Okay, here is a detailed summary of Lecture 2 (Jikoshoukai - Self-Introduction) designed for

a complete beginner learning Japanese.

Overall Goal of the Lecture:

This lecture focuses on teaching you how to introduce yourself in Japanese. It also covers
reviewing previous material, learning new Hiragana characters, basic grammar for
introductions, asking simple questions, numbers, and some essential vocabulary.

Key Topics Covered:

1. Review of Last Lesson's Phrase:

o The phrase Ashita mata aimashoo (あした また あいましょう) was explained.
o Meaning: "Let's meet again tomorrow."
o Breakdown: Ashita (tomorrow), Mata (again), Aimashoo (let's meet).
o Use: A common way to say goodbye when you expect to see the person again
soon (like after class).
2. Review of Assignments:
o The answers to the homework assignments from the previous lecture were
provided.
o This involved matching Japanese words (like animals, objects, numbers 1-10)
with their English meanings and naming objects in pictures.
o Purpose: To reinforce vocabulary and pronunciation (e.g., tsukue for table,
enpitsu for pencil).
3. Pronunciation Practice & Hiragana Review:
o There was a quick practice session repeating Japanese sounds.
o A review of the Hiragana learned last time:
 Vowels: a i u e o (あ い う え お)
 K-series: ka ki ku ke ko (か き く け こ)
 S-series: sa shi su se so (さ し す せ そ) - Remember shi (し) is pronounced
like "she".
4. Learning New Hiragana Characters:
o Hiragana is the basic Japanese phonetic script. The lecture introduced three
new sets (15 characters total):
 T-series: ta chi tsu te to (た ち つ て と)
 Important Exceptions: Note it's chi (ち) not ti, and tsu (つ) not tu.
 N-series: na ni nu ne no (な に ぬ ね の)
 H-series: ha hi fu he ho (は ひ ふ へ ほ)
 Pronunciation Note: fu (ふ) is often a softer sound, like blowing
out air, sometimes written as hu.
o Vocabulary examples were given with each character to practice the sounds
(e.g., tako - octopus, neko - cat, hako - box).
5. Writing in Japanese:
o A key point was made: Japanese is often written without spaces between
words. This is why learning the different scripts (Hiragana, Katakana, Kanji)
becomes important later on to easily see where words start and end.
6. Core Topic: Self-Introduction (Jikoshoukai - じこしょうかい):
o The main focus was learning a simple, polite self-introduction pattern used
when meeting someone for the first time.
 o Key Phrases:
 Hajimemashite. (はじめまして。) - "How do you do?" / "Nice to meet you."
(Use only the very first time you meet someone).
 Watashi wa [Your Name] desu. (わたし は [Your Name] です。) - "I am
[Your Name]."
 Douzo yoroshiku onegaishimasu. (どうぞ よろしく おねがいします。) - "Pleased
to meet you." (A polite closing asking for future goodwill. Can
sometimes be shortened to Douzo yoroshiku).
o Grammar Points Explained:
 Watashi (わたし) = I
 wa (は) = A topic particle. It marks "Watashi" (I) as the topic of the
sentence. Very Important: It's written with the Hiragana ha (は) but
pronounced wa when used as a particle.
 desu (です) = A polite ending for sentences, similar to "am/is/are".
Japanese sentences often end with the verb or a copula like desu.
 San (さん) = Added after a person's name (like Mr./Ms./Mrs.). (e.g.,
Tanaka-san).
 Sentence Structure: Japanese basic structure is Subject-Object-Verb
(unlike English Subject-Verb-Object).
7. Expanding the Introduction:
o You can use the same pattern to state your profession: Watashi wa
[Profession] desu.
o Examples: Watashi wa gakusei desu. (I am a student), Watashi wa sensei desu.
(I am a teacher).
8. Asking Simple Questions:
o To turn a statement like Tanaka san wa gakusei desu (Mr. Tanaka is a student)
into a question, simply add ka (か) at the end with a rising intonation:
 Tanaka san wa gakusei desu ka? (たなかさん は がくせい です か？) - "Is Mr.
Tanaka a student?"
o Using Names vs. 'Anata': It's generally more natural and polite in Japanese to
use the person's name + san when asking them a question, rather than using
Anata (あなた - you), which can sound too direct.
9. Answering Simple Questions (Yes/No):
o Hai (はい) = Yes.
o To answer "yes" to a question like Are you a student?:
 Full answer: Hai, watashi wa gakusei desu. (Yes, I am a student.)
 Simpler answer: Hai, sou desu. (はい、 そう です。) - "Yes, that's right."
(Polite and common).
10. Understanding Check Phrase:
o Wakarimashita ka? (わかりました か？) - "Did you understand?"
o Answer: Hai, wakarimashita. (はい、 わかりました。) - "Yes, I understood."
11. Introduction to Kanji:
o Kanji are Chinese characters used in Japanese writing.
o The first three basic Kanji (for numbers) were introduced:
 一 (ichi) = one
 二 (ni) = two
 三 (san) = three
o It was mentioned that Kanji have specific stroke orders for writing.
12. New Greeting:
 o Konbanwa (こんばんは) = Good evening.
o Pronunciation Tip: The 'n' sound before 'b' often sounds like 'm' (Kom-
banwa).
13. Numbers 11-30:
o Reviewed numbers 1-10 (ichi, ni, san, yon/shi, go, roku, nana/shichi, hachi,
kyuu/ku, juu).
o Introduced numbers 11-30, showing the pattern:
 11 = juu-ichi (10 + 1)
 12 = juu-ni (10 + 2) ...
 20 = ni-juu (2 x 10)
 21 = ni-juu-ichi (20 + 1) ...
 30 = san-juu (3 x 10)
14. More Vocabulary:
o Additional vocabulary words were introduced, often with pictures, covering
professions and common objects (e.g., bengoshi - lawyer, hisho - secretary,
kasa - umbrella).
15. New Assignments:
o Homework was given to practice the concepts from the lecture, including
naming objects, matching words, and practicing the self-introduction dialogue
structure.
16. Final Parting Phrase:
o The lecture ended with Sore dewa minna san ashita mata aimashou (それでは みん
な さん あした また あいましょう), meaning roughly "Well then everyone, let's meet
again tomorrow," which will be explained in the next class.

Key Takeaways for a Beginner:

 Master the basic self-introduction: Hajimemashite. Watashi wa [Name] desu. Douzo

yoroshiku onegaishimasu.
 Practice the new Hiragana: ta, chi, tsu, te, to, na, ni, nu, ne, no, ha, hi, fu, he, ho. Pay
attention to chi, tsu, and fu.
 Understand the function of wa (は - topic particle, pronounced 'wa') and desu (です -
polite sentence ending).
 Learn how to make a simple question using ka (か).
 Learn how to answer "yes" with Hai (はい) or Hai, sou desu (はい、 そう です).
 Start recognizing the Kanji for 1, 2, 3 (一, 二, 三).
 Learn the numbers 1-30 and the pattern.
 Review the new vocabulary frequently.

This lecture provides foundational building blocks for basic conversation in Japanese. Keep
practicing!

Okay, here is a detailed summary of Lecture 3 ("Dochira kara desu ka? - Where are you
from?") designed for a complete beginner.

Overall Goal of the Lecture:

This lecture builds on self-introductions by teaching you how to ask and state where someone
is from (their country/origin) and their nationality. It also introduces negative answers, more
Hiragana characters, numbers up to 50, and the Kanji for 4, 5, and 6.

Key Topics Covered:

