Science - evolving body of knowledge that is based on theoretical expositions and experimental and
empirical activities that generates universal truths.
Technology - the application of science and creation of systems, processes and objects designed to help
humans in their daily activities.
Society - is the sum total of our interactions as humans, including the interactions that we engage in to
understand the nature of things and to create things.
Papyrus - reed which grows in the marshy areas around the Nile river. As early as 3,000 years before
Christ, Egyptians took thin slices of the stem of the papyrus plant, laid them crosswise on top of each
other, moistened them, and then pressed and dried them.
Compass - Chinese used to aid themselves in their travels.
Ancient Greeks - early thinkers and as far as historians can tell, they were the first true scientists.
Islamic Golden Age - This period is traditionally understood to have begun during the reign of the
Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid (786 to 809) with the inauguration of the House of Wisdom in Baghdad.
Al-Biruni, and Avicenna - produced books that contain descriptions of the preparation of hundreds of
drugs made from medicinal plants and chemical compounds.
Four Great Inventions that include the compass, gunpowder, papermaking and printing.
Marie Boas Hall - coined the term Scientific Renaissance to designate the early phase of the Scientific
Revolution, 1450–1630.
Enlightenment Period or the Age of Reason - characterized by radical reorientation in science, which
emphasized reason over superstition and science over blind faith.
Isaac Newton’s Principia Mathematica - consists in the comprehension of a diversity of physical
phenomena.
Industrial Revolution - on had one further important effect on the development of modern science. The
prospect of applying science to the problems of industry served to stimulate public support for science.
Physics - enabled us to understand the basic components of matter and we are well on the way to an ever
more consistent and unitary understanding of the entire structure of natural reality.
The Fourth Industrial Revolution - way of describing the blurring of boundaries between the physical,
digital, and biological worlds.
Artificial intelligence (AI) - describes computers that can “think” like humans — recognizing complex
patterns, processing information, drawing conclusions, and making recommendations.
Virtual reality (VR) - offers immersive digital experiences that simulate the real world, while augmented
reality merges the digital and physical worlds.
Biotechnology - harnesses cellular and biomolecular processes to develop new technologies.
3D printing - allows manufacturing businesses to print their own parts, with less tooling, at a lower cost,
and faster than via traditional processes.
Internet of Things(IoT) - describes the idea of everyday items — from medical wearables that monitor
users’ physical condition to cars and tracking devices inserted into parcels — being connected to the
internet and identifiable by other devices.
Stone - simple tools or weapons of stone which eventually developed techniques for sawing, drilling.
Bureau of Science - became the primary research center of the Philippines until World War II.
Pres. Ferdinand Marcos - proclaimed the 35-hectare land in Bicutan, Taguig as the site of the Philippine
Science Community
NSDB - National Science Development Board
PAGASA - Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Service Administration
NSTA - National Science and Technology Authority
NRCP - National Research Council of the Philippines
PCARRD - Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research and Development
PCIERD - Philippine Council for Industry and Energy Research Development
PCHRD - Philippine Council for Health Research and Development
DOST - Department of Science and Technology
Scientific Paradigm - framework containing all the commonly accepted views about a subject,
conventions about what direction research should take and how it should be performed.
Thomas Kuhn - He suggested that a paradigm includes “the practices that define a scientific discipline at
a certain point in time."
Paradigm Shift - The successive transition from one paradigm to another via revolution is the usual
developmental pattern of mature science.
Aristotle - created a body of scientific theory that towered like a colossus over Western Civilization for
some 2000 years.
Nicolaus Copernicus - The first person who started this slow process of dismantling Aristotle's
cosmology.
Johannes Kepler - was a brilliant mathematician who had a mystical vision of the mathematical
perfection of the universe that owed a great deal to the ancient Greek mathematician Pythagoras.
Galileo Galilei - Saw the sun's perfection marred by sunspots and the moon's perfection marred by craters
using his telescope.
Isaac Newton - He invent a whole new branch of math, calculus, for figuring out rates of motion and
change.
Charles Darwin - he accumulated evidence demonstrating that organisms evolve and discovered the
process, natural selection, by which they evolve.
Sigmund Freud - He changed the way society thought about and dealt with mental illness.
Maya civilization - knew how to make paper and had pictorial script called Maya hieroglyphs that
allowed them to record all knowledge on long strips of paper folded harmonica-style into books.
The Dresden Codex - contains predictions of solar eclipses for centuries and a table of predicted
positions of Venus.
Information revolution - period of change that describes current economic, social and technological
trends beyond the Industrial Revolution.
Alphabet - Greatest invention of all the accomplishments of Middle East.