Python and Data Science

Complete Question and Answer Bank

6 Units | 40 Questions Each | 240 Total Q&A

Unit 1: Python Basics | Unit 2: Functions and OOP

Unit 3: Data Science Foundations | Unit 4: Descriptive Analytics
Unit 5: NumPy and Pandas | Unit 6: Data Visualization

Prepared for Exam Revision

 UNIT 1 - BASICS OF PYTHON
Introduction | Language Fundamentals | Data Types | Variables | Operators | Control Flow | Data Structures

Q1. What is Python?

A: Python is a high-level, interpreted, interactive, and object-oriented programming language.
Q2. Who created Python and in which year?
A: Guido van Rossum created Python and it was first released in 1991.
Q3. What does interpreted language mean?
A: Code is executed line by line by an interpreter without prior compilation into machine code.
Q4. Is Python case-sensitive?
A: Yes. Python is case-sensitive, so Name and name are treated as different identifiers.
Q5. What is the file extension for Python source files?
A: .py
Q6. What is indentation in Python?
A: The use of spaces or tabs to define blocks of code instead of curly braces.
Q7. How many spaces are recommended per indentation level according to PEP 8?
A: 4 spaces per indentation level.
Q8. What are keywords in Python?
A: Reserved words with special meaning that cannot be used as identifiers, e.g., if, for, while, return,
class.
Q9. How many keywords exist in Python 3?
A: 35 keywords.
Q10. What is a Python identifier?
A: A name used to identify a variable, function, class, module, or other object in Python.
Q11. What is the data type of the value 10?
A: int (integer).
Q12. What is the data type of 3.14?
A: float (floating-point number).
Q13. What is the data type of 3+4j?
A: complex (complex number with real and imaginary parts).
Q14. What are the two Boolean values in Python?
A: True and False.
Q15. Which data type stores a sequence of characters?
A: str (string).
Q16. What is a list in Python?
A: An ordered, mutable collection of items enclosed in square brackets, e.g., [1, 2, 3].
Q17. What is a tuple in Python?
A: An ordered, immutable collection of items enclosed in parentheses, e.g., (1, 2, 3).
Q18. What is a set in Python?
A: An unordered collection of unique elements enclosed in curly braces, e.g., {1, 2, 3}.
Q19. What is a dictionary in Python?
A: A collection of key-value pairs enclosed in curly braces, e.g., {'name': 'Alice', 'age': 20}.
Q20. What is dynamic typing in Python?
A: The variable type is determined automatically at runtime, not at the time of declaration.
Q21. Which built-in function returns the data type of a variable?
A: type() - e.g., type(10) returns int.
Q22. What does the int() function do?
A: Converts a value to an integer data type, e.g., int('5') returns 5.
Q23. What does the ** operator do in Python?
A: Exponentiation - raises a number to a power. Example: 2**3 = 8.
Q24. What does the % operator do in Python?
A: Modulus - returns the remainder after division. Example: 10 % 3 = 1.
Q25. What does the // operator do in Python?
A: Floor division - divides and returns the quotient without the decimal part. Example: 7//2 = 3.
Q26. Which relational operator checks equality between two values?
A: == (double equals sign).
Q27. What are the three logical operators in Python?
A: and, or, not.
Q28. What is the result of not True in Python?
A: False.
Q29. What is an assignment operator? Give an example.
A: Used to assign or update values in variables. Example: x += 5 adds 5 to x.
Q30. What does the bitwise AND operator & do in Python?
A: Performs AND operation on each corresponding bit of two integers.
Q31. What is an if statement used for?
A: To execute a block of code only when a specified condition evaluates to True.
Q32. What is the purpose of an if-else statement?
A: Executes one block if the condition is True, and an alternative block if the condition is False.
Q33. What is a nested if statement?
A: An if or if-else statement placed inside another if or else block.
Q34. What is a for loop used for?
A: To iterate over a sequence such as a list, tuple, string, or range object.
Q35. What does range(1, 5) produce?
A: Numbers 1, 2, 3, 4. The stop value 5 is excluded.
Q36. What is a while loop?
A: A loop that keeps executing as long as its given condition remains True.
Q37. What does the break statement do?
A: Immediately exits the nearest enclosing loop when encountered.
Q38. What does the continue statement do?
A: Skips the remaining statements in the current iteration and jumps to the next iteration.
Q39. What does the pass statement do?
A: A null statement that acts as a placeholder in loops, functions, or classes where no action is needed.
Q40. What is the key difference between a list and a tuple?
A: A list is mutable (elements can be added, removed, or changed); a tuple is immutable (elements
cannot be changed after creation).
 UNIT 2 - FUNCTIONS, FILES AND OOP
Functions | Object-Oriented Concepts | Strings | File Handling | Exception Handling | Libraries

