This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles
for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D7797 − 23
583/15 (2015)
Standard Test Method for
Determination of the Fatty Acid Methyl Esters Content of
Aviation Turbine Fuel Using Flow Analysis by Fourier
Transform Infrared Spectroscopy—Rapid Screening
Method1,2
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7797; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
1.1 This test method specifies a rapid screening method dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
using flow analysis by Fourier transform infrared (FA-FTIR) ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
spectroscopy with partial least squares (PLS-1) processing for Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
the determination of the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
content of aviation turbine fuel (AVTUR), in the range of Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
10 mg ⁄kg to 150 mg ⁄kg. 2. Referenced Documents
NOTE 1—Specifications falling within the scope of this test method are:
Specification D1655 and Defence Standard 91-91. 2.1 ASTM Standards:3
NOTE 2—This test method detects all FAME components, with peak IR D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API
absorbance at approximately 1749 cm-1 and C8 to C22 molecules, as Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-
specified in standards such as Specification D6751 and EN 14214. The
accuracy of the method is based on the molecular weight of C16 to C18 ucts by Hydrometer Method
FAME species; the presence of other FAME species with different D1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
molecular weights could affect the accuracy. D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API
NOTE 3—Additives such as antistatic agents, antioxidants and corrosion Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
inhibitors are measured with the FAME by the FTIR spectrometer. D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
However the effects of these additives are removed by the flow analysis
processing. Petroleum Products
NOTE 4—FAME concentrations from 150 mg/kg to 500 mg/kg, and D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid
below 10 mg/kg can be measured but the precision could be affected. Fuels, and Lubricants
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this Petroleum Products
standard. D6300 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias
Data for Use in Test Methods for Petroleum Products,
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
D6751 Specification for Biodiesel Fuel Blend Stock (B100)
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
for Middle Distillate Fuels
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
E1655 Practices for Infrared Multivariate Quantitative
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Analysis
2.2 CEN Standards:4
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM International Committee EN 14214 Specification Automotive Fuels—Fatty Acid
D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct
responsibility of ASTM Subcommittee D02.J0.05 on Fuel Cleanliness. The techni- Methyl Esters (FAME) for Diesel Engines—Requirements
cally equivalent standard as referenced is under the jurisdiction of the Energy and Test Methods
Institute Subcommittee SC-G-4.
Current edition approved March 1, 2023. Published April 2023. Originally
3
approved in 2012. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as D7797 – 18. DOI: For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, [Link], or
10.1520/D7797-23. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@[Link]. For Annual Book of ASTM
2
This test method has been developed through the cooperative effort between Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
ASTM and the Energy Institute, London. ASTM and IP standards were approved by the ASTM website.
4
ASTM and EI technical committees as being technically equivalent but that does not Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
imply both standards are identical. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, [Link]
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
D7797 − 23
2.3 Energy Institute Standards:5 FAME contamination of jet turbine fuel in multifuel transport
IP 583 Test Method for Determination of the Fatty Acid facilities such as cargo tankers and pipelines, and industry wide
Methyl Esters Content of Aviation Turbine Fuel Using concerns.
Flow Analysis by Fourier Transform Infrared 5.2 Analytical methods have been developed with the capa-
Spectroscopy—Rapid Screening Method bility of measuring down to <5 mg ⁄kg levels of FAME,
2.4 Other Standards:6 however these are complex, and require specialized personnel
Defence Standard 91-91 Issue 7 (DERD 2494) Turbine Fuel, and laboratory facilities. This Rapid Screening method has
Aviation Kerosine Type, Jet A1 been developed for use in the supply chain by non specialized
2.5 ASTM Adjuncts:7 personnel to cover the range of 10 mg ⁄kg to 150 mg ⁄kg.
ADJD6300 (D2PP) Determination of Precision and Bias
Data for Use in Test Methods for Petroleum Products 6. Interferences
6.1 Chemical compounds, which can arise during
3. Terminology production, storage, distribution or sampling, containing car-
3.1 Definitions: bonyl groups, whose spectral absorbances appear in the IR
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer spectrum close to 1749 cm–1, can affect the reading. Plasticiz-
to Terminology D4175. ers: bis (2-ethyl hexyl) adipate; dibutyl-sebacate are known to
3.1.2 FAME, n—Fatty acid methyl esters, also known as increase measurement readings obtained by this test method.
biodiesel.