1. Review of Last Lesson's Assignments:

o The answers to the homework from Lecture 2 were reviewed.
o Object Naming: Vocabulary like origami (paper folding - ori=fold,
gami=paper), densha (electric train - den=electricity, sha=vehicle), kokuban
(blackboard), sentaki (washing machine), terebi (TV - written in Katakana
script as it's a foreign word), saifu (wallet), reizoko (refrigerator), boushi
(cap/hat - noting the long 'o' sound), nagagutsu (boots - naga=long,
kutsu=shoes), kagi (key), tebukuro (gloves - te=hand, bukuro=bag/cover).
o Vocabulary Matching: Reviewed words like gakusei (student), sensei
(teacher - sen=ahead/before, sei=born), kangofu (nurse), isha (doctor), shufu
(housewife), bengoshi (lawyer), nihon-jin (Japanese person - Nihon=Japan,
jin=person), gaikokujin (foreigner - gai=outside, koku=country, jin=person).
o Numbers 11-30: Quickly reviewed the pattern (juu-ichi, juu-ni... ni-juu, ni-
juu-ichi...). Emphasized the importance of numbers.
o Professions in Pictures: Reviewed professions, noting Katakana for foreign
roles like Pairotto (Pilot), Eahosutesu (Air Hostess), Asutorono-to (Astronaut)
and Japanese words like O-isha san (Doctor - polite), Kangofu (Nurse),
Keikan (Police Officer).
2. Review of Parting Phrase:
o Revisited the phrase from the end of Lecture 2: Sore dewa minasan mata
ashita aimashou (それでは みんなさん また あした あいましょう) - "Well then, everyone,
let's meet again tomorrow."
3. Learning New Hiragana Characters:
o M-series: ma, mi, mu, me, mo (ま み む め も) with vocabulary like makura
(pillow), mimi (ear), mune (chest), me (eye), momo (peach).
o Y-series: ya, yu, yo (や ゆ よ). It was explained that yi and ye sounds don't exist
as separate Hiragana because they overlap with the basic vowels i and e.
Vocabulary like yagi (goat), yuki (snow), yoru (night).
o R-series: ra, ri, ru, re, ro (ら り る れ ろ). Vocabulary like rakuda (camel), ringo
(apple), ru-ru (rule - Katakana origin), rei (zero), robotto (robot - Katakana).
o W-series / N: wa (わ), wo (を), n (ん). Wo (を) is almost exclusively used as a
particle (explained later in studies). N (ん) is a final consonant sound used
within words. Vocabulary wani (alligator/crocodile), washi (eagle).
4. Answering Negatively:
o Last lecture covered positive answers: Hai, [Noun] desu. (Yes, I am [Noun].)
o This lecture introduced negative answers: Iie, [Noun] dewa arimasen. (いいえ、
[Noun] では ありません。) - "No, I am not [Noun]."
o Iie (いいえ) = No.
o dewa arimasen (では ありません) is the polite negative form of desu.
o Example: Q: Kumar san wa gakusei desu ka? (Is Mr. Kumar a student?) A: Iie,
gakusei dewa arimasen. (No, he is not a student.)
o Short Negative Answer: Iie, sou dewa arimasen. (いいえ、 そう でわ ありません。) -
"No, that's not right."
5. Core Topic: Asking "Where are you from?"
 o The key question phrase is: Dochira kara desu ka? (どちら から です か？) - "Where
are you from?"
o A more polite way to ask, especially when inquiring about someone's country,
uses O-kuni (your country): Shitsurei desu ga, o-kuni wa dochira desu ka? (しつ
れい です が、 おくに は どちら です か？)
 Shitsurei desu ga (しつれい です が) = "Excuse me, but..." (polite way to
preface a personal question).
 O-kuni (おくに) = Your country (kuni = country, o- = honorific prefix for
politeness when referring to someone else's things).
 Dochira (どちら) = Where? (polite version).
 kara (から) = from.
o The answer pattern is: Watashi wa [Place Name] kara desu. (わたし は [Place
Name] から です。) - "I am from [Place Name]."
 Example: Watashi wa Amerika kara desu. (I am from America.)
6. Asking "Or" Questions (Choice between two):
o Using ka twice in a sentence creates a choice: [Noun 1] desu ka, [Noun 2]
desu ka?
o Example: Kim san wa Taiwan kara desu ka, Chuugoku kara desu ka? (Is Mr.
Kim from Taiwan or from China?)
o Other examples: Pen desu ka, enpitsu desu ka? (Is it a pen or a pencil?),
Koucha desu ka, koohii desu ka? (Is it tea or coffee?).
7. Stating Nationality:
o Add the suffix -jin (じん) meaning 'person' to a country name to indicate
nationality.
o Pattern: [Country Name] + jin
o Examples: Amerika-jin (American), Indo-jin (Indian), Nihon-jin (Japanese),
Doitsu-jin (German), Kankoku-jin (Korean), Itaria-jin (Italian), Chuugoku-jin
(Chinese).
o Sentence pattern: Watashi wa [Nationality] desu. (e.g., Watashi wa Indo-jin
desu. - I am Indian.)
o Asking nationality: [Name] san wa [Nationality] desu ka?
o Answering nationality questions: Hai, [Nationality] desu. / Iie, [Nationality]
dewa arimasen.
8. Asking Someone's Name:
o Polite question: Shitsurei desu ga, o-namae wa nan desu ka? (しつれい です が、 お
なまえ は なん です か？) - "Excuse me, but what is your name?"
 O-namae (おなまえ) = Your name (namae = name, o- = honorific prefix).
 Nan (なん) = What.
o Answer pattern: Watashi wa [Your Name] desu.
9. Numbers 31-50:
o Continued the number practice.
o 31-40: san-juu-ichi (3x10 + 1)... yon-juu (4x10).
o 41-50: yon-juu-ichi (4x10 + 1)... go-juu (5x10).
10. Learning New Kanji (4, 5, 6):
o Introduced the Kanji characters for numbers 4, 5, and 6:
 四 (yon / shi) = four (5 strokes)
 五 (go) = five (4 strokes)
 六 (roku) = six (4 strokes)
 o Briefly mentioned the importance of stroke order (generally left-to-right, top-
to-bottom, aiming to finish in the lower right).
11. New Assignments:
o Homework included counting objects, naming objects in pictures (using a
dictionary if needed), identifying nationalities from pictures, and practicing
the conversation patterns for asking/stating origin and nationality.
12. Final Parting Phrase for the Lecture:
o Sore dewa, kore de owarimasu. (それでは、 これ で おわります。) - "Well then, let's
finish here today."

Key Takeaways for a Beginner:

 Learn how to say "No, I am not...": Iie, [Noun] dewa arimasen.

 Master asking "Where are you from?": (O-kuni wa) dochira kara desu ka?
 Master answering "I am from...": Watashi wa [Place Name] kara desu.
 Learn how to state nationality using -jin: Watashi wa [Country]-jin desu.
 Practice the "X or Y?" question format: ... desu ka, ... desu ka?
 Memorize the new Hiragana: ma, mi, mu, me, mo, ya, yu, yo, ra, ri, ru, re, ro, wa, wo,
n.
 Learn numbers 31-50 and the pattern.
 Recognize and practice writing the Kanji for 4, 5, 6 (四, 五, 六).
 Practice asking names politely: O-namae wa nan desu ka?

This lecture significantly expands your ability to have a basic introductory conversation by
adding negative responses and questions about origin. Keep practicing the patterns and
vocabulary!

Okay, here is a detailed summary of Lecture 4 ("Senmon wa nan desu ka? - What is your
specialization?") designed for a complete beginner.

Overall Goal of the Lecture:

This lecture focuses on asking and stating one's specialization or major field of study. It also
introduces crucial derived Hiragana sounds (voiced and plosive sounds like 'g', 'z', 'd', 'b', 'p'),
two important grammatical particles (no for possession and mo for 'also'), numbers up to 70,
and Kanji for 7-10.

Key Topics Covered:

1. Opening & Review Introduction:

o Starts with Ohayou gozaimasu (Good morning) and Sore dewa hajimemashou
(Well then, let's begin).
o Briefly mentions familiarity with Hiragana, words, and Kanji should be
growing.
2. Review of Last Lesson's Assignments:
o Counting (1-10): Reviewed counting the items shown (ichi, ni, san, yon, go,
roku, nana, hachi, kyuu, juu). Clarified that this was just number practice, as
 Japanese uses specific "counters" for different types of objects (which isn't
covered yet).
o Naming Objects & Counting (Picture 2): Reviewed vocabulary: Houki
(broom), Wain gurasu (wine glass - Katakana), Chesu bo-do (chessboard -
Katakana), Okashi (snacks/sweets), Hana (flower), Spoon/Fo-ku (spoon/fork -
Katakana). Counted 6 items total.
o Naming Objects (Picture 3): Reviewed vocabulary: Kame (turtle), Ashi
(leg/foot), Teppo (gun), Jinja (Shinto shrine), Take (bamboo), Kabocha
(pumpkin), Sushi, Terebi (TV - Katakana), Ichigo (strawberry), Kuchi
(mouth), Kushi (comb), Senpuki (electric fan).
o Origin/Nationality Pictures: Reviewed identifying countries and
nationalities: Doitsu (Germany) -> Doitsu-jin (German); Amerika -> Amerika-
jin; Chuugoku (China) -> Chuugoku-jin; Nihon (Japan) -> Nihon-jin; Indo
(India) -> Indo-jin. This reinforced the [Place] kara desu (I am from [Place])
and [Nationality]-jin desu (I am [Nationality]) patterns.
3. Pronunciation Practice:
o A quick random Hiragana sound practice to help get the tongue used to the
sounds.
4. Learning New Hiragana Sounds (Derived Sets):
o This is a major part: learning sounds made by adding marks to existing
Hiragana.
o Dakuten (゛): Two small dashes added to the top right. Changes unvoiced
consonants to voiced ones (k->g, s->z, t->d, h->b).
 G-series: ga, gi, gu, ge, go (が ぎ ぐ げ ご) - from ka, ki, ku, ke, ko.
Examples: gakki (musical instrument), ginkou (bank), gomi (garbage).
 Z-series: za, ji, zu, ze, zo (ざ じ ず ぜ ぞ) - from sa, shi, su, se, so.
Important: shi (し) becomes ji (じ), not zi. Examples: zasshi
(magazine), jinkou (population), zou (elephant).
 D-series: da, ji, dzu, de, do (だ ぢ づ で ど) - from ta, chi, tsu, te, to.
Important: chi (ち) becomes ji (ぢ), and tsu (つ) becomes dzu (づ). Note:
ぢ and づ are rare and often sound identical to じ and ず. Examples:
daikon (radish), jibiki (dictionary), denwa (telephone).
 B-series: ba, bi, bu, be, bo (ば び ぶ べ ぼ) - from ha, hi, fu, he, ho.
Examples: bara (rose), bideo (video - Katakana), bengoshi (lawyer),
boku (I - informal, male usage).
o Handakuten (゜): A small circle added to the top right. Only used with the H-
series to change 'h' to 'p'.
 P-series: pa, pi, pu, pe, po (ぱ ぴ ぷ ぺ ぽ) - from ha, hi, fu, he, ho.
Examples: pan (bread - Katakana), pizza (Katakana), penki (paint -
Katakana), posuto (mailbox - Katakana).
o Summary: These additions expand the basic Hiragana sounds significantly
(totaling 71 combinations covered so far).
5. Core Topic: Asking/Stating Specialization (Senmon):
o Introduced the word Senmon (せんもん) = specialization, major field of study.
o The key question is: Senmon wa nan desu ka? (せんもん は なん です か？) - "What is
your specialization?"
6. Dialogue Analysis (Tanaka & Rao):
o Analyzed a conversation between Mr. Tanaka and Mr. Rao.
o Reviewed previously learned phrases: Shitsurei desu ga, o-namae wa nan desu
ka? (Excuse me, what's your name?), Hai, sou desu. (Yes, that's right.).
 o Showed the Senmon wa [Field] desu pattern in action: Senmon wa Butsuri-
gaku desu. (My specialization is Physics - butsuri-gaku = physics).
o Introduced stating academic year: [Number]-nen-sei desu (I am a [Number]-
year student). E.g., San-nen-sei desu (3rd year student), Ni-nen-sei desu (2nd
year student).
o Introduced nan nen-sei desu ka? (なん ねんせい です か？) - "What year student are
you?"
o Highlighted the use of new particles no and mo within the dialogue.
7. New Grammar Particles (no, mo):
o no (の): The Possessive Particle.
 Indicates possession, belonging, or relationship (like 's or 'of' in
English).
 Connects two nouns: Noun1 no Noun2 means "Noun2 of Noun1" or
"Noun1's Noun2".
 Examples: Watashi no pen (My pen), Tanaka san no kaban (Mr.
Tanaka's bag), Gakkou no isu (The school's chair / Chair of the
school).
 Can be used multiple times: Watashi no tomodachi no pen (My friend's
pen).
o mo (も): The "Also/Too" Particle.
 Means "also", "too", or "even".
 Crucially, it replaces the topic particle wa (は). You don't use wa and
mo together for the same item.
 It's used when stating that something applies to the current subject in
the same way it applied to a previously mentioned subject. A prior
statement (often using wa) is usually implied or stated.
 Examples:
 A: Watashi wa Indo-jin desu. (I am Indian.) B: Watashi mo
Indo-jin desu. (I am also Indian.)
 A: Tanaka san wa gakusei desu. (Mr. Tanaka is a student.) B:
Kim san mo gakusei desu ka? (Is Mr. Kim also a student?)
 Watashi no senmon wa Butsuri-gaku desu. (My specialization
is Physics.) (Watashi no) Imouto no senmon mo Butsuri-gaku
desu. (My younger sister's specialization is also Physics.)
8. Vocabulary for Specializations:
o Provided a list of common academic fields: Kagaku (Chemistry), Butsuri-gaku
(Physics), Suugaku (Mathematics), Bungaku (Literature), Hougaku (Law),
Igaku (Medicine), Kenchiku (Architecture), Keizai-gaku (Economics),
Jouhou-kougaku (Computer Science/Information Engineering).
9. Review Phrases:
o Briefly revisited Sou desu (That's right) and Arigatou gozaimasu (Thank you
very much).
10. Numbers 51-70:
o Practiced numbers 51-60: go-juu-ichi... roku-juu.
o Practiced numbers 61-70: roku-juu-ichi... nana-juu.
11. Learning New Kanji (7-10):
o Introduced Kanji for 7, 8, 9, 10:
 七 (nana, shichi) = Seven (2 strokes)
 八 (hachi) = Eight (2 strokes)
 九 (kyuu, ku) = Nine (2 strokes)
  十 (juu) = Ten (2 strokes)
12. New Vocabulary (Family Members):
o Akachan (baby), Kodomo (child/children), Onna no ko (girl), Otoko no ko
(boy), Okaasan (mother - polite/other's), Otousan (father - polite/other's),
Imouto (younger sister), Otouto (younger brother), Oneesan (elder sister -
polite/other's), Oniisan (elder brother - polite/other's), Obaasan (grandmother -
polite/other's), Ojiisan (grandfather - polite/other's), Okusan (wife -
polite/other's). Explained these work well with the no particle (e.g., Tanaka
san no okusan - Mr. Tanaka's wife).
13. New Assignments:
o Homework focused on practicing the dialogue patterns, substituting names,
places, and specializations using the particles no and mo.
14. Closing Remarks:
o Ended the class with Sore dewa, minasan Arigatou. Kore de owarimasu. (Well
then, thank you everyone. We will finish here.) and Minasan mata ashita
aimashoo. Arigatou gozaimasu. (Everyone, let's meet again tomorrow. Thank
you very much.).