Q1. What keyword is used to define a function in Python?

A: def
Q2. What is a function in Python?
A: A reusable, named block of code that performs a specific task when called.
Q3. What does a return statement do in a function?
A: It sends a value back from the function to the place where it was called.
Q4. What are positional arguments?
A: Arguments passed to a function in the exact order the parameters are defined.
Q5. What are keyword arguments?
A: Arguments passed using the parameter name explicitly, e.g., func(name='John').
Q6. What are default arguments?
A: Parameters that have a preset default value used when no argument is provided during the call.
Q7. What is a recursive function?
A: A function that calls itself repeatedly until a base condition is satisfied.
Q8. What is a base condition in recursion?
A: The condition that stops further recursive calls, preventing an infinite loop.
Q9. What does a function return if it has no return statement?
A: None.
Q10. What is a class in Python?
A: A blueprint or template for creating objects that encapsulates data (attributes) and behaviour
(methods).
Q11. What is an object in Python?
A: An instance of a class - a specific realization of the class blueprint with actual values.
Q12. What is a constructor in Python?
A: The special method __init__() that is called automatically when a new object is created.
Q13. What is self in a Python class?
A: A reference to the current instance of the class, used to access its attributes and methods.
Q14. What are instance variables?
A: Variables defined inside __init__() that are unique to each object of the class.
Q15. What are class variables?
A: Variables defined directly inside the class body, shared across all objects of that class.
Q16. What is the difference between instance and class variables?
A: Instance variables are object-specific and defined in __init__; class variables are common to all
instances and defined in the class body.
Q17. What is a string in Python?
A: An immutable sequence of Unicode characters enclosed in single, double, or triple quotes.
Q18. What does the upper() method do?
A: Converts all characters in the string to uppercase.
Q19. What does the lower() method do?
A: Converts all characters in the string to lowercase.
Q20. What does the split() method do?
A: Splits a string into a list of substrings based on a specified delimiter.
Q21. What does the join() method do?
 A: Joins elements of an iterable into a single string using a specified separator string.
Q22. What does the replace() method do?
A: Replaces all occurrences of a specified substring with another substring.
Q23. What does len('Python') return?
A: 6 - the number of characters in the string.
Q24. What is string slicing?
A: Extracting a portion of a string using the syntax string[start:end:step].
Q25. What is string concatenation?
A: Combining two or more strings using the + operator.
Q26. What is file handling in Python?
A: The ability to create, read, write, and close files stored on disk using Python code.
Q27. What does file mode r mean?
A: Opens the file for reading only. Raises an error if the file does not exist.
Q28. What does file mode w mean?
A: Opens the file for writing. Creates a new file or overwrites existing content.
Q29. What does file mode a mean?
A: Opens the file for appending. Adds new content without deleting existing data.
Q30. Which Python function is used to open a file?
A: open() - e.g., open('[Link]', 'r').
Q31. What does the read() method do?
A: Reads and returns the entire content of a file as a single string.
Q32. What does the readline() method do?
A: Reads and returns one line at a time from a file.
Q33. What does the write() method do?
A: Writes a specified string to the file.
Q34. What is exception handling in Python?
A: A mechanism to catch and handle runtime errors gracefully without crashing the program.
Q35. What is the purpose of the try block?
A: Contains the code that may potentially raise an exception during execution.
Q36. What is the purpose of the except block?
A: Catches and handles the exception raised in the try block.
Q37. What does the finally block do?
A: Always executes after try and except, regardless of whether an exception occurred or not.
Q38. What is a module in Python?
A: A file containing Python definitions, functions, classes, and statements that can be imported and
reused.
Q39. How do you import a module in Python?
A: Using the import keyword - e.g., import math or from math import sqrt.
Q40. Name two commonly used built-in Python libraries.
A: math (mathematical functions) and os (operating system interface functions).
 UNIT 3 - FOUNDATIONS OF DATA SCIENCE
Introduction | Data Science Process | Data Preparation | EDA | Data Systems

