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Very Compact Bandstop Waveguide
Filters Using Split-Ring Resonators and
Perturbed Quarter-Wave Transformers
a b a
S. Fallahzadeh , H. Bahrami & M. Tayarani
a
Department of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science
and Technology (IUST), Tehran, Iran
b
Department of Electrical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University
(TMU), Tehran, Iran
Published online: 28 Jun 2010.
To cite this article: S. Fallahzadeh , H. Bahrami & M. Tayarani (2010): Very Compact Bandstop
Waveguide Filters Using Split-Ring Resonators and Perturbed Quarter-Wave Transformers,
Electromagnetics, 30:5, 482-490
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Electromagnetics, 30:482–490, 2010
Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
ISSN: 0272-6343 print/1532-527X online
DOI: 10.1080/02726343.2010.483942
Very Compact Bandstop Waveguide Filters Using
Split-Ring Resonators and Perturbed
Quarter-Wave Transformers
S. FALLAHZADEH,1 H. BAHRAMI,2 and M. TAYARANI 1
Downloaded by [The University Of Melbourne Libraries] at 02:10 30 April 2013
1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and
Technology (IUST), Tehran, Iran
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University (TMU),
Tehran, Iran
Abstract In this article, two compact bandstop waveguide filters are investigated.
The first structure consists of double split-ring resonators and conventional quarter-
wavelength line transformers. Further decrease in the filter size is achieved by re-
placing the transformers by a conductive strip that reduces the length of the filter to
half of its =4 counterpart. A theoretical model for the conductive strip transformer
is introduced. The experimental result of the final compact filter is presented, which
shows a good agreement with full wave simulation results and theoretical design.
Keywords bandstop, compact, filter, double split-ring resonators, waveguide
Introduction
Split-ring resonators (SRRs), originally proposed by Pendry et al. (1999), have attracted
a great deal of interest for the design of left-handed (LH) media (Xu et al., 2006; Hrabar
et al., 2005; Marqués et al., 2002, 2003; Shelkovnikov & Budimir, 2006; Jitha et al.,
2006). Considering the waveguide as a transmission line for each propagating mode,
SRR structures can be used in the design of waveguide filters as bandstop resonators
(Shelkovnikov & Budimir, 2006; Jitha et al., 2006; Kehn et al., 2008). Due to their
bandstop nature, SRRs can be viewed either as a parallel resonator or in series with the
main line.
In this article, the bandstop filter is primarily designed using a combination of SRRs
as resonator and =4 transmission lines as a transformer. To further decrease the size of
the filter, =4 transmission line transformers are replaced by a conductive strip with two
=16 transmission lines at both sides. This reduces the length of the filter by 50%.
However, there is a strong coupling between the SRRs and transformers since they
are very close, and this affects the filter response. To solve this problem, the designed
SRR and transformer must be modified effectively to compensate for the coupling effect
and obtain the required response.
Received 2 October 2009; accepted 4 March 2010.
Address correspondence to S. Fallahzadeh, Department of Electrical Engineering, Iran Uni-
versity of Science and Technology (IUST), Tehran, Iran. E-mail: sfallahzadeh@[Link]
482
Compact Bandstop Waveguide Filters Using SRRs 483
The bandstop filter considered here is a third-order Chebyshev with a 350-MHz
bandwidth at a center frequency of 11.5 GHz (3% bandwidth) implemented in a WR90
waveguide. RT/Duroid 5880 substrate (Rogers Corporation) with a 0.508-mm thickness
is used to design the SRR and transformer elements. The full-wave simulation results
using Ansoft HFSS (ANSYS Inc., Canonsburg, Pennsylvania, USA) is compared with
the circuit model response.
Filter Designs
Circuit Realization
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Using the well-known procedure of designing filters as described in Matthaei et al.
(1980), a third-order Chebyshev bandstop filter with 350-MHz bandwidth around a center
frequency of 11.5 GHz can be designed easily. The circuit model and performance of
the filter are shown in Figure 1.
Design of Waveguide Filter Using the =4 Transmission Line
as Transformer
The resonators of Figure 1(a) are realized by double split-ring resonator (DSRR) struc-
tures, and the quarter-wave transformers are realized by =4 waveguide sections. Fig-
ure 2(a) shows the resonator structure. At this step, the DSRR dimensions have just
been tuned to achieve the desired resonant response required for the filter of Figure 1(a).
The whole filter is shown in Figure 2(b). As mentioned earlier, strong coupling be-
tween the resonators brings difficulties to the design procedure due to increasing the sensi-
tivity of the filter response to the resonator position. To overcome this problem, an offset is
made to the resonator position with respect to the center of the waveguide, which reduces
the amount of unwanted couplings while keeping the filter performance unchanged.
Design of a Compact Transformer
A common structure used as a quarter-wave transformer in microstrip and waveguide
filters is the =4 transmission line. To reduce the filter length, it is necessary to shorten the
transformer. This length reduction can be achieved by replacing the conventional quarter
wavelength transformers with a conductive strip in the waveguide. Two equal lengths
of line is needed on both sides of the strip for phase adjustment of the transformer. By
adjusting the strip dimensions, the effective electrical length of the transformer can be
reduced effectively. Figure 3 shows the transformer configuration.