Key Takeaways for a Beginner:

 Learn the derived Hiragana sounds (ga/gi/gu/ge/go, za/ji/zu/ze/zo, da/ji/dzu/de/do,

ba/bi/bu/be/bo, pa/pi/pu/pe/po). Pay attention to the ji/dji and zu/dzu exceptions.
 Understand and practice using the possessive particle no (の): [Noun1] no [Noun2].
 Understand and practice using the "also/too" particle mo (も), remembering it replaces
wa.
 Learn the question Senmon wa nan desu ka? (What is your specialization?).
 Learn the answer pattern Watashi no senmon wa [Field] desu. (My specialization is
[Field]).
 Learn numbers 51-70.
 Recognize and practice writing Kanji for 7, 8, 9, 10 (七, 八, 九, 十).
 Start learning the basic family vocabulary.

This lecture introduces more complex sounds and essential grammar particles (no, mo) that
are fundamental for building more descriptive sentences in Japanese.

Week 2

Okay, here is a detailed summary of the Japanese Lecture 5 ("Kore wa hon desu" - This is a
book), broken down for a complete beginner.

Main Goal: This lecture builds on previous lessons, focusing on pronunciation practice,
introducing the Katakana script, learning how to ask "whose" something is, asking about age,
using demonstrative words (this, that, that over there), and introducing two basic Kanji
characters.

1. Pronunciation Practice:
  The lecture starts with pronunciation drills, repeating various combinations of
Japanese sounds (like oiie, hohihihe, kakikuke, hehihuho, etc.).
 Why: To help you get used to the sounds of Japanese and improve your
pronunciation. The instructor encourages you to repeat after her.

2. Introduction to Katakana Script:

 What it is: Katakana is the second Japanese phonetic script (after Hiragana, which
you learned earlier). Hiragana is curvy, while Katakana looks more angular and sharp.
 When to use it: Katakana is primarily used for:
o Foreign loanwords (words adopted from English, German, French, etc. like
'kamera' for camera, 'pen' for pen).
o Foreign names (Your own name would likely be written in Katakana).
o Scientific names (plants, animals).
o Sometimes for emphasis (like italics in English).
 Sounds: It covers the same basic 46 sounds as Hiragana (ka, ki, ku, ke, ko...).
 Extra Sounds:
o Just like Hiragana, you can add marks to change sounds:
 ゛ (called dakuten or ten-ten) makes sounds voiced (e.g., カ ka becomes
ガ ga, サ sa becomes ザ za, タ ta becomes ダ da, ハ ha becomes バ ba).
 ゜ (called handakuten or maru) changes 'h' sounds to 'p' sounds (e.g., ハ
ha becomes パ pa).
o Special combinations: Because Katakana is used for foreign words, special
combinations exist to represent sounds not originally in Japanese (like she, ti,
tu, fa, fi, fe, fo, wi, we, wo, va, vi, vu, ve, vo). You don't need to memorize
these all at once, but be aware they exist.

3. Asking "Who?" and "Whose?":

 Dare (だれ): Means "who?". It's informal, used with friends or people younger than
you.
 Donata (どなた): Also means "who?" but is much more polite. Use this when asking
about someone older, senior, or in formal situations.
 Dare no (だれの): Means "whose?". It shows possession.
 Sentence Pattern: [Noun] wa dare no desu ka? (Whose [Noun] is it?)
o Example: Kaban wa dare no desu ka? (かばん は だれ の です か？ - Whose bag is
it?)
 Answering:
o [Name] san no desu. (It's [Mr./Ms. Name]'s.) Example: Tanaka san no desu.
(It's Mr./Ms. Tanaka's.)
o Watashi no desu. (わたし の です。- It's mine.)
o You can also answer questions about ownership using Hai, sou desu (Yes,
that's right) or Iie, sou dewa arimasen (No, that's not right).

4. New Vocabulary (Related to People/Family):

 Some new words were introduced, including terms for family members like okusan
(someone else's wife), kanai (my wife), shujin (my husband), go-shujin (someone
else's husband), musume (daughter), musuko (son), chichi (my father), haha (my
mother), ojisan (uncle), obasan (aunt).
  Note: Japanese often has different words for your own family versus someone else's
family. Also remember ojiisan (grandfather) and obaasan (grandmother) from earlier
lessons have long 'i' and 'a' sounds, while ojisan (uncle) and obasan (aunt) have short
sounds.

5. Addressing People:

 A reminder that Anata (あなた), meaning "you," can be impolite in many situations.
 It's usually better to address someone by their name + san (さん), e.g., Tanaka san.
 Remember not to use san after your own name or your own family members' names
when talking about them.

6. Numbers:

 Practice counting from 71 to 80: nana-juu-ichi (71), nana-juu-ni (72)... hachi-juu

(80).

7. Asking and Telling Age:

 Sai (さい / 才 / 歳): This is the counter for years of age.

 Question (Standard): Nan sai desu ka? (なんさい です か？ - How old are you/is he/she?)
 Question (Polite): O-ikutsu desu ka? (おいくつ です か？ - How old are you/is he/she?)
Use this polite form when asking someone older or senior. Avoid asking [Name] san
wa nan sai desu ka? to someone senior; use o-ikutsu instead.
 Answer: [Number] sai desu. Example: San-juu-go sai desu. (さんじゅうご さい です。 - I am
35 years old.)
 Important Exception: Hatachi (はたち / 二十歳) means 20 years old. You do NOT say
ni-juu sai.
 Sound Changes: Note slight sound changes for age 1 (issai), age 8 (hassai), and age
10 (jussai or jissai). Most other numbers just add sai.

8. Demonstrative Pronouns (Ko-So-A-Do Words for Things):

 These words point out things/objects (inanimate). They are based on distance from the
speaker and listener.
 Kore (これ): This (thing near the speaker).
 Sore (それ): That (thing near the listener).
 Are (あれ): That over there (thing far from both speaker and listener).
 Dore (どれ): Which one? (Used when asking someone to choose from three or more
items).
 Basic Pattern: Kore/Sore/Are wa [Noun] desu. (This/That/That over there is a
[Noun].)
o Example: Kore wa hon desu. (これ は ほん です。- This is a book.)
 Question Pattern: Kore/Sore/Are wa nan desu ka? (これ/それ/あれ は なん です か？ - What
is this/that/that over there?)

9. Useful Phrase:
  Sumimasen, imi wa nan desu ka? (すみません、 いみ は なん です か？) - "Excuse me, what is
the meaning?" or "Excuse me, what does it mean?". Very useful when you don't
understand a word.

10. Introduction to Kanji:

 What they are: Kanji are characters borrowed from Chinese. They represent
meanings or ideas (unlike Hiragana/Katakana which represent sounds). They are
essential in written Japanese.
 Kanji Introduced:
o 人: Means person. Readings: hito (when alone or in some Japanese words), jin
(often used after nationalities like Nihon-jin - Japanese person), nin (used for
counting people). Visually resembles a simple stick figure.
o 大: Means big, large. Readings: oo(kii) (as in the adjective ookii - big), dai (in
many compound words like daigaku - university), `tai*. Visually represents a
person stretching their arms out wide.
 New words using these Kanji:
o Nihon-jin (日本人 - Japanese person)
o Amerika-jin (アメリカ人 - American person - note Amerika is in Katakana)
o Jinkou (人口 - population)
o Hito-bito (人々 - people - the second 人 is often shown as a repetition mark 々)
o Daigaku (大学 - university)
o Daigakusei (大学生 - university student)
o Otona (大人 - adult)

11. Multiples of Hundred:

 Hyaku (ひゃく / 百): 100

 Sound Changes: The pronunciation of 'hyaku' changes after certain numbers:
o 300: san-byaku (さんびゃく)
o 600: roppyaku (ろっぴゃく - note the small 'tsu' indicating a slight pause/doubled
consonant)
o 800: happyaku (はっぴゃく - note the small 'tsu')
 Other hundreds use 'hyaku' (e.g., ni-hyaku 200, yon-hyaku 400, nana-hyaku 700).
 Sen (せん / 千): 1000

12. Practice and Assignments:

 The lecture ends with assignments encouraging you to practice:

o Pointing at objects and asking Are wa nan desu ka? (What is that over there?).
o Looking at pictures and practicing asking/telling age.
o Using kore, sore, are to ask about items in pictures.
o Naming objects in Japanese.

Key Takeaway Advice:

 Practice consistently: Repeat sounds, words, and sentences.

 Practice aloud: Hearing yourself helps with memorization and pronunciation.
 Memorize vocabulary: Learning new words is crucial.
  Use the grammar patterns: Practice forming sentences with the new structures
(...wa dare no desu ka?, ...wa nan sai desu ka?, Kore/Sore/Are wa...).