Q1. What is Data Science?

A: An interdisciplinary field that uses scientific methods, algorithms, and systems to extract knowledge
and insights from structured and unstructured data.
Q2. Who is a Data Scientist?
A: A professional who collects, processes, analyses, and interprets large amounts of data to support
decision-making.
Q3. Name two applications of Data Science in Healthcare.
A: Disease prediction and diagnosis, and medical image analysis.
Q4. Name two applications of Data Science in Business.
A: Customer segmentation and sales or demand forecasting.
Q5. Name two applications of Data Science in Artificial Intelligence.
A: Natural language processing (NLP) and computer vision.
Q6. What is the first step in the Data Science process?
A: Defining the problem - clearly stating the question or goal to be answered.
Q7. What is data collection?
A: Gathering raw data from various sources such as databases, APIs, surveys, or web scraping.
Q8. What is data preparation?
A: The process of cleaning, transforming, and organising raw data into a format suitable for analysis.
Q9. What is data analysis?
A: Examining datasets to find patterns, trends, correlations, and relationships.
Q10. What is data modeling?
A: Building mathematical or statistical models from data to make predictions or decisions.
Q11. What is data visualization?
A: Representing data findings graphically using charts, plots, and dashboards for easier understanding.
Q12. What is data cleaning?
A: The process of detecting and correcting errors, duplicates, and inconsistencies in a dataset.
Q13. What are missing values in a dataset?
A: Absent or null entries where data was not recorded or is unavailable.
Q14. What is data transformation?
A: Converting data from one format, structure, or scale into another to make it suitable for analysis.
Q15. What is noise in data?
A: Random, irrelevant variations or errors in data that can obscure true patterns.
Q16. What are outliers in a dataset?
A: Data points that deviate significantly from the majority of the dataset and may skew analysis results.
Q17. What are anomalies in data?
A: Unusual or unexpected patterns that do not conform to the expected behaviour of the dataset.
Q18. What is the difference between noise and outliers?
A: Noise is random error distributed throughout the data; outliers are specific extreme data points.
Q19. What is EDA?
A: Exploratory Data Analysis - an approach to analysing datasets to summarise main characteristics,
often using visual methods.
Q20. What is the purpose of EDA?
A: To understand data structure, spot anomalies, identify patterns, and guide further analysis or modeling.
Q21. What are summary statistics?
A: Numerical measures such as mean, median, mode, variance, and standard deviation that describe a
dataset.
Q22. What is Data Mining?
A: The process of discovering patterns, correlations, and anomalies within large datasets using statistical
and computational techniques.
Q23. What is Data Warehousing?
A: A centralised system for storing and managing large volumes of structured historical data to support
reporting and analysis.
Q24. What is structured data?
A: Data organised in a fixed format such as rows and columns in a relational database or spreadsheet.
Q25. What is unstructured data?
A: Data with no predefined format or structure, such as text documents, images, audio, and video.
Q26. What is semi-structured data?
A: Data that has some organisational properties but does not fit into a rigid tabular structure, e.g., JSON,
XML.
Q27. What is Big Data?
A: Extremely large and complex datasets that exceed the capacity of traditional data processing tools.
Q28. What are the 3 Vs of Big Data?
A: Volume (size of data), Velocity (speed of data generation), and Variety (types of data).
Q29. What is a data pipeline?
A: A series of automated steps that move, transform, and process data from source to destination.
Q30. What is machine learning in the context of Data Science?
A: A technique where algorithms learn patterns from data to make predictions without being explicitly
programmed.
Q31. What is predictive analytics?
A: The use of historical data, statistical models, and machine learning to forecast future outcomes.
Q32. What is the difference between Data Science and Data Analytics?
A: Data Science focuses on building predictive models; Data Analytics focuses on interpreting historical
data to answer specific questions.
Q33. What is feature engineering?
A: The process of creating new input features from existing data using domain knowledge to improve
model performance.
Q34. What is a dataset?
A: A structured collection of related data values organised for analysis or processing.
Q35. What is the difference between a population and a sample?
A: A population is the entire group under study; a sample is a smaller subset selected to represent that
population.
Q36. What is data aggregation?
A: Collecting and combining data from multiple sources into a single, unified dataset or summary.
Q37. What is cross-validation?
A: A model evaluation technique that splits data into training and testing sets multiple times to measure
how well a model generalises.
Q38. What is the role of visualisation in Data Science?
A: To communicate data insights clearly and intuitively through graphical representations.
Q39. What is a data frame?
A: A two-dimensional, tabular data structure with rows and columns, commonly used in Pandas for data
analysis.
Q40. Name two popular tools or languages used in Data Science.
A: Python and R.
 UNIT 4 - DESCRIPTIVE ANALYTICS (VERY IMPORTANT)
Types of Data | Statistical Measures | Normal Distribution | Correlation | Regression

