Matrices
Addition and Subtraction
To add or subtract matrices, they must be of the same size matrix. To add matrices of the same,
add their corresponding entries.
Questions:
Find the value of 𝐴 + 𝐵 and 𝐴 − 𝐵.
1 2 4 5
a) 𝐴 ( ) 𝐵( )
5 2 9 1
b) 𝐴(1 6 3) 𝐵(−2 3 1)
4 −3 1 −1 2 3
c) 𝐴 (0 5 −2) 𝐵( 6 −7 9)
5 −6 0 0 −4 8
Scalar Multiplication
Questions:
−1 2 3 −1 2 3 1 4 2
1. −1 ( 6 −7 9) 2. ( 6 −7 9) + 3 ( 0 4 1)
0 −4 8 0 −4 8 2 5 −1
−1 2 3 1 4 2
3. 2 ( 6 −7 9) + 0 (0 4 1)
0 −4 8 2 5 −1
4. What is the value of 𝐴 + (−1)𝐵?
−1 2 −5 6
𝐴( ) 𝐵( )
3 4 7 8
Matrix Product Multiplication
When multiplying matrix it is done by using row by column.
Activity: Perform matrix product multiplication on the following sets of matrices.
5 6
3. (1 2 3 4) (6) 2. (4 2 3 1) (3)
7 5
8 2
1 2 3
1 2 3 4 4 5 6) 1 2 4 5
3. ( ) ( 4. ( ) ( )
5 6 7 8 7 8 9 5 2 9 1
10 11 12
4 −3 1 −1 2 3 −1 6
3 1 −1
5. (0 5 −2) ( 6 −7 9) 6. ( ) ( 3 5)
2 0 3
5 −6 0 0 −4 8 2 4
NB: Test if matrix product multiplication is commutative using number 6.
Equality Matrices
1. Given that the following matrices are equal, find the values of x and y.
2. Given that the following matrices are equal, find the values of x, y, and z.
Determinant
NB: The matrix has to be a square to find the determinant.
|A| = ad – bc
"The determinant of A equals a times d minus b times c". The leading diagonal is positive while
the non-leading is negative.
Example: . Find the determinant of B.
Diagonal Method of finding determinant
1. Extend the determinant’s grid by rewriting the first two column of numbers:
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
(𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 𝑑 𝑒 )
𝑔 ℎ 𝑖 𝑔 ℎ
2. Then multiply along the down diagonals:
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
(𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 𝑑 𝑒 ) [(𝑎𝑒𝑖) + (𝑏𝑓𝑔) + (𝑐𝑑ℎ)]
𝑔 ℎ 𝑖 𝑔 ℎ
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
(𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 𝑑 𝑒) [(𝑏𝑑𝑖) + (𝑎𝑓𝑔) + (𝑐𝑒𝑔)]
𝑔 ℎ 𝑖 𝑔 ℎ
3. Subtract the non-leading from the leading diagonal
[(𝑎𝑒𝑖) + (𝑏𝑓𝑔) + (𝑐𝑑ℎ)] − [(𝑏𝑑𝑖) + (𝑎𝑓𝑔) + (𝑐𝑒𝑔)]
Cofactor method of finding the determinant
1. Multiply a by the determinant of the 2×2 matrix that is not in a's row or column.
2. Likewise for b, and for c
3. Add them up, but remember that b has a negative sign!
|A| = a(ei - fh) - b(di - fg) + c(dh - eg)
Questions:
1. 2. 3.
Systems of Equations
Augmented Matrix
Each equation in the system becomes a row. Each variable in the system represents a column.
The variables are dropped and the coefficients are placed into a matrix. If the right hand side is
included, it’s called an augmented matrix.
Questions: Write the matrices below in (i) matrix form and (ii) augmented matrix form.\
1. 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 1 2. 2𝑥 + 7 + 𝑧 = 3
3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 3 𝑥−𝑦−𝑧 =0
4𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 9 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0
Solving using Cramer’s Rule
2𝑥 + 7 + 𝑧 = 3
𝑥−𝑦−𝑧 =0
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0
coefficient Dx: coefficient determinant
system of answer
matrix's with answer-column
equations column
determinant values in x-column
2x + 1y + 1z = 3
1x – 1y – 1z = 0
1x + 2y + 1z = 0
Similarly, Dy and Dz would then be:
Evaluating each determinant, we get:
Cramer's Rule says that x = Dx ÷ D, y = Dy ÷ D, and z = Dz ÷ D. That is:
x = 3/3 = 1, y = –6/3 = –2, and z = 9/3 = 3
Questions:
1. Given the following system of equations, find the value of z.
2x + y + z = 1
x – y + 4z = 0
x + 2y – 2z = 3
2. 8𝑥 + 10𝑧 = 7𝑦 + 15
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 8𝑧 = 7
5𝑦 + 9 = 4𝑥 + 2𝑧
Worksheet #9
2 4 3 2 1 4
1. Given that 𝐴 = (3 −1) , 𝐵 = (4 2) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 = (1 6), find:
1 0 3 2 2 3
a) 𝐴 + 𝐵 b) 𝐴 + 2𝐵 − 𝐶 c) 2𝐴 − 𝐵 + 2𝐶
2. Find the product of the following matrices:
1 2 3 1 1 2
𝐴 = (2 0 1) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = (−1 2 −1)
1 −1 1 3 3 2
1 2 2
2 1 4 1 𝑥2 16
3. ( ) ( 3 4 4) = ( ). Find the values of 𝑥 and y.
3 −1 2 −2 𝑦 − 𝑥 6
−1 2 2
1 −1 2
4. Given that 𝐴 = (2 0 1), find the determinant of A.
3 1 1
5. (a) Write the system of equations in the matrix form AX=B.
2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 1
4𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 7
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 5
(b) Use Cramer’s rule to solve the system of equations.