This lecture covered a lot of ground, introducing a new script (Katakana), essential grammar
for asking about possession and age, demonstrative words, and your first Kanji. Keep
practicing these concepts!

Okay, here is a detailed summary of Lecture 6 ("Ikura desu ka?" - How much is it?), designed
for a complete beginner, including the examples and conversations presented.

Overall Goal: This lecture focuses on learning how to ask for and state the price of items. It
builds upon previous lessons by reviewing demonstratives (kore, sore, are), introduces new
related words (kono, sono, ano, dore, dono), teaches the question word for price (ikura),
introduces relevant particles (mo), clarifies a common expression (sou desu ka), teaches new
Kanji (円, 日, 百), and provides extensive practice through conversations and assignments.

1. Introduction & Review of Lesson 5 Assignments:

 Greeting & Importance of Practice: Starts with "Konnichiwa" and emphasizes

practicing loudly to help with memorization and self-correction of pronunciation and
intonation.
 Reviewing Hajimemashou ka?:
o Hajimemashou (はじめましょう) means "Let's begin/start."
o Adding the question particle ka makes it a question: Hajimemashou ka? (はじめ
ましょうか？) meaning "Shall we begin?" / "Shall we start now?"
o Ii desu ka? (いいですか？) means "Is it okay?" / "Is it alright?"
o Example exchange: Minasan, hajimemashou ka? (Everyone, shall we begin?)
Ii desu ka? (Is it alright?) Ja, minasan hajimemashou. (Well then everyone,
let's begin.)
 Reviewing Assignment 1 (Lesson 5): Pointing and Asking "What is it?"
o You were supposed to practice Are wa nan desu ka? (あれは なんですか？ - What is
that over there?).
o The pictures showed: densha (でんしゃ - train), torakku (トラック - truck),
kyuukyuusha (きゅうきゅうしゃ - ambulance), kuruma (くるま - car), kamera (カメラ -
camera), raji kase (ラジカセ - radio cassette player), shinkansen (しんかんせん -
bullet train). You needed to identify them in Japanese.
 Reviewing Assignment 2 (Lesson 5): Using kore/sore/are based on distance.
o Scenario: A san and B san are standing at a distance. Objects are placed
between them.
o Practice: Pointing at objects and using Kore wa nan desu ka? (これは なんですか？ -
What is this?), Sore wa nan desu ka? (それは なんですか？ - What is that?), or Are
wa nan desu ka? (あれは なんですか？ - What is that over there?) depending on the
object's location relative to the speaker (A or B).
o Objects included: gurasu (グラス - glass), koppu (コップ - cup), boushi (ぼうし -
hat/cap), ringo (りんご - apple), megane (めがね - glasses), mikan (みかん - orange),
kaban (かばん - bag), tokei (とけい - clock/watch), su-tsuke-su (スーツケース -
suitcase), sutando (スタンド - stand, like a coat stand).
 Reviewing Assignment 3 (Lesson 5): Practicing Asking Age.
 o Look at pictures and ask/answer age using [Person] wa nan sai desu ka? (〜は な
んさい ですか？ - How old is [Person]?) -> [Age] sai desu. (〜さい です。 - Is [Age]
years old.)
o Examples:
 Onnano ko wa nan sai desu ka? -> Nana sai desu. (Girl, 7 years old)
 Okusan wa nan sai desu ka? -> Nijuu-go sai desu. (Wife, 25 years old)
 Kangofu san wa nan sai desu ka? -> Nijuu-ni sai desu. (Nurse, 22 years
old)
 Ojiisan wa nan sai desu ka? -> Roku-juu-go sai desu.
(Grandfather/Elderly man, 65 years old)
 Sensei wa nan sai desu ka? -> San-juu-ni sai desu. (Teacher, 32 years
old)
 Otousan wa nan sai desu ka? -> San-juu-go sai desu. (Father, 35 years
old)
 Reviewing Assignment 4 (Lesson 5): Naming Things and Practicing kore/sore.
o Look at pictures, identify the object, and practice Sore wa nan desu ka? (if far)
or Kore wa nan desu ka? (if close).
o Objects: kasa (かさ - umbrella), enpitsu (えんぴつ - pencil), kagi (かぎ - key), kutsu
(くつ - shoes), kaban (かばん - bag), tokei (とけい - clock/watch), isu (いす - chair),
fune (ふね - ship/boat).

2. Pronunciation Practice & Japanese Names:

 Hiragana Sound Practice: Repeating sound combinations like oiie, hohihihe,

kakikuke, kekikuko, sashisuse, tachitsute, bebibubo, gegigugo, popipipe, papipupo,
neninuno, naninune.
 Vocabulary (Vegetables): tamanegi (たまねぎ - onion), satsumaimo (さつまいも - sweet
potato), ninjin (にんじん - carrot), kabocha (かぼちゃ - pumpkin/squash), okura (オクラ -
okra), remon (レモン - lemon), jagaimon (じゃがいも - potato), tomato (トマト - tomato).
 Common Japanese Surnames: Introduced common names, showing Kanji,
Hiragana, and Romaji. Examples: Suzuki (鈴木/すずき), Tanaka (田中/たなか), Matsumoto
(松本/まつもと), Yamada (山田/やまだ), Nishino (西野/にしの), Yamaguchi (山口/やまぐち),
Kawakami (川上/かわかみ), Kobayashi (小林/こばやし). (Meanings of Kanji to be covered
later).

3. Asking Price: Ikura desu ka?

 Recap kore/sore/are: Briefly revisits the concept with A san and B san: an object
close to both is kore for both; an object far from both is are for both.
 New Question Word: Ikura (いくら):
o Means "How much?". Used specifically to ask the price of objects.
o Pattern: [Topic] wa ikura desu ka? (〜は いくら ですか？)
o Example 1 (Pointing): Kore wa ikura desu ka? (これは いくら ですか？ - How much
is this?)
o Example 2 (Naming): Hon wa ikura desu ka? (ほんは いくら ですか？ - How much is
the book?) You can replace kore/sore/are with a specific noun.
 Numbers 81-90: Practice needed for stating prices.
o 81: hachi-juu-ichi (はちじゅういち)
o 82: hachi-juu-ni (はちじゅうに)
o 83: hachi-juu-san (はちじゅうさん)
 o 84: hachi-juu-yon / hachi-juu-shi (はちじゅうよん/し)
o 85: hachi-juu-go (はちじゅうご)
o 86: hachi-juu-roku (はちじゅうろく)
o 87: hachi-juu-nana / hachi-juu-shichi (はちじゅうなな/しち)
o 88: hachi-juu-hachi (はちじゅうはち)
o 89: hachi-juu-kyuu / hachi-juu-ku (はちじゅうきゅう/く)
o 90: kyuu-juu (きゅうじゅう)
 Japanese Currency: Yen (えん / 円 / ¥):
o Pronounced 'en'.
o Written after the number. Example: 500 en (五百円 / ごひゃくえん).
o The Kanji 円 also means 'circle'.

4. Conversation 1: Buying Fruits/Vegetables

 Context: Tanaka san is at a vegetable store.

 Dialogue:
o Tanaka: Sumimasen, ringo wa ikura desu ka? (すみません、りんごは いくら ですか。) -
Excuse me, how much are the apples?
o Sales girl: 500 en desu. (500 円 です。) - They are 500 yen.
o Tanaka: Suika mo 500 en desu ka? (すいか も 500 円 ですか。) - Is the watermelon
also 500 yen?
o Sales girl: Iie, suika wa 700 en desu. (いいえ、すいか は 700 円 です。) - No, the
watermelon is 700 yen.
o Tanaka: Sō desu ka. Sumimasen, ano mikan no hako wa ikura desu ka? (そうで
すか。すみません、あの みかん の はこ は いくら ですか。) - Oh, I see. Excuse me, how much
is that box of oranges over there?
o Sales girl: Are wa 560 en desu. (あれ は 560 円 です。) - That one over there is
560 yen.
o Tanaka: Ano mikan no hako o kudasai. (あの みかん の はこ を ください。) - Please
give me that box of oranges.
 Key points from conversation 1:
o Using Noun wa ikura desu ka? pattern.
o Using particle mo (も) for "also/too".
o Introducing Sō desu ka (そうですか) - "I see" / "Is that so?". Can have rising
intonation (surprise/question) or flat intonation (understanding).
o Introducing ano (あの) - "that (over there)". It's an adjective used before a noun.
o Vocabulary: ringo (apple), suika (watermelon), mikan (orange), hako (box).
o Introducing [Noun] o kudasai (〜を ください) - "Please give me [Noun]" / "I'll
take [Noun]". Used when buying things.

5. Demonstrative Adjectives: Kono, Sono, Ano

 Difference from Kore/Sore/Are:

o Kore (this), Sore (that), Are (that over there) are pronouns. They stand alone
and refer to things only. Pattern: Kore wa...
o Kono (this), Sono (that), Ano (that over there) are adjectives. They MUST be
followed by a noun and specify which noun you mean. Can refer to both
things and people. Pattern: Kono [Noun] wa...
 Usage: Same distance logic applies:
 o Kono [Noun] - This [Noun] (near speaker)
o Sono [Noun] - That [Noun] (near listener)
o Ano [Noun] - That [Noun] over there (far from both)
 Practice Example:
o A: Kono hon wa ikura desu ka? (このほんは いくらですか。) - How much is this book?
o B: Sore wa 200 en desu. (それは 200 円 です。) - That one is 200 yen. (Using
pronoun sore)
o OR B: Sono hon wa 200 en desu. (そのほんは 200 円 です。) - That book is 200 yen.
(Using adjective sono)

6. Conversation 2: Buying Socks

 Context: Tanaka san is in a department store buying socks.

 Dialogue:
o Tanaka: Sumimasen, ano kutsushita wa nairon desu ka? (すみません、あの くつした
は ナイロン ですか。) - Excuse me, are those socks over there nylon?
o Salesgirl: Dono kutsushita desu ka? (どの くつした ですか。) - Which socks are you
talking about?
o Tanaka: Ano kutsushita desu. (あの くつした です。) - Those socks over there.
o Sales girl: Are wa momen desu. (あれ は もめん です。) - Those are cotton. (Notice
are replaces ano kutsushita).
o Tanaka: Ano momen no kutsushita wa ikura desu ka? (あの もめん の くつした は い
くら ですか。) - How much are those cotton socks over there?
o Sales girl: 240 en desu. (240 円 です。) - They are 240 yen.
o Tanaka: 240 en no kutsushita o kudasai. (240 円 の くつした を ください。) - Please
give me the 240 yen socks.
o Sales girl: Arigatō gozaimasu. (ありがとう ございます。) - Thank you very much.
 Key points from conversation 2:
o Introducing Dono (どの) - "Which?". An adjective used before a noun when
asking to specify from two or more options.
o Introducing Dore (どれ) - "Which one?". A pronoun used when asking to
choose from three or more things.
o Vocabulary: kutsushita (くつした - socks), nairon (ナイロン - nylon), momen (もめん
- cotton).
o Shows how are can replace ano [Noun] when the context is clear.