Q1. What is Descriptive Analytics?

A: A branch of analytics that summarises and describes historical data to understand what has happened.
Q2. What is qualitative (categorical) data?
A: Data that represents categories or labels and cannot be measured numerically, e.g., gender, colour.
Q3. What is quantitative (numerical) data?
A: Data expressed in numbers that can be measured or counted, e.g., height, temperature, marks.
Q4. What is discrete data?
A: Numerical data that can only take specific, countable values, e.g., number of students in a class.
Q5. What is continuous data?
A: Numerical data that can take any value within a range, e.g., weight, temperature, time.
Q6. What is the Mean?
A: The arithmetic average calculated by dividing the sum of all values by the number of values.
Q7. Write the formula for Mean.
A: Mean = (Sum of all values) divided by (Number of values).
Q8. What is the Median?
A: The middle value of a dataset when all values are arranged in ascending or descending order.
Q9. How is the Median calculated when there is an even number of values?
A: By taking the average (mean) of the two middle values.
Q10. What is the Mode?
A: The value that appears most frequently in a dataset. A dataset can have no mode, one mode, or
multiple modes.
Q11. What are Measures of Central Tendency?
A: Statistical values that describe the centre or typical value of a dataset: Mean, Median, and Mode.
Q12. What is the Range in statistics?
A: The difference between the maximum and minimum values in a dataset. Range = Maximum -
Minimum.
Q13. What is Variance?
A: The average of the squared differences of each data point from the mean, measuring data spread.
Q14. What is Standard Deviation?
A: The square root of variance. It measures how spread out data values are around the mean.
Q15. What are Measures of Dispersion?
A: Statistical measures that describe the spread or variability in a dataset: Range, Variance, and Standard
Deviation.
Q16. What is the difference between variance and standard deviation?
A: Variance is the average squared deviation from the mean; standard deviation is its square root and is in
the same unit as the original data.
Q17. What is a frequency table?
A: A table that shows how often each value or category appears in a dataset.
Q18. Which type of graph is used to represent categorical data?
A: Bar chart or pie chart.
Q19. What is a histogram used for?
A: To show the frequency distribution of continuous numerical data using adjacent rectangular bars.
Q20. What is a Normal Distribution?
 A: A symmetric, bell-shaped probability distribution where most data is concentrated around the mean.
Q21. What does the Bell Curve represent?
A: A graphical depiction of a normal distribution, symmetric about the mean with tails extending on both
sides.
Q22. What is a Z-score?
A: A value indicating how many standard deviations a data point is from the mean. Formula: Z = (X -
Mean) divided by Standard Deviation.
Q23. What does a Z-score of 0 indicate?
A: The data point is exactly at the mean.
Q24. What percentage of data falls within one standard deviation in a normal distribution?
A: Approximately 68% of data.
Q25. What is Correlation?
A: A statistical measure describing the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two
variables.
Q26. What is positive correlation?
A: When one variable increases, the other variable also increases - both move in the same direction.
Q27. What is negative correlation?
A: When one variable increases, the other variable decreases - they move in opposite directions.
Q28. What is the Correlation Coefficient?
A: A numerical value between -1 and +1 that quantifies the strength and direction of the correlation
between two variables.
Q29. What does a correlation coefficient of +1 indicate?
A: A perfect positive correlation - the two variables move together completely in the same direction.
Q30. What does a correlation coefficient of -1 indicate?
A: A perfect negative correlation - the two variables move in exactly opposite directions.
Q31. What does a correlation coefficient of 0 indicate?
A: No linear relationship exists between the two variables.
Q32. What is Regression in statistics?
A: A statistical technique used to model and quantify the relationship between a dependent variable and
one or more independent variables.
Q33. What is Linear Regression?
A: A regression method that models the relationship between two variables using a straight line described
by the equation y = mx + c.
Q34. What is the Regression Line?
A: The best-fit straight line through a scatter plot that minimises the overall distance between data points
and the line.
Q35. What is the Least Squares Method?
A: A technique used to find the best-fit regression line by minimising the sum of squares of the residuals
(errors).
Q36. What is a dependent variable in regression?
A: The output or response variable being predicted, usually denoted as Y.
Q37. What is an independent variable in regression?
A: The input or predictor variable used to make predictions, usually denoted as X.
Q38. What is the difference between correlation and regression?
A: Correlation measures the strength of a relationship between variables; regression models the
relationship to make predictions.
Q39. What is a scatter plot used for in analytics?
A: To visually display and analyse the relationship or correlation between two continuous numerical
variables.
Q40. What does R-squared represent in regression?
A: The proportion of variance in the dependent variable explained by the independent variable(s). It
ranges from 0 to 1.
 UNIT 5 - NUMPY AND PANDAS
NumPy Arrays | Array Operations | Array Functions | Pandas Series and DataFrame | Data Operations | Data
Cleaning