NOTE 5—In a limited study, bis (2-ethyl hexyl) adipate at a concentra-
[Link] Discussion—Used as a component in automotive tion of 30 mg ⁄kg in aviation fuel gave an increased reading of 15 mg ⁄kg,
diesel fuel and the potential source of contamination in aviation and dibutyl-sebacate at 50 mg ⁄L gave an increased reading of 20 mg ⁄kg.
turbine fuel due to multi-fuel tankers and pipelines.
7. Apparatus
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 FA-FTIR, n—flow analysis by Fourier Transform Infra 7.1 Automatically controlled, closely integrated, instrument
red technique uses a flow-through measurement cell to make a comprising FTIR spectrometer with a 2 mm effective optical
number of measurements on a stream of test specimen. path length flow-through cell, computer controlled pump,
[Link] Discussion—The test specimen is analyzed before sorbent cartridge holder, control and interface electronics, test
and after passing through a sorbent that is designed to retard specimen and waste containers, and solenoid valves.
the FAME contamination to be measured. The results are 7.2 The processing computer can be integrated into the
compared to enable the amount of FAME present in the instrument.
aviation fuel to be determined. 7.3 This apparatus and the required sorbent cartridge are
3.2.2 sorbent cartridge, n—a cartridge, through which the described in more detail in Annex A1.
test specimen flows, containing a specific sorbent
7.4 Density Measuring Device (optional)—According to
[Link] Discussion—The sorbent cartridge is discarded after
Test Methods D1298, or D4052, or equivalent national
each test.
standards, to determine the density of the aviation fuel test
4. Summary of Test Method sample if required.
4.1 A test specimen of aviation turbine (AVTUR) fuel is 8. Reagents and Materials
automatically analyzed, by an FTIR spectrometer, in a 2 mm 8.1 Cleaning Solvent, heptane, reagent grade.
effective path length flow-through cell, before and after flow-
ing through a cartridge containing a sorbent designed to have 8.2 Verification Fluids: 8
a relatively long residence time for FAME. The spectroscopic 8.2.1 100 mg ⁄kg, containing 100 mg ⁄kg 6 10 mg ⁄kg of
absorbance differences of the IR spectra, between the FAME, with a certified value and uncertainty.
measurements, are processed in conjunction with a PLS-1 8.2.2 30 mg ⁄kg, containing 30 mg ⁄kg 6 5 mg ⁄kg of FAME,
model to determine the presence and amplitude of the carbonyl with a certified value and uncertainty.
peak of FAME at approximately 1749 cm-1. Test time is 8.3 Calibration Fluids: 8
typically 20 min. The flow analysis by FTIR enables the FAME 8.3.1 Set of Five Fluids, containing amounts of FAME with
IR peak to be resolved from the bulk IR properties of the fuel. certified values and uncertainty.
5. Significance and Use 8.4 Lint-free Cloth, for cleaning and drying the sample input
tube.
5.1 The present and growing international governmental
requirements to add fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) to diesel 9. Sampling
fuel has had the unintended side-effect of leading to potential 9.1 Unless otherwise specified, take a sample of at least
60 mL in accordance with Practices D4057 or D4177 or in
5
Available from the Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR,
8
U.K., [Link] The following reagents and materials were used to develop the precision
6
Available from Procurement Executive DF5 (air), Ministry of Defence, statements: Seta Verification and Calibration fluids for Seta FIJI, Stanhope-Seta,
[Link]. Chertsey, Surrey, KT16 8AP, UK. This is not an endorsement or certification by
7
ADJD6300 is no longer available from ASTM International Headquarters. ASTM.