7. Particle wa (は) vs. Particle mo (も)

 Conversation 3: Buying Pencils

o Context: Rao san is at a stationary shop.
o Dialogue:
 Rao: Sumimasen, kono enpitsu wa ikura desu ka? (すみません、この えんぴつ
は いくら ですか。) - Excuse me, how much is this pencil?
 Sales man: 200 en desu. (200 円 です。) - It's 200 yen.
 Rao: Sono enpitsu mo 200 en desu ka? (その えんぴつ も 200 円 ですか。) - Is
that pencil also 200 yen?
 Sales man: Iie, kono enpitsu wa 470 en desu. (いいえ、この えんぴつ は 470
円 です。) - No, this pencil is 470 yen. (The salesman might be referring
to a different pencil near him, or correcting Rao about the first pencil).
  Rao: Sumimasen, sono enpitsu o kudasai. (すみません、その えんぴつ を くださ
い。) - Excuse me, please give me that pencil.
 Explanation:
o wa marks the topic. Kono enpitsu wa... (About this pencil...).
o mo means "also" or "too". It replaces wa when you are talking about a second
item and saying it shares the same characteristic (in this case, potentially the
same price). Sono enpitsu mo... (Is that pencil also...).
o Important: You can replace wa with mo in specific "also/too" situations, but
you cannot replace mo with wa.

8. New Kanji:

 円 (en): Means "Yen" (currency) or "circle". (4 strokes).

 日 (nichi / hi / bi / ka): Means "day" or "sun". (4 strokes). Related to light, date, time.
Example: Nihon (日本 - Japan), ichi-nichi (一日 - one day).
 百 (hyaku / byaku / pyaku): Means "hundred". (6 strokes). Example: hyaku en (百円 -
100 yen), san-byaku (三百 - 300), roppyaku (六百 - 600), hyaku-nin (百人 - 100 people).
 Example Words using Kanji:
o juu-en (十円 - 10 yen)
o Nihon (日本 - Japan)
o ichi-nichi (一日 - one day)
o juu-ni-nichi (十二日 - 12th day / 12 days)
o hyaku-nin (百人 - 100 people)
o kyuu-hyaku (九百 - 900)
o hyaku-sai (百歳 - 100 years old)

9. Vocabulary Recap & Assignments:

 Vocabulary List: budo (grapes), ringo (apple), mikan (orange), meron (melon), suika
(watermelon), remon (lemon), momo (peach), painuappuru (pineapple), ninjin
(carrot), tamanegi (onion), jagaimon (potato), okura (okra), satsumaimo (sweet
potato), hako (box).
 Assignments (Shukudai / 宿題):
o Practice telling the price of objects shown in pictures (prices given).
o Practice reading prices written in Kanji.
o Practice using kore/sore/are and kono/sono/ano to ask about objects and their
prices with a partner.

Final Advice from Instructor: Practice everything thoroughly and loudly. Finish the
assignments. The lecture ends with Sore dewa minasan Arigatou. Kore de owarimasu. Mata
ashita aimashou. (Well then everyone, thank you. I will end here. Let's meet again
tomorrow/next time.)

Okay, here is a very detailed summary of Lecture 7 ("Ima nan-ji desu ka?" - What is the time
now?), including the examples and conversations, specifically for a complete beginner.
Overall Goal: This lecture teaches you how to ask and tell the time in Japanese. It also
introduces how to talk about hobbies, finishes the numbers up to 100, introduces numbers in
the thousands, covers AM/PM, discusses asking about schedules using "from... until...",
reviews useful expressions, and introduces three important Kanji characters.

1. Introduction & Review of Lesson 6 Assignments:

 Greetings: Konnichiwa (こんにちは - Hello/Good day) and Ohayō gozaimasu (おはようござ

います - Good morning - polite). Sore dewa minasan hajimemashō (それでは みなさん はじめま
しょう - Well then, everyone, let's begin).
 Recap: You've learned sounds, Katakana, Hiragana, Kanji basics, asking names, age,
and specialization. Now you should feel a bit more comfortable.
 Reviewing Assignment 1 (L6): Telling Price (Numbers)
o You had pictures of objects with prices. You needed to say the price in
Japanese.
o Examples:
 Orange: hyaku-ni-juu-en (百二十円 / ひゃくにじゅうえん - 120 yen)
 Megane (Glasses): kyuu-hyaku-hachi-juu-en (九百八十円 / きゅうひゃくはちじゅ
うえん - 980 yen)
 Budo (Grapes): sanbyaku go-juu-en (三百五十円 / さんびゃくごじゅうえん - 350
yen)
 Kabin (Vase): kyuu-hyaku-roku-juu-en (九百六十円 / きゅうひゃくろくじゅうえん -
960 yen)
 Kutsu (Shoes/Sandals): sen nana-hyaku-hachi-juu-en (千七百八十円 / せんな
なひゃくはちじゅうえん - 1780 yen)
 Purin (Pudding): hyaku-yon-juu-en (百四円 / ひゃくよんじゅうえん - 140 yen)
 Shatsu (Shirt): kyuu-hyaku-en (九百円 / きゅうひゃくえん - 900 yen)
 Sushi: roppyaku-en (六百円 / ろっぴゃくえん - 600 yen) - Note: Sushi is raw
seafood on rice balls.
 Reviewing Assignment 2 (L6): Telling Price (Kanji)
o Same pictures, but prices were written in Kanji (百, 千, 円 etc.). You needed to
read the Kanji price.
o The readings are the same as above. This was writing practice.
o Notice sound changes: hyaku (100), byaku (300), pyaku (600, 800).

2. Asking About Hobbies: Shumi (しゅみ / 趣味)

 Shumi means "hobby".

 Basic Question: Anata no shumi wa nan desu ka? (あなた の しゅみ は なん です か。) - What
is your hobby?
 Basic Answer: Watashi no shumi wa [Hobby Name] desu. (わたし の しゅみ は [Hobby
Name] です。) - My hobby is [Hobby Name].
 Example Hobbies:
o ongaku (おんがく - music)
o tenisu (テニス - tennis)
o yamanobori (やまのぼり - mountaineering)
o piano (ピアノ - piano)
o saikuringu (サイクリング - cycling)
o dokusho (どくしょ - reading)
 o shashin (しゃしん - photography)
o suiei (すいえい - swimming)
o ryokou (りょこう - traveling)
o eiga (えいが - movies/pictures)
o dorama (ドラマ - drama)
 Asking about others: You can replace Anata no (Your) with someone else's name +
no (possessive particle):
o Tomodachi no shumi wa nan desu ka? (Friend's hobby?)
o Rao san no shumi wa nan desu ka? (Mr./Ms. Rao's hobby?)
o Okusan no shumi wa nan desu ka? (Your/His wife's hobby?)
o Shujin no shumi wa nan desu ka? (Your/Her husband's hobby?)
o Tanaka sensei no shumi wa nan desu ka? (Teacher Tanaka's hobby?)
 Answering about others: [Person]'s shumi wa [Hobby] desu.

3. Numbers 91-100:

 Numbers are essential for time, prices, counting, etc.

 91: kyū-jū-ichi (きゅうじゅういち / 九十一)
 92: kyū-jū-ni (きゅうじゅうに / 九十二)
 93: kyū-jū-san (きゅうじゅうさん / 九十三)
 94: kyū-jū-yon / kyū-jū-shi (きゅうじゅうよん/し / 九十四)
 95: kyū-jū-go (きゅうじゅうご / 九十五)
 96: kyū-jū-roku (きゅうじゅうろく / 九十六)
 97: kyū-jū-nana / kyū-jū-shichi (きゅうじゅうなな/しち / 九十七)
 98: kyū-jū-hachi (きゅうじゅうはち / 九十八)
 99: kyū-jū-kyū / kyū-jū-ku (きゅうじゅうきゅう/く / 九十九)
 100: hyaku (ひゃく / 百) - Note the short 'hya' sound.

4. Asking and Telling Time: Ima nan-ji desu ka? (いま なんじ です か？)

 New Keywords:
o Ima (いま): Means "now", "at present", "at this moment".
o -ji (じ / 時): Counter for hours, means "o'clock". Added after the number.
 Basic Question: Sumimasen, ima nan ji desu ka? (すみません、いま なんじ ですか。) - Excuse
me, what time is it now?
 Basic Answer: [Hour]-ji desu. ([Hour]時 です。) - It's [Hour] o'clock.
 Hour Readings (1-12 o'clock):
o 1:00 ichi-ji (いちじ / 一時)
o 2:00 ni-ji (にじ / 二時)
o 3:00 san-ji (さんじ / 三時)
o 4:00 yo-ji (よじ / 四時) - Irregular! (Not yon-ji or shi-ji)
o 5:00 go-ji (ごじ / 五時)
o 6:00 roku-ji (ろくじ / 六時)
o 7:00 shichi-ji (しちじ / 七時) - Irregular! (Not nana-ji)
o 8:00 hachi-ji (はちじ / 八時)
o 9:00 ku-ji (くじ / 九時) - Irregular! (Not kyuu-ji)
o 10:00 jū-ji (じゅうじ / 十時)
o 11:00 jū-ichi-ji (じゅういちじ / 十一時)
o 12:00 jū-ni-ji (じゅうにじ / 十二時)
  AM / PM:
o Gozen (ごぜん / 午前): AM (morning).
o Gogo (ごご / 午後): PM (afternoon/evening).
o Usage: Placed before the time (opposite of English).
 Ima gozen hachi-ji desu. (いま ごぜん はちじ です。) - It is 8:00 AM now.
 Ima gogo san-ji desu. (いま ごご さんじ です。) - It is 3:00 PM now.
 Asking Time in a Specific Place: Put the place name before the question.
o Toukyou wa ima nan-ji desu ka? (とうきょう は いま なんじ です か。) - What time is it
in Tokyo now?
o Rondon wa ima nan-ji desu ka? (ロンドン は いま なんじ です か。) - What time is it in
London now? (Note L -> R sound).
 Answering Time in a Specific Place:
o Toukyou wa ima gogo shichi-ji desu. (Tokyo is 7 PM now.)
o Rondon wa ima gozen roku-ji desu. (London is 6 AM now.)
 Map Practice: Examples from map (Refer Slide Time: 26:25): Cairo (3 PM), London
(6 AM), Beijing (5 AM), New York (8 PM), Tokyo (7 PM), New Delhi (4 PM),
Singapore (1 PM), Bangkok (11 AM), Sydney (8 AM).

