1. What is DHCP?

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is a network management protocol

used to automatically assign IP addresses and other network configuration
parameters to devices on a network. This process allows devices to communicate
efficiently without requiring manual configuration.

Key Features of DHCP:

 Automatic IP Management: Reduces the need for manual IP configuration.

 Centralized Administration: Eases network management by allowing IP
settings to be managed centrally.
 IP Lease Management: Assigns IP addresses temporarily, ensuring efficient
reuse of IP addresses.

2. Difference between Static IP and Dynamic IP?

Aspect Static IP DHCP(Dynamic IP)
Assignment Method Manually configured by a Automatically assigned by a
network admin. DHCP server.
IP Address Changes Stays the same unless Changes periodically or
changed manually. upon reconnecting.
Use Case Servers, printers, and General-purpose devices
devices requiring constant like phones, laptops, and
access. IoT devices.
Ease of Setup Requires manual setup Automatic and requires
and expertise. minimal user input.
Maintenance Time-consuming and Easier and more scalable for
prone to human error. large networks.
Cost May incur extra charges Typically included with most
from ISPs. internet services.
Best For Hosting services, remote Home networks, office
access, and security networks, and guest Wi-Fi.
systems.
Reliability More reliable for critical Reliable but less predictable
services. due to address changes.

3. What is the URL of office 365 admin center portal?

[Link]
4. What is Active Directory?
Active Directory (AD) is a one of the features of windows server operating system
it is developed by Microsoft for managing and organizing network resources such as
users, computers, and services within a Windows domain. It is a centralized system
that allows administrators to control access, enforce security policies, and manage
the entire IT infrastructure.

5. How to configure office outlook?

1. Open Outlook

1. Launch Microsoft Outlook from the Start menu or desktop shortcut.

2. Add Your Email Account

 Click File > Add Account.

3. Enter Email Account Details

1. Type your email address (e.g., yourname@[Link]).

2. Click Connect.

4. Choose Account Type

 For most services like Microsoft 365, Exchange, or [Link], Outlook will
auto-detect settings.
 For other email providers (like Gmail, Yahoo, or custom domains), choose:

IMAP Settings:

 Incoming Mail Server: [Link] (e.g., [Link])

 Port: 993 (SSL/TLS)

Outgoing Mail Server (SMTP):

 Server: [Link] (e.g., [Link])

 Port: 587 (STARTTLS)

5. Enter Your Password

 Enter your email account password.

 Click Connect.
6. How to configure office 365 outlook?

1. Open Outlook

 Open Microsoft Outlook from the Start menu or desktop shortcut.

2. Add Your Email Account

1. Go to File > Add Account.

3. Enter Your Office 365 Email Address

1. Type your Office 365 email address (e.g., yourname@[Link]).

2. Click Connect.

4. Sign in to Your Office 365 Account

1. A Microsoft sign-in window will appear.

2. Enter your Office 365 email address and password.
3. Complete Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) if prompted.

5. Auto-Configuration (Recommended)

 Outlook will automatically detect your Office 365 settings and configure your
account.

6. Setup Complete

 Once your account is successfully added, click Done.

 Outlook will start syncing your email, calendar, and contacts.

7. What is BitLocker Encryption?

BitLocker Encryption is a data protection feature built into Microsoft Windows
operating systems (starting with Windows Vista). It is designed to protect data by
encrypting entire drives, preventing unauthorized access to the data, even if
someone gains physical access to the drive.

8. What is firewall?
A firewall is a network security system that monitors and controls incoming and
outgoing network traffic based on predefined security rules. It acts as a barrier
between a trusted internal network and untrusted external networks, such as the
internet, to prevent unauthorized access, cyber threats, and malicious activity.
9. What are the difference between office outlook and O365 outlook?
Feature Office Outlook Office 365 Outlook (Microsoft
(2019/2021) 365)
License Type One-time purchase Subscription-based
Updates Periodic (security Regular feature updates
updates only)
Cloud Integration Limited cloud support Full cloud integration (Exchange
Online, OneDrive, Teams, etc.)
Storage Local storage Cloud storage (Exchange Online)
(PST/OST files)
Multi-Device Support Limited (Desktop only) Multiple devices (PC, Mac, Web,
Mobile)
Advanced Security Basic security features Advanced security (MFA, ATP,
DLP)
Features & Basic features Real-time collaboration, Teams
Collaboration integration, advanced features
Support Limited (only for Ongoing, 24/7 support with
purchased version) subscription

10. What are the different between PST and OST file?
Aspect PST File OST File
Purpose Backup, archive, transfer Offline access, sync
Email Accounts POP3, manual export IMAP, Exchange, Office 365
Server Dependency Not server-dependent Server-dependent
File Transferability Portable, easily imported Locked to an account
Backup Use Manual backup supported Not suitable for backup

11. What is the DNS?

DNS (Domain Name System) is a fundamental system that translates human-
readable domain names (like [Link]) into IP addresses (like [Link])
that computers use to identify each other on a network. Essentially, DNS acts as the
"phonebook of the internet."