Q1. What is NumPy?

A: NumPy (Numerical Python) is a Python library for numerical computing that provides support for large
multi-dimensional arrays, matrices, and mathematical functions.
Q2. What is the core data structure of NumPy?
A: ndarray - an N-dimensional array object.
Q3. How do you create a NumPy array?
A: Using [Link]() - e.g., [Link]([1, 2, 3]) creates a 1D array.
Q4. What is a 1D array in NumPy?
A: A one-dimensional array with a single row of elements, similar to a list.
Q5. What is a 2D array in NumPy?
A: A two-dimensional array with rows and columns, similar to a matrix or table.
Q6. What is a multi-dimensional array in NumPy?
A: An array with more than two dimensions used for complex data such as 3D images.
Q7. How do you find the shape of a NumPy array?
A: Using the .shape attribute - e.g., [Link] returns a tuple like (rows, columns).
Q8. What does the reshape() function do in NumPy?
A: Changes the shape of a NumPy array without altering its data.
Q9. What is array indexing in NumPy?
A: Accessing individual elements of an array using their position index, starting from 0.
Q10. What is array slicing in NumPy?
A: Extracting a portion of an array using the syntax arr[start:stop:step].
Q11. How do you iterate over a NumPy array?
A: Using a for loop - e.g., for x in arr: print(x).
Q12. What does [Link]() do?
A: Joins two or more arrays along a specified axis.
Q13. What does [Link]() do?
A: Splits an array into multiple sub-arrays along a specified axis.
Q14. What does [Link]() do?
A: Returns a sorted copy of the array in ascending order by default.
Q15. What does [Link]() do?
A: Returns the indices of elements that satisfy a given condition.
Q16. What does [Link]() do?
A: Creates an independent copy of an array so that changes do not affect the original.
Q17. What is the difference between a view and a copy in NumPy?
A: A view shares memory with the original array and changes affect the original; a copy is completely
independent.
Q18. What does [Link]() create?
A: An array filled entirely with zeros of a specified shape.
Q19. What does [Link]() create?
A: An array filled entirely with ones of a specified shape.
Q20. What does [Link]() do?
 A: Creates an array with evenly spaced values within a specified range, similar to Python's range()
function.
Q21. What is Pandas?
A: An open-source Python library for data manipulation and analysis, built on top of NumPy.
Q22. What is a Pandas Series?
A: A one-dimensional labelled array capable of holding data of any type, with a default or custom index.
Q23. What is a Pandas DataFrame?
A: A two-dimensional labelled data structure with rows and named columns, similar to a spreadsheet or
SQL table.
Q24. How do you create a Pandas DataFrame?
A: Using [Link]() - e.g., [Link]({'A': [1,2], 'B': [3,4]}).
Q25. How do you access a column in a Pandas DataFrame?
A: Using df['column_name'] or df.column_name.
Q26. How do you access a row by label in Pandas?
A: Using [Link][label] for label-based indexing.
Q27. How do you access a row by position in Pandas?
A: Using [Link][position] for integer position-based indexing.
Q28. What does [Link]() do in Pandas?
A: Returns the first 5 rows of a DataFrame, or a specified number of rows.
Q29. What does [Link]() do in Pandas?
A: Returns the last 5 rows of a DataFrame, or a specified number of rows.
Q30. How do you filter rows in a Pandas DataFrame?
A: Using a Boolean condition - e.g., df[df['Age'] > 25] returns rows where Age exceeds 25.
Q31. How do you sort a DataFrame by a column?
A: Using df.sort_values('column_name'). Add ascending=False for descending order.
Q32. How do you rank values in a Pandas Series?
A: Using [Link]() which assigns a rank to each element based on its value.
Q33. What does [Link]() do?
A: Returns a DataFrame of the same shape with True where values are missing (NaN) and False
elsewhere.
Q34. What does [Link]() do?
A: Removes all rows or columns that contain at least one missing NaN value.
Q35. What does [Link](value) do?
A: Replaces all missing NaN values in the DataFrame with the specified replacement value.
Q36. What does [Link]() do?
A: Generates summary statistics including count, mean, std, min, max, and quartiles for numerical
columns.
Q37. What does [Link]() do?
A: Prints a concise summary of the DataFrame including column names, data types, and non-null counts.
Q38. What does [Link]() do?
A: Groups the DataFrame by one or more columns to allow aggregate operations like sum, mean, or
count.
Q39. What does [Link]() do?
A: Combines two DataFrames based on a common column or index, similar to a SQL JOIN operation.
Q40. What is data alignment in Pandas?
A: The automatic alignment of data based on index labels when performing operations between two
Series or DataFrames.
 UNIT 6 - DATA VISUALIZATION
Matplotlib | Graph Types | Graph Components | Seaborn | Special Plots | 3D Plots

Q1. What is Data Visualization?