5. Conversation 1: Asking Time & School Schedule

 Context: Karuna asks Arun the time and about school hours.
 Dialogue:
o Karuna: Sumimasen, ima nan ji desu ka? (Excuse me, what time is it now?)
o Arun: Shichi-ji desu. (It's 7 o'clock.)
o Karuna: Gakkou wa nan-ji kara desu ka? (What time is school from?)
o Arun: Hachi-ji kara desu. (It's from 8 o'clock.)
o Karuna: Nan-ji made desu ka? (Until what time is it?)
o Arun: Gogo san-ji made desu. (It's until 3 PM.)
o Karuna: Arigatou gozaimasu. (Thank you very much.)
o Arun: Douitashimashite. (You're welcome.)

6. Particles Kara (から) and Made (まで) with Time:

 kara (から): Means "from" or "since". Indicates the starting time/point.

 made (まで): Means "until", "to", "up to". Indicates the ending or finishing time/point.
 Usage: Placed after the time noun/phrase. Can be used together or separately.
 Patterns:
o [Time] kara desu. (It's from [Time].) - e.g., Hachi-ji kara desu.
o [Time] made desu. (It's until [Time].) - e.g., Gogo san-ji made desu.
o [Time 1] kara [Time 2] made desu. (It's from [Time 1] until [Time 2].) - e.g.,
Ichi-ji kara ni-ji made desu. (From 1:00 until 2:00).
 Asking about duration/schedule:
o [Activity/Place] wa nan-ji kara nan-ji made desu ka? (What time is
[Activity/Place] from and until?)
o Example: Rao san no kurasu wa nan-ji kara nan-ji made desu ka? (What time
is Mr. Rao's class from and until?) -> Ku-ji kara jū-ichi-ji made desu. (It's
from 9:00 until 11:00.)
 Practice Examples:
o Kaisha wa ku-ji kara go-ji made desu. (Company is from 9:00 to 5:00).
 o Gakkou wa hachi-ji kara ni-ji made desu. (School is from 8:00 to 2:00).
o Kaigi wa san-ji kara yo-ji made desu. (Meeting is from 3:00 to 4:00).
o Ginkou wa hachi-ji kara roku-ji made desu. (Bank is from 8:00 to 6:00).

7. Asking Time for Events/Transport:

 You can ask the time for specific events using [Event/Thing] wa nan ji desu ka?
 Examples:
o Hikōki wa nan ji desu ka? (ひこうき は なんじ ですか。) - What time is the airplane
(departure/arrival)? -> Ku-ji desu. (9 o'clock).
o Densha wa nan ji desu ka? (でんしゃ は なんじ ですか。) - What time is the train?
o Shuppatsu wa nan ji desu ka? (しゅっぱつ は なんじ ですか。) - What time is the
departure?
o Happyo wa nan ji desu ka? (はっぴょう は なんじ ですか。) - What time is the
presentation/announcement?
o Bangumi wa nan ji desu ka? (ばんぐみ は なんじ ですか。) - What time is the
(TV/radio) program?

8. Multiples of 1000:

 1000: sen (せん / 千) or issen (いっせん)

 2000: ni-sen (にせん / 二千)
 3000: san-zen (さんぜん / 三千) - Note sound change: sen -> zen
 4000: yon-sen (よんせん / 四千)
 5000: go-sen (ごせん / 五千)
 6000: roku-sen (ろくせん / 六千)
 7000: nana-sen (ななせん / 七千)
 8000: hassen (はっせん / 八千) - Note sound change and pause
 9000: kyū-sen (きゅうせん / 九千)
 10000: ichi-man (いちまん / 一万) - New counter man (万) for 10,000
 20000: ni-man (にまん / 二万)

9. Useful Expressions Review:

 Arigatou gozaimasu (ありがとう ございます): Thank you (polite). Used when receiving
something or help.
 Douitashimashite (どういたしまして): You're welcome / Don't mention it / It's alright / The
pleasure is mine. Used in response to thanks.

10. New Kanji:

 山 (yama / san): Mountain. 3 strokes. Origin: Pictograph of mountains. Examples:

Yamada san (山田さん - surname), Fuji san (富士山 - Mt. Fuji), yamanobori (山登り -
mountaineering).
 本 (hon / moto): Book / Origin / Main / Counter for long cylindrical things. 5 strokes.
Origin: Tree (木) with a mark indicating the root/origin. Used in Nihon (日本 - Japan,
"sun's origin"). Examples: honjitsu (本日 - today), hondana (本棚 - bookshelf), honmono
(本物 - real thing).
  時 (toki / ji): Time / Hour. 10 strokes. Combination of 日 (sun/day) and 寺 (temple -
representing scheduled activity). Used as the counter -ji for o'clock. Examples: ichi-ji
(一時 - 1 o'clock), jikan (時間 - time/hour), jidai (時代 - era/age). Looks similar to 大 (dai -
big) but is different.

11. Vocabulary Recap:

 Kaisha (office), gakkou (school), yuubinkyoku (post office), byouin (hospital),

biyouin (beauty salon), mise (shop), su-pa (supermarket), depa-to (department store),
taishikan (embassy), toshokan (library).

12. Assignments (Shukudai / 宿題):

 Practice telling time by looking at clock faces.

 Practice asking/telling schedules using kara and made.
 Practice telling time by counting fingers shown in pictures (1 finger = 1 o'clock, etc.).

Final Instructor Remarks: Practice a lot, learn the new words. Minasan kore de owarimasu.
Ashita mata aimashoo. Arigatou gozaimasu. (Everyone, I'll end here. Let's meet again
tomorrow/next time. Thank you.)

This lecture focused heavily on practical conversation related to time and schedules, building
directly on the numbers and basic sentence structures you've learned. Keep practicing the
irregular time readings (yo-ji, shichi-ji, ku-ji)!

Week 3
Okay, here is a highly detailed summary of Lecture 8 ("Kaigi wa roku-ji-han kara desu" - The
meeting is from 6:30), including examples and conversations, tailored for a complete
beginner.

Overall Goal: This lecture heavily focuses on expanding your ability to tell time accurately
by introducing "half past" and minutes. It also covers days of the week, relative time
expressions (today, tomorrow, etc.), the past tense of desu, the sentence particle ne, the
counter for floors, and several new Kanji related to time and days.

1. Introduction & Review of Lesson 7 Assignments:

 Greeting: "Hello everyone, welcome to the class. Are you all ready?"
 Recap: Previous class covered asking/telling time (basic hours), and asking/telling
hobbies (shumi).
 Today's Plan: Continue with time, learn new time expressions, vocabulary, and
review assignments.
 Reviewing Assignment 1 (L7): Telling Time (Clocks)
o Task: Look at clock faces showing specific times (written underneath) and
practice asking/telling the time with a partner.
 o Examples shown on clocks: jū-ichi-ji (11:00), shichi-ji (7:00), san-ji (3:00),
ichi-ji (1:00), jū-ji (10:00), ni-ji (2:00), hachi-ji (8:00), roku-ji (6:00). You
needed to practice saying these times, e.g., Ima san-ji desu ka? (Is it 3:00
now?) -> Hai, san-ji desu. (Yes, it's 3:00).
 Reviewing Assignment 3 (L7): Telling Time (Fingers/Kanji)
o Task: Look at pictures of hands showing a number of fingers. Add the counter
-ji (o'clock) to the number of fingers shown and tell the time. This was also
practice for writing the time in Kanji.
o Examples shown: hachi-ji (八時 - 8:00), shichi-ji (七時 - 7:00), ichi-ji (一時 - 1:00),
san-ji (三時 - 3:00), roku-ji (六時 - 6:00), yo-ji (四時 - 4:00).

2. Telling Time: Half Past (han / はん / 半)

 Han (はん / 半) means "half". In the context of time, it means half an hour (30 minutes).
 Usage: It is added after the hour counter -ji. Incorrect: ichi han ji. Correct: ichi-ji
han.
 Pattern: [Hour]-ji han (〜時半) - meaning "[Hour]:30" or "half past [Hour]".
 Examples (Repeat Practice):
o 1:30 Ichi-ji han (いちじ はん)
o 2:30 Ni-ji han (にじ はん)
o 3:30 San-ji han (さんじ はん)
o 4:30 Yo-ji han (よじ はん)
o 5:30 Go-ji han (ごじ はん)
o 6:30 Roku-ji han (ろくじ はん)
o 7:30 Shichi-ji han (しちじ はん)
o 8:30 Hachi-ji han (はちじ はん)
o 9:30 Ku-ji han (くじ はん)
o 10:30 Jū-ji han (じゅうじ はん)
o 11:30 Jū-ichi-ji han (じゅういちじ はん)
o 12:30 Jū-ni-ji han (じゅうにじ はん)
 Sentence Example: Ima ichi-ji han desu. (いま いちじ はん です。) - It is 1:30 now.
 Practice: Ima nan ji desu ka? (What time is it now?) -> Ima jū-ni han desu. (It's 12:30
now).

3. Telling Time: Minutes (pun / ぷん / 分 and fun / ふん / 分)

 The Kanji 分 is used for minutes. It has two main readings when counting minutes:
pun and fun.
 Usage: Added after the number representing the minutes.
 General Pattern: [Hour]-ji [Number]-pun/fun desu. (〜時 〜分 です。)
 Specific Readings (Important to memorize):
o 1 min: ip-pun (いっぷん) - Note the change and small pause
o 2 mins: ni-fun (にふん)
o 3 mins: san-pun (さんぷん)
o 4 mins: yon-pun (よんぷん)
o 5 mins: go-fun (ごふん)
o 6 mins: rop-pun (ろっぷん) - Note the change and small pause
o 7 mins: nana-fun (ななふん)
o 8 mins: hap-pun (はっぷん) - Note the change and small pause
 o 9 mins: kyū-fun (きゅうふん)
o 10 mins: jup-pun or jip-pun (じゅっぷん / じっぷん) - Both common
o 15 mins: jū-go fun (じゅうごふん)
o 30 mins: san-jup-pun (さんじゅっぷん) OR han (はん)
 Asking "How many minutes?": Nan pun? (なんぷん？)
o Example Question: Kurasu wa ichi-ji nan pun kara desu ka? (クラス は いちじ なんぷ
ん から ですか？) - From what minute past 1:00 does the class start?
 Sentence Examples:
o 1:05 Ichi-ji go-fun desu. (いちじ ごふん です。)
o 1:10 Ichi-ji jup-pun desu. (いちじ じゅっぷん です。)
o 1:15 Ichi-ji jū-go fun desu. (いちじ じゅうごふん です。)
o 1:20 Ichi-ji ni-jup-pun desu. (いちじ にじゅっぷん です。) (Can also be ni-jippun)
o 1:30 Ichi-ji san-jup-pun desu. OR Ichi-ji han desu.
 AM/PM: Remember gozen (AM) and gogo (PM) go before the time.