12. What is Primary memory?

Primary memory, also known as main memory, is the computer's internal storage
used to store data and instructions temporarily while the system is running. It acts as
the computer's working memory, directly accessible by the CPU (Central Processing
Unit) for quick data retrieval and processing.
13. What is secondary memory?
Secondary memory, also known as secondary storage or permanent memory,
refers to storage devices and media that are not directly accessible by the CPU but
are used to permanently store data and programs even when the computer is
powered off.

14. What are the different between POP3 and IMAP?

Aspect POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3) IMAP (Internet Message

Access Protocol)
Email Storage Emails are downloaded and Emails are stored on the
usually deleted from the server. server and accessed
remotely.
Synchronization No synchronization; emails are Full synchronization across
stored only on the device where all devices. Changes reflect
they were downloaded. everywhere.
Access Method Offline access after download. Requires internet for real-
time access (unless emails
are cached).
Device Usage Best for single-device use. Suitable for multiple devices
(phones, laptops, tablets).
Email No folder or label management Supports folders, labels, and
Management on the server. advanced email
organization.
Data Backup Responsibility of the user. Emails are automatically
Backups must be manual. backed up if the server
provider supports it.
Server Load Low server storage needed Higher server storage
(emails are deleted from the required since emails
server). remain on the server.
Search Local search only (emails must be Server-side search; fast and
Capabilities downloaded). efficient.
Security Less secure unless encryption is Supports SSL/TLS for secure
manually set up. connections by default.
Usage Scenario Suitable for users with a single Ideal for users accessing
device and limited internet emails from multiple
access. devices or locations.
15. How to Backup in Outlook?
Backup Outlook Using a PST File (Office suite outlook)

A PST (Personal Storage Table) file is used to save Outlook data, including emails,
contacts, and calendar items.

Steps to Backup Outlook Data:

1. Open Outlook: Launch the Outlook desktop application.

2. Go to File Tab: Click on File > Open & Export > Import/Export.
3. Choose Export Option: Select Export to a file and click Next.
4. Select PST File Type: Choose Outlook Data File (.pst) and click Next.
5. Select Folders to Backup:
o Select the Inbox, Calendar, or Contacts folder you want to back up.
o Check Include subfolders for a full backup.
6. Choose Destination: Click Browse to choose where to save the PST file.
7. Set a Password (Optional): You can set a password for added security.
8. Click Finish: Outlook will create the backup file.

Backup Outlook Online ([Link] / Office 365)

[Link] and Office 365 users can download mailbox data:

1. Go to Settings > View All Outlook Settings > General > Privacy and Data.
2. Click on Export Mailbox.
3. Microsoft will prepare the backup and send a download link

16. Define SCCM?

SCCM (System Center Configuration Manager)

SCCM, now officially known as Microsoft Endpoint Configuration Manager (MECM),

is a systems management tool developed by Microsoft. It helps IT administrators
efficiently manage, deploy, and secure devices, software, and configurations across
a corporate network.

Key Functions of SCCM:

1. Software Deployment:
o Install, update, or uninstall software applications remotely.
o Manage software packages across multiple devices.
2. Operating System Deployment (OSD):
o Deploy operating systems (e.g., Windows 10, Windows 11) to devices
over a network.
o Customize OS deployment with specific configurations.
 3. Patch Management:
o Deploy software updates and security patches across devices.
o Ensure systems are up to date and secure.
4. Device and Inventory Management:
o Track hardware and software inventory.
o Monitor device health and compliance.
5. Compliance Settings:
o Enforce security policies and system configurations.
o Ensure devices meet company standards.
6. Remote Control and Troubleshooting:
o Provide remote access to devices for troubleshooting and support.
7. Endpoint Protection:
o Integrate with Windows Defender for antivirus and malware
protection.