A: The graphical representation of data and information using charts, graphs, and plots to identify trends,
patterns, and insights.
Q2. What is Matplotlib?
A: A comprehensive Python library for creating static, animated, and interactive 2D visualisations.
Q3. How do you import Matplotlib in Python?
A: import [Link] as plt
Q4. What function is used to display a plot in Matplotlib?
A: [Link]()
Q5. What is a Line Plot used for?
A: To display trends or changes in data over a continuous interval or time period.
Q6. What is a Bar Chart used for?
A: To compare discrete categories or groups using rectangular bars of varying heights or lengths.
Q7. What is a Pie Chart used for?
A: To show the proportional distribution of categories as slices of a circle representing parts of a whole.
Q8. What is a Histogram used for?
A: To display the frequency distribution of continuous numerical data using adjacent rectangular bars.
Q9. What is a Box Plot used for?
A: To display the distribution of data using the five-number summary: minimum, Q1, median, Q3, and
maximum.
Q10. What is a Scatter Plot used for?
A: To show the relationship or correlation between two continuous numerical variables.
Q11. How do you create a line plot in Matplotlib?
A: [Link](x, y) followed by [Link]().
Q12. How do you create a bar chart in Matplotlib?
A: [Link](categories, values) followed by [Link]().
Q13. How do you create a pie chart in Matplotlib?
A: [Link](sizes, labels=labels) followed by [Link]().
Q14. How do you create a histogram in Matplotlib?
A: [Link](data, bins=n) followed by [Link]().
Q15. What is a subplot in Matplotlib?
A: Multiple plots displayed together in a single figure using [Link]() or [Link]().
Q16. How do you add a title to a Matplotlib plot?
A: [Link]('Your Title')
Q17. How do you label the x-axis in Matplotlib?
A: [Link]('X-axis Label')
Q18. How do you label the y-axis in Matplotlib?
A: [Link]('Y-axis Label')
Q19. What is a legend in a plot?
A: A key that identifies and explains the different data series or elements shown in the plot.
Q20. How do you add a legend in Matplotlib?
A: [Link]() - requires the label parameter to be set in the plot functions.
Q21. What does [Link]() do in Matplotlib?
 A: Adds a reference grid of horizontal and vertical lines to the background of the plot.
Q22. How do you set the size of a Matplotlib figure?
A: [Link](figsize=(width, height)) - e.g., [Link](figsize=(10, 6)).
Q23. What is Seaborn?
A: A Python data visualisation library built on top of Matplotlib that provides a higher-level interface and