4. Using Kara (from) and Made (until) with Minutes:

 You can specify exact start and end times using minutes with kara and made.
 Vocabulary:
o Hiru (ひる): Noon / Lunchtime
o Yasumi (やすみ): Break, holiday, vacation, rest
o Hiru yasumi (ひるやすみ): Lunch break
o Gakkou (がっこう): School
o Kaigi (かいぎ): Meeting
o Ginkou (ぎんこう): Bank
o Happyou (はっぴょう): Presentation, announcement
o Kougi (こうぎ): Lecture
o Jugyou (じゅぎょう): Class, lesson
o Nihongo kurasu (にほんご クラス): Japanese class
 Example Sentences:
o Hiru yasumi wa jū-ni-ji han kara desu. (Lunch break is from 12:30.)
o Gakkou wa shichi-ji jū-go fun kara desu. (School is from 7:15.)
o Kaigi wa san-ji ni-juppun kara desu. (The meeting is from 3:20.)
o Ginkou wa jū-ji juppun kara desu. (The bank is from 10:10.)
o Happyou wa gozen ku-ji ni-juppun kara jū-ichi-ji made desu. (The
presentation is from 9:20 AM until 11:00 AM.)
o Kougi wa gogo san-ji han kara go-ji made desu. (The lecture is from 3:30 PM
until 5:00 PM.)

5. Conversation 1: Audio Dialogue Analysis

 Dialogue:
o A: Ima nan ji desu ka? (What time is it now?)
o B: Jū-ji han desu. (It's 10:30.)
o A: Anou, Nihongo kurasu wa jū-ichi-ji kara desu ne. (Um, the Japanese class
is from 11:00, right?)
o B: Iie, chigaimasu. Kurasu wa jū-ichi-ji han kara desu. (No, that's not right.
The class is from 11:30.)
o A: Arigatou gozaimasu. (Thank you.)
  New Words/Phrases:
o Anou (あのう...): An informal filler word used to get someone's attention,
similar to "Um..." or "Excuse me...". It has a longer sound than Ano (あの - that
over there).
o Chigaimasu (ちがいます): Means "It's different" or "That's wrong/incorrect". Used
here to politely disagree or correct information. Example: Ima ichi-ji desu ka?
(Is it 1:00?) -> Iie, chigaimasu. Ima ichi-ji han desu. (No, that's wrong. It's
1:30 now.)

6. Combined Hiragana Sounds (Digraphs):

 These sounds are made by combining a Hiragana character ending in 'i' (like き, し, ち,
に, ひ, み, り) with a small ya (ゃ), yu (ゅ), or yo (ょ).
 The first sound becomes short, and they blend into one syllable.
 Examples (Repeat Practice):
o き + ゃ = kya (きゃ)
o き + ゅ = kyu (きゅ)
o き + ょ = kyo (きょ)
o し + ゃ = sha (しゃ)
o し + ゅ = shu (しゅ)
o し + ょ = sho (しょ)
o ち + ゃ = cha (ちゃ)
o ち + ゅ = chu (ちゅ)
o ち + ょ = cho (ちょ)
o に + ゃ = nya (にゃ)
o に + ゅ = nyu (にゅ)
o に + ょ = nyo (にょ)
o ひ + ゃ = hya (ひゃ)
o ひ + ゅ = hyu (ひゅ)
o ひ + ょ = hyo (ひょ)
o (Also applies to み mya, myu, myo and り rya, ryu, ryo, and the voiced versions
ぎ gya, gyu, gyo, じ ja, ju, jo, び bya, byu, byo, ぴ pya, pyu, pyo).
 The sound happyou (presentation) uses hyo (ひょ) with a p-sound change pyo (ぴょ).

7. Conversation 2: Audio Dialogue Analysis

 Dialogue:
o Kim: Ashita wa kinyoubi desu ne. (Tomorrow is Friday, isn't it?)
o Mira: Hai sou desu. Honda sensei no kurasu desu. (Yes, that's right. It's Prof.
Honda's class.)
o Kim: Sou ne. Sensei no kurasu wa nan-ji kara desu ka? (Right. What time is
the teacher's class from?)
o Mira: Gozen juu-ji han kara juu-ichi-ji han made desu. (It's from 10:30 AM
until 11:30 AM.)
o Kim: Kurasu wa san-gai no kaigi-shitsu desu na. (The class is in the
conference room on the 3rd floor, right?) (Note: na is another informal
confirmation particle, similar to ne)
o Mira: Iie, ni-kai no kaigishitsu desu. (No, it's the conference room on the 2nd
floor.)
 o Kim: Doumo. (Thanks.)
 New Vocabulary/Concepts:
o Ashita (あした): Tomorrow
o Kinyoubi (きんようび / 金曜日): Friday
o Kurasu (クラス): Class
o Sensei (せんせい): Teacher
o Kaigi-shitsu (かいぎしつ / 会議室): Conference room
o -gai / -kai (がい / かい / 階): Counter for floors of a building
o San-gai (さんかい / 三階): 3rd floor (note -gai reading)
o Ni-kai (にかい / 二階): 2nd floor (note -kai reading)
o Ne (ね): Sentence ending particle seeking agreement/confirmation ("..., isn't
it?", "..., right?"). Has rising intonation.
o Sou ne (そうね): Informal agreement, "That's right," "Yeah". Similar to Sou desu
ne.
o Doumo (どうも): Casual "Thanks".

8. Days of the Week (~youbi / 〜ようび / 〜曜日)

 Monday: Getsu-youbi (げつようび / 月曜日)

 Tuesday: Ka-youbi (かようび / 火曜日)
 Wednesday: Sui-youbi (すいようび / 水曜日)
 Thursday: Moku-youbi (もくようび / 木曜日)
 Friday: Kin-youbi (きんようび / 金曜日)
 Saturday: Do-youbi (どようび / 土曜日)
 Sunday: Nichi-youbi (にちようび / 日曜日)

9. Time Expressions (Relative Days)

 Day before yesterday: Ototoi (おととい)

 Yesterday: Kinou (きのう)
 Today: Kyou (きょう)
 Tomorrow: Ashita (あした)
 Day after tomorrow: Asatte (あさって)

10. Practice with Days and Time Expressions:

 Pattern: [Time Expression] wa [Day] desu.

o Ashita wa kin-youbi desu. (Tomorrow is Friday.)
o Kyou wa nichi-youbi desu. (Today is Sunday.)
 Question: [Time Expression] wa [Day] desu ka?
o Ashita wa getsu-youbi desu ka? (Is tomorrow Monday?)
 Answers:
o Hai, ashita wa getsu-yobi desu. (Yes, tomorrow is Monday.)
o Iie, ashita wa getsu-yobi dewa arimasen. (No, tomorrow is not Monday.)
 Ashita wa yasumi desu. (Tomorrow is a holiday.)

11. Past Tense (deshita / でした)

 Desu (です): Present/Future positive ("is/am/are/will be")

  Dewa arimasen (では ありません): Present/Future negative ("is/am/are not")
 Deshita (でした): Past positive ("was/were")
 Dewa arimasen deshita (では ありません でした): Past negative ("was/were not") - Note: the
i in deshita is often devoiced/silent.
 Practice Example:
o Kinou wa kin-youbi deshita. (きのう は きんようび でした。) - Yesterday was Friday.
o Asatte wa do-youbi desu ka? (Is the day after tomorrow Saturday?)
o Kinou wa yasumi dewa arimasen deshita. (Yesterday was not a holiday.)
 Asking "What day was it?": Kinou wa nan youbi deshita ka? (きのう は なん ようび でした
か。)

12. Expressing "Quarter To" (~mae / 〜まえ)

 Mae (まえ / 前) means "before" or "earlier".

 To say "X minutes to Y o'clock", you state the target hour (Y-ji) and then the minutes
before it (X-fun mae).
 Example: 1:45
o Standard way: Ichi-ji yon-jū-go fun (1 hour 45 minutes)
o Quarter to 2 way: Ni-ji jū-go fun mae desu. (にじ じゅうごふん まえ です。) - It is 15
minutes before 2 o'clock.
 Practice Example:
o Question: Piano risaitaru wa nan ji made deshita ka? (Until what time was the
piano recital?)
o Answer 1 (Standard): Gogo go-ji yon-jū-go fun made deshita. (Until 5:45
PM.)
o Answer 2 ("Quarter To"): Roku-ji jū-go fun mae made deshita. (Until 15
minutes before 6:00.)
 Practice Activities: Undoukai (sports meet), Dorama (drama), Kurasu (class), Pa-ti-
(party). Practice their end times using mae.

13. Sentence Particle Ne (ね)

 A particle added to the very end of a sentence.

 Used to seek confirmation or agreement from the listener.
 Equivalent to "..., isn't it?", "..., right?", "..., don't you agree?".
 Requires a response from the listener.
 Has a rising intonation.
 Examples:
o Tanaka san wa gakusei desu ne. (Mr. Tanaka is a student, right?)
o Roku-ji desu ne. (It's 6 o'clock, isn't it?)
o Ima ichi-ji desu ne. (It's 1:00 now, right?)

14. Counter for Floors (kai / かい / 階 or gai / がい / 階)

 A suffix used to count floors in a building.

 Readings (Important):
o 1st Floor: ik-kai (いっかい) - Note pause
o 2nd Floor: ni-kai (にかい)
o 3rd Floor: san-gai (さんがい) - Note change to gai
 o 4th Floor: yon-kai (よんかい)
o 5th Floor: go-kai (ごかい)
o 6th Floor: rok-kai (ろっかい) - Note pause
o 7th Floor: nana-kai (ななかい)
o 8th Floor: hak-kai (はっかい) - Note pause
o 9th Floor: kyū-kai (きゅうかい)
o 10th Floor: juk-kai or jik-kai (じゅっかい / じっかい) - Note pause
 Asking "How many floors?" / "What floor?": Nan kai? or Nan gai? (usually nan
gai for 3rd floor Qs, nan kai otherwise).
o Kono biru wa nan kai desu ka? (この ビル は なんかい ですか。) - How many floors
does this building have?
o Nihongo kurasu wa nan kai desu ka? (What floor is the Japanese class on?)