Here, a circuit model for the strip inserted in the waveguide was considered, as
shown in Figure 4.
The overall transmission matrix of the structure is
ŒABCDtotal D ŒABCDT L ŒABCD… ŒABCDT L ; (1)
where ŒABCDT L is the transmission matrix of the waveguide half-section, and ŒABCD…
is the transmission matrix of the … network.
Using the overall transmission matrix, the transmission matrix of the … section and,
consequently, the parameters of circuit model of strip, can be extracted. The necessary
condition for a two-port network to act as a transformer is that A and D in the overall
484 S. Fallahzadeh et al.
(a)
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(b)
(c)
Figure 1. (a) Circuit model of the third-order Chebyshev bandstop filter, (b) simulation results,
and (c) zoomed scale.
transmission matrix be zero. Therefore, after some manipulation, the electric length of
the transformer and also its admittance coefficient can be extracted as
D arctanŒ.2B3 C B1 C B2/=. Y 0 C B1B2=Y 0 C B1B3=Y 0 C B2B3=Y 0/; (2)
p
J D Y 0 Œ.˛ sin C ˇ cos ı/=.˛ sin C ˇ cos C ı/; (3)
Compact Bandstop Waveguide Filters Using SRRs 485
(a)
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(b)
(c)
Figure 2. (a) DSRR, (b) filter realization with =4 transmission line transformers, and (c) compar-
ison of circuit model’s response (dotted line) and the structure that is shown in (b) (solid line) with
the following parameters: d1 D 3:65 mm, d 2 D 2:3 mm, L D 2:4 mm, c D 0:3 mm, p D 0:2 mm
(first and third resonators), d1 D 4:25 mm, d 2 D 1:65 mm, L D 0:8 mm, c D 0:125 mm, and
p D 0:25 mm (second resonator).
486 S. Fallahzadeh et al.
Figure 3. Compact transformer configuration.
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where
˛ D Y 0 C Y 0B2=.2B3/ C Y 0B1=.2B3/;
ˇ D B1=2 C B2=2 C B1B2=.2B3/ Y 02=.2B3/;
ı D B1=2 C B2=2 C B1B2=.2B3/ C Y 02=.2B3/:
By tuning the dimensions of the strip, the transmission matrix (ŒABCD) of the strip
(… section) will be extracted as
" # " #
A B 0:613 26:73i
D : (4)
C D 0:0165i 0:907
This means that the parameters of circuit model of strip are as follows:
B1 D 0:0034; B2 D 0:0145; B3 D 0:037:
Consequently, the final circuit model for the compact transformer is depicted in Figure 5.
Miniaturization of the Filter
To miniaturize the filter, the =4 transmission line transformer is replaced by the new
compact transformer introduced in the previous section. But because of the strong cou-
pling between the resonance elements and transformers, the result of circuit model is not
in good agreement with the numerical simulation results. This is due to the compactness
Figure 4. Circuit model of strip combined with the waveguide as transmission line.
Compact Bandstop Waveguide Filters Using SRRs 487
Figure 5. Circuit model of transformer with transmission line.
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Table 1
Dimensions of the resonators and transformers before and after tuning
mm Before tuning After tuning
First and third resonators d1 3.65 3.58
d2 2.3 2.38
p 0.3 0.3
c 0.2 0.24
L 2.4 2.2
Second resonator d1 4.25 4.25
d2 1.65 2.9
p 0.2 1.9
c 0.3 0.2
L 0.8 0.4
Inverters k1 2.5 2.2
k2 7.2 5.4
of the transformers and their proximity to the resonance elements. To compensate for
this effect, the resonance elements and transformers dimensions must be tuned suitably.
Finally, after exerting these variations, the final design and the simulation results of
the compensated designed filter are depicted in Figure 6. Dimensions of the resonators
and transformers before and after tuning are summarized in Table 1.
As seen in Table 1, the center resonator dimensions are changed considerably. It is
affected by a close strip on both sides, which reduces resonator bandwidth.
Fabrication and Measurement
A prototype bandstop filter is fabricated on a 0.508-mm thick RT/Duroid 5880 substrate
with fractional dielectric constant "r D 2:2 and a WR90 waveguide. A photograph of the
fabricated filter and its measured result are shown in Figure 7.
Conclusion
In this article, the capability of SRR elements for designing waveguide bandstop filters is
demonstrated. Two compact bandstop waveguide filters are designed. To reduce the filter
size, the quarter-wavelength transformer is replaced by the strip transformer. Therefore,
488 S. Fallahzadeh et al.
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(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 6. (a) Very compact waveguide filter structure; (b) and (c) comparison of circuit model’s
response (dotted line) and the structure which is shown in (a) (solid line).
Compact Bandstop Waveguide Filters Using SRRs 489
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(a)
(b)
Figure 7. (a) Photograph of the compact bandstop waveguide filter and (b) comparison of full-wave
simulation (dotted line) and the measurement result (solid line).
490 S. Fallahzadeh et al.
the filter is compacted by 50%. The circuit model of strip transformer is introduced.
Finally, the compact third-order Chebyshev bandstop filter with a strip transformer is
fabricated, and the insertion loss is measured that shows good agreement with simulation
result.
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to thank Iranian Telecommunication Research Center (ITRC) for
financial support of this work.
References
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