17. Difference between HDD and SSD?

Feature HDD (Hard Disk Drive) SSD (Solid State Drive)

Technology Magnetic spinning platters and Flash memory (NAND chips).
read/write heads.
Speed Slower read/write speeds (100– Much faster speeds (500 MB/s
200 MB/s). to 7,000 MB/s).
Durability Sensitive to shocks and More durable, no moving parts.
vibrations.
Noise Audible noise from spinning Completely silent.
platters.
Power Higher power usage. Lower power usage, more
Consumption energy-efficient.
Lifespan Limited by mechanical wear Limited by write cycles, but
and tear. longer lasting.
Capacity Larger storage sizes (up to Smaller capacities (up to 8TB+).
20TB+).
Cost More affordable per GB. More expensive per GB.
Boot Time Slower boot times. Faster boot times.
File Access Time Slower random-access time. Extremely fast random access.
Use Case Ideal for bulk storage and Ideal for performance and
budget systems. speed-focused systems.
18. List out the BSOD errors?
1. Hardware-Related BSOD Errors:

1. CRITICAL_PROCESS_DIED
o A critical system process has unexpectedly stopped.
2. WHEA_UNCORRECTABLE_ERROR
o Hardware failure (e.g., CPU, RAM, or motherboard issue).
3. MACHINE_CHECK_EXCEPTION
o Hardware malfunction detected by the CPU.
4. DRIVER_POWER_STATE_FAILURE
o Driver failed to transition to a power state correctly (common with
sleep/hibernate issues).
5. MEMORY_MANAGEMENT
o Issue with system memory (RAM).
6. PAGE_FAULT_IN_NONPAGED_AREA
o System is trying to access memory that doesn’t exist or is corrupted.
7. KERNEL_SECURITY_CHECK_FAILURE
o Kernel detected corruption in critical data structures (often linked to
RAM issues).

2. Driver-Related BSOD Errors:

1. IRQL_NOT_LESS_OR_EQUAL
o Faulty driver tried to access memory it shouldn’t have.
2. DRIVER_IRQL_NOT_LESS_OR_EQUAL
o Driver attempted to access an invalid memory address.
3. DRIVER_VERIFIER_DETECTED_VIOLATION
o Windows Driver Verifier detected a driver issue.
4. SYSTEM_THREAD_EXCEPTION_NOT_HANDLED
o Faulty driver caused an exception that wasn’t handled.
5. VIDEO_TDR_FAILURE
o Graphics driver issue (commonly [Link] for NVIDIA,
[Link] for AMD).

3. Software and System File BSOD Errors:

1. SYSTEM_SERVICE_EXCEPTION
o An exception occurred during a system service routine.
2. KMODE_EXCEPTION_NOT_HANDLED
o Kernel-mode process caused an exception.
 3. BAD_POOL_HEADER
o Corruption in the memory pool (often caused by faulty RAM or drivers).
4. UNEXPECTED_KERNEL_MODE_TRAP
o CPU generated an exception the kernel couldn’t handle.
5. NTFS_FILE_SYSTEM
o File system corruption on an NTFS drive.
6. FAT_FILE_SYSTEM
o File system corruption on a FAT32 drive.

4. Boot-Related BSOD Errors:

1. INACCESSIBLE_BOOT_DEVICE
o Windows cannot access the boot drive (common after hardware
changes).
2. BOOT_DEVICE_NOT_FOUND
o The system can’t locate the boot device.
3. ACPI_BIOS_ERROR
o Incompatibility between BIOS and Windows.
4. BOOTMGR IS MISSING
o Boot Manager file is missing or corrupted.

5. Network-Related BSOD Errors:

1. DPC_WATCHDOG_VIOLATION
o Network driver or hardware timeout.
2. BUGCODE_USB_DRIVER
o USB device driver failed.
3. [Link]
o Network driver error.
4. [Link]
o Network protocol driver caused an error.

6. Security-Related BSOD Errors:

1. SECURE_BOOT_VIOLATION
o Secure Boot detected an invalid boot loader.
2. BAD_SYSTEM_CONFIG_INFO
o Corrupted Windows registry or system files.
3. STATUS_SYSTEM_PROCESS_TERMINATED
o Critical system process was terminated unexpectedly.
7. Miscellaneous BSOD Errors:

1. CLOCK_WATCHDOG_TIMEOUT
o CPU failed to process interrupts properly.
2. REFERENCE_BY_POINTER
o Software issue causing reference tracking failure.
3. PFN_LIST_CORRUPT
o Page Frame Number (PFN) list is corrupted (usually memory-related).
4. 0x0000007E / 0x00000050
o Generic error codes indicating hardware or driver issues.

Common Causes of BSOD Errors:

 Faulty hardware (RAM, hard drive, CPU).

 Outdated or corrupt drivers.
 Overheating of components.
 Malware or virus infections.
 Faulty system updates.

19. What is a VPN (Virtual Private Network)?

A VPN (Virtual Private Network) is a technology that allows you to create a
secure, encrypted connection to another network over the internet. VPNs are
commonly used to protect privacy and secure data transmission, especially when
using public or unsecured networks, such as public Wi-Fi.