCITY (S.Q)
Definition:-
The initial velocity of an object with which it goes out of the earth’s gravitational field is known as escape velocity.
Or
The lowest velocity which a body must have in order to escape the gravitational influence or attraction of earth (or a
particular planet) is called escape velocity.
Formula:-
2GM
Vesc = √
R

Vesc = √2gR
Explanation:- (optional)
Consider an object of mass ‘m’ is thrown in air with initial velocity ‘V i’, it will return back after some time due to force of
attraction of between the object and earth.
If we go on increasing initial velocity of the object every time then this object will cover more and more vertical distance in
air. Such value of the initial velocity of the object with which if it is thrown and it never come back on the surface of earth
i.e. it goes out of earth’s gravitational field is called escape velocity.
Necessary Condition:-
Initial K.E. of the object must be equal to the change in absolute P.E. of the object from surface of earth to infinity.
Calculation / Proof:-
Let us consider, mass of the object = m
Initial velocity of the object, Vi = Vesc

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GMm
Initial absolute P.E at the surface of the earth = −
R
Final absolute P.E at infinity = 0
Change/ increase in P.E. = Final P.E. – Initial P.E.
GMm
= 0 − (− )
R
GMm
Change in P.E =
R
2 1
Initial K.E of the object = mVesc
2
According to the law of conservation of energy
[Link] = ∆ P.E
1 GMm
mV2esc =
2 R
1 GM
mV2esc =
2 R
2GM
2
√Vesc =√
R
2GM
Vesc = √ ------------→ (i)
R
Another expression for escape velocity:-
As we know that,
Force of gravity on mass m on earth surface = mg
According to Newton’s gravitational law;
GMm
Force of gravity on mass m on earth surface = 2
R
GMm
Therefore, mg =
R2
GM
g=
R2
GM
Or, g=
RR
GM
gR= --------------→ (ii)
R
Put equation (ii) in equation (i); we get,
Vesc = √2gR
Features:-
Value of escape velocity on earth is 11 km/s.
As g = 9.8 m/s2 and R = 6.4 x 106 m
Therefore, Vesc = √2(6.4 × 106 )(9.8)
Vesc = 11 km s-1
Escape velocity of moon is 2.4kms-1
Escape velocity is for Jupiter = 61 kms-1 (maximum among all planets)
Escape velocity is directly proportional to the square root of radius and gravity of a planet.
Vesc ∝ √R and Vesc ∝ √g
---------------------------------
WORK ENERGY PRINCIPLE (S.Q & L.Q)
Statement:-
Work done on an object or system appears as change in its K.E.
Or
Work done on a moving system is equal to change in its K.E.
Formula:-
W = ∆ K.E.
1 1
W = mvf 2 - mvi 2
2 2
Proof:-
(i) Work energy principle in terms of K.E.
Consider an object of mass ‘m’ is initially moving with velocity ‘V i’. When a force ‘F’ acts on it and displaces it through a
distance ‘d’ in time ‘t’ then its velocity becomes to ‘V f’.
According to 3rd equation of motion;
2ad = Vf2 – Vi2
1
d = (Vf2 – Vi2) ---------------→ (i)
2𝑎
nd
According to Newton’s 2 law of motion;
F = ma ---------------→ (ii)
Multiplying eq. (1) and (2); we get,
1
F d = (ma) [ ( Vf2 − Vi2 ) ]
2a
m
Fd = (Vf2 – Vi2)
2
1
W = (mvf2 – mvi2) (As W = Fd)
2

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Lecture Notes on Physics by Prof. Usman Danish Class: First Year Chapter No. 4
1 1
W = mvf2 – mvi2
2 2
We know that,
1
mvf2 = [Link]
2
1
mvf2 = [Link]
2
W= [Link] – [Link] s
[Link] – [Link] = ∆K.E
W= ∆K.E.
(ii) Work energy principle in terms of P.E.
If initial and final state of a system are at rest, then work done on a system is equal to change in its P.E. (eg. gravitational
P.E, etc.)
W = mghf – mghi
Or, W= ∆P.E.
(iii) General form of work energy principle.
Work done on an isolated system is equal to change in its energy (either K.E. or P.E.)
W = ∆E
Where, ∆E = change in energy of an object.
---------------------------------
INTERCONVERSION OF P.E . AND K.E. (L.Q)
Description:-
Potential energy and kinetic energy are two types of mechanical energy which are interconvertible but at every point sum
of P.E. and K.E. always remain constant.
Proof:-
Consider an object of mass ‘m’ is initially at rest at height ‘h’ from ground then it is released and is allowed to fall freely
under the action of gravity, as shown in figure. Initially we ignore air friction.

Total energy at position ‘A’:-

(T.E)A = (P.E)A + (K.E)A ------→ (1)
(P.E)A = mgh
1
And, (K.E)A = mvA2
2
As, VA= 0
1
(K.E)A = m (0)
2
(K.E)A = 0
Now equation (i) becomes;
(T.E)A = mgh + 0
(T.E)A = mgh ------------ (A)

Total energy at position ‘B’:-

(T.E)B = (P.E)B + (K.E)B ------------ (2)
(P.E)B = mg (h-x)
(P.E)B = mgh – mgx ------------ (3)
1
And, (K.E)B = mvB2 ------------ (4)
2
In order to calculate velocity of the object at point ‘B’ we use 3rd equation of motion,
2aS = Vf2 - Vi2
Here, a = g, S = x, Vi= 0 and Vf = VB
Equation (5)  2gx = VB2 – (0)2
2gx = 2B2 -------------- (6)
Put equation (6) in equation (4); we get,
1
(K.E)B = m (2gx)
2
(K.E)B = mgx → (7)
Put equation (3) and (7) in equation (2),
(T.E)B = mgh – mgx + mgx
(T.E)B = mgh ------------ (B)

Total energy at position ‘C’:-

(T.E)C = (P.E)C + (K.E)C ------------ (8)
(P.E)C = mg (0) = 0 ------------ (9)
1
And, (K.E)C = mvc2 ------------ (10)
2
In order to calculate velocity of the object at point ‘C’ we use 3 rd equation of motion,
2aS = Vf2 - Vi2
Here, a =g, s = h, Vi = 0 and Vf = VC
2gh = Vc2 – (0)2

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Lecture Notes on Physics by Prof. Usman Danish Class: First Year Chapter No. 4
2
2gh = Vc ----------- (11)
Put equation (11) in equation (10); we get,
1
(K.E)C = m (2gh)
2
(K.E)C = mgh
Put equation (9) and (12) in equation (8),
(T.F)C = 0 + mgh
(T.E)C = mgh ------------ (C)

Conclusion:-
From equation (A), (B) and (C), it is clear that at every point T.E. remains constant but P.E can be converted into K.E and
vice versa.
In the absence of air friction:
Loss in P.E = Gain in K.E
∆P.E = ∆K.E
1 1
mgh1 − mgh2 = mv22 − mv12
2 2
1
mg(h1 − h2 ) = m(v22 − v12 )
2
In the presence of air friction:
Loss in P.E = Gain in K.E + Work done against friction
∆P.E = K.E + Wf
1
mgh = mv 2 + Fd
2
---------------------------------

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