more attractive default styles.
Q24. How do you import Seaborn in Python?
A: import seaborn as sns
Q25. What is the advantage of Seaborn over Matplotlib?
A: Seaborn provides more aesthetically pleasing defaults, built-in themes, and specialised statistical plots
with less code.
Q26. What is a Pair Plot in Seaborn?
A: A grid of scatter plots showing pairwise relationships between all numerical variables in a dataset.
Q27. How do you create a pair plot in Seaborn?
A: [Link](dataframe)
Q28. What is a Heatmap in Seaborn?
A: A colour-coded matrix visualisation used to show the magnitude of values and correlation between
variables.
Q29. How do you create a heatmap in Seaborn?
A: [Link](data, annot=True)
Q30. What is a 3D plot in Matplotlib?
A: A three-dimensional visualisation created using the mpl_toolkits.mplot3d module.
Q31. How do you enable 3D plotting in Matplotlib?
A: from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D, then use fig.add_subplot(111, projection='3d').
Q32. What is the difference between a bar chart and a histogram?
A: Bar charts display categorical data with gaps between bars; histograms display continuous numerical
data with no gaps between bars.
Q33. What does the bins parameter do in a histogram?
A: It specifies the number of intervals (bars) used to group the continuous data.
Q34. What is a violin plot?
A: A combination of a box plot and KDE plot that shows both the distribution and probability density of
data.
Q35. What is a KDE plot?
A: Kernel Density Estimate plot - a smoothed continuous curve that estimates the probability density of a
variable.
Q36. What does sns.set_theme() do?
A: Sets the aesthetic theme including style, colour palette, and font for all subsequent Seaborn plots.
Q37. What are the main components of a complete Matplotlib figure?
A: Figure, axes, title, x-axis label, y-axis label, legend, tick marks, and grid.
Q38. What is [Link]() used for?
A: To save the current plot to a file - e.g., [Link]('[Link]') saves it as a PNG image.
Q39. What is the purpose of the color parameter in Matplotlib?
A: To specify the colour of plotted lines, bars, or markers in the chart.
Q40. What is an area plot?
A: A line plot where the area below the line is filled with colour, used to show cumulative totals or volume
over time.

End of Complete Question and Answer Bank | 6 Units | 240 Questions Total
Tip: Pay extra attention to Unit 4 (Descriptive Analytics) - marked as Very Important!