15. New Kanji:

 分 (fun / pun / bun / wa(karu)): Minute / Part / To Understand / To Divide. (4

strokes). Derived from 八 (divide) + 刀 (knife).
 半 (han): Half. (5 strokes). Depicts cutting something in half.
 月 (tsuki / getsu / gatsu): Moon / Month. (4 strokes). Pictograph of a crescent moon.
 火 (hi / ka): Fire. (4 strokes). Pictograph of flames around a person (人).
 水 (mizu / sui): Water. (4 strokes). Pictograph of flowing water.
 曜 (you): Day of the week. (18 strokes). Complex: 日 (sun) + 羽 (wings) + 隹 (bird).
Focus on recognition, not writing for now.
 今 (ima / kon): Now. (4 strokes).
 New Vocabulary with Kanji:
o Bubun (部分): Portion
o Jibun (自分): Oneself
o Hanbun (半分): Half (portion)
o Hantoshi (半年): Half a year (6 months)
o Hinichi (日日): Date and day / Number of days
o Ichinichi (一日): One day
o Ni-san-nichi (二三日): 2-3 days
o Ichigatsu (一月): January
o Hitotsuki (一月): One month (duration)
o Kazan (火山): Volcano ('fire mountain')
o Hi (火): Fire
o Hanabi (花火): Fireworks ('fire flowers')
o Mizu (水): Water
o Suiei (水泳): Swimming
o Suidou (水道): Water supply ('water way')

16. Vocabulary Recap:

 Undoukai (athletic meet), Bangohan (dinner), Juku (coaching school), Kyoushitsu

(classroom), Heya (room), Yakyuu (baseball), Jugyou (lesson/class).

17. Final Assignments Overview:

 Practice saying times using gozen/gogo.

  Practice days of the week, past/present tense, and time expressions using a calendar.
 Write Kanji for characters learned.
 Match Group A phrases with Group B to make sentences.

Final Instructor Remarks: Practice the new expressions, vocabulary, and past/present
forms. Kanji are important. Minasan kore de owarimasu. Ashita mata aimashou. Arigatou
gozaimasu. (Everyone, I'll end here. Let's meet again tomorrow/next time. Thank you.)

Okay, here is a detailed summary of Lecture 9, "Ashita Toukyo e ikimasu" (I will go to

Tokyo tomorrow), designed for a complete beginner. It includes the examples and
conversations from the provided text.

Lecture 9: Ashita Toukyo e ikimasu (I will go to Tokyo tomorrow)

1. Introduction & Review of Assignments

 The lecture begins with a welcome and mentions that the class will cover more time
expressions, verbs, vocabulary, and new expressions.
 Before starting new material, the professor reviews the assignments from the previous
lecture.
o Assignment 3: Kanji Practice (Pictures to Kanji)
 The task was to write the Kanji character for given pictures.
 Answers explained:
 Picture of fire: 火 (hi) - Kanji for fire/Tuesday (Kayoubi)
 Picture of fingers showing 8: 八 (hachi) - Kanji for eight
 Picture of fingers showing 2: 二 (Ni) - Kanji for two
 Picture showing 50 Yen: 五十円 (Go-juu en) - Kanji for 50 Yen
 Picture of a river: 川 (kawa) - Kanji for river
 Picture of a mountain: 山 (yama) - Kanji for mountain
 Picture of trees: 木 (ki) - Kanji for tree/wood
 Picture of a person: 人 (hito) - Kanji for person
o Assignment 4: Kanji Readings
 The task was to write the readings (pronunciation) for given Kanji
characters.
 Readings provided:
 五十一: go-juu-ichi (51)
 十一時: juu-ichi-ji (11 o'clock)
 十円: juu-en (10 Yen)
 八分: happun (8 minutes)
 十: juu (10)
 日本: nihon (Japan)
 二十九: ni-juu-ku (29)
 百: hyaku (100)
 二百: ni-hyaku (200)
 日本人: nihon-jin (Japanese person)
o Assignment 5: Sentence Matching (Group A to Group B)
  The task was to match parts of sentences from Column A with Column
B to make meaningful sentences.
 Correctly matched sentences and explanations:
 Gakkou wa hachi-ji kara ni-ji made desu. (School is from 8
o'clock to 2 o'clock.) - Practices time expressions kara (from)
and made (until). Gakkou = school.
 Watashi no otousan wa bengoshi desu. (My father is a lawyer.)
- Practices no (possessive particle) and wa (topic marker).
Watashi no otousan = my father, bengoshi = lawyer.
 Sensei wa ima jimushitsu desu ka? (Is the teacher in the office
now?) - Asks location. Sensei = teacher, ima = now, jimushitsu
= office. (The sentence structure might seem a bit odd now but
will become clearer with verbs later).
 Kaigi wa juu-ichi-ji kara desu. (The meeting is from 11
o'clock.) - Kaigi = meeting.
 Ashita wa yasumi desu. (Tomorrow is a holiday/day off.) -
Ashita = tomorrow, yasumi = holiday/rest.
 Kono kasa wa ikura desu ka? (How much is this umbrella?) -
Kono = this (modifies noun), kasa = umbrella, ikura = how
much.
 Shousetsu wa anata no desu ka? (Is the novel yours?) -
Shousetsu = novel, anata no = yours.
 Ni-hyaku en no kutsushita wo kudasai. (Please give me the 200
Yen socks / I'll buy the 200 Yen socks.) - kutsushita = socks,
wo kudasai = please give me / I'll take it.

2. Additional Hiragana

 Introduces more Hiragana sounds made by combining consonant sounds with small
ya, yu, yo.
o mya (みや), myu (みゆ), myo (みよ)
o rya (りゃ), ryu (りゅ), ryo (りょ)
o gya (ぎゃ), gyu (ぎゅ), gyo (ぎょ)
o ja (じゃ), ju (じゅ), jo (じょ)
o bya (びゃ), byu (びゅ), byo (びょ)
o pya (ぴゃ), pyu (ぴゅ), pyo (ぴょ)

3. Telling Phone Numbers

 Explains how to state or ask for phone numbers using numbers 1-10 (ichi, ni, san,
yon, go, roku, nana, hachi, kyuu) and 0 (rei or zero).
 Digits are read individually.
 The dash (-) in phone numbers is read as no.
 Examples:
o Watashi no denwa bangou wa 235-no-137890 desu. (My telephone number is
235-137890.) - denwa bangou = telephone number.
o Watashi no ketai wa 9875210021 desu. (My mobile phone is 9875210021.) -
ketai = mobile phone.

4. Introduction to Verbs & Location (Dialogue 1)

  The lecture now focuses on verbs.
 Radio Dialogue 1: Kim asks Mira about Mr. Tanaka's location.
o Kim: Sumimasen, Tanaka san wa ima doko desu ka? (すみません、田中さんはどこです
か。) - Excuse me, where is Mr. Tanaka now?
o Mira: Tanaka san wa ima jimushitsu desu. (田中さんはじむしつです。) - Mr. Tanaka is
in the office now.
o Kim: Jimushitsu wa nan-kai desu ka? (じむしつは何階ですか。) - Which floor is the
office on? (nan-kai = which floor)
o Mira: San-kai desu. (三階です。) - It's the 3rd floor. (san-kai = 3rd floor)
o Kim: Shokudou mo san-kai desu ne. (食堂も三階でうか。) - The cafeteria is also on
the 3rd floor, right? (Shokudou = cafeteria, mo = also)
o Mira: Iie, Shokudou wa i-kai desu. (いいえ、食堂は一階です。) - No, the cafeteria is
on the 1st floor. (i-kai = 1st floor)
o Kim: Anou, Sumimasen desu ga, erebeta wa doko desu ka? (あのう、すみませんです
が、エレベタはどこですか。) - Um, excuse me, but where is the elevator? (erebeta =
elevator, ga = but)
o Mira: Erebeta wa asoko desu. (エレベタはあそこです。) - The elevator is over there.
 Introduces the question word doko (どこ) meaning "where".

5. Demonstratives for Location: Koko, Soko, Asoko, Doko

 Explains demonstrative words specifically for places/locations:

o koko (ここ): here (near the speaker)
o soko (そこ): there (near the listener, or somewhat far from the speaker)
o asoko (あそこ): over there (far from both speaker and listener)
o doko (どこ): where? (question word)
 Visual Examples:
o Ball: Person A near the ball says Ball wa koko desu. (The ball is here.) Person
B far from the ball says Ball wa soko desu. (The ball is there.)
o Pointing: If A and B are pointing to something far from both, it's asoko. If
something is close to both, it's koko.
o Dialogue Examples:
 A: Kuruma wa doko desu ka? (Where is the car?) -> B: Kuruma wa
asoko desu. (The car is over there.)
 A: Tanaka san wa doko desu ka? (Where is Mr. Tanaka?) -> B: Tanaka
san wa asoko desu. (Mr. Tanaka is over there.)
 If the car is also over there, B could say: Tanaka san *mo* asoko desu.
(Mr. Tanaka is also over there.) - using mo for 'also'.

6. Going Places: Verb ikimasu, Particle e, Particle de (Dialogue 2)

 Radio Dialogue 2: A and B discuss going to Kyoto.

o A: Ashita doko e ikimasuka? (あした どこへいきますか。) - Where are you going
tomorrow?
o B: Kyouto e ikimasu. (京都へいきます。) - I am going to Kyoto.
o A: Nan de kyouto e ikimasu ka? (なんで京都へいきますか。) - How (by what means)
are you going to Kyoto?
o B: Shinkansen de ikimasu. (新幹線でいきます。) - I am going by Shinkansen (bullet
train).
 o A: Nan-ji no densha desu ka? (なんじの電車ですか。) - What time is the train?
o B: Asa hachi-ji no densha desu. (朝八時の電車です。) - It's the 8 AM train. (Asa =
morning)
 New Concepts Introduced:
o Verb: ikimasu (いきます) - to go
o Particle e (へ): Indicates direction/destination. Used with motion verbs like
ikimasu. (Pronounced 'e', written with Hiragana 'he').
o Particle de (で): Indicates means or mode of transport.
o Question word nan de (なんで): How? By what means?
o Vocabulary: Kyouto (京都 - Kyoto), Shinkansen (新幹線 - Bullet train), densha (電
車 - train).

7. Motion Verbs: Ikimasu, Kimasu, Kaerimasu

 Three key motion verbs:

o ikimasu (行きます): to go
o kimasu (来ます): to come
o kaerimasu (帰ります): to return (Used ONLY for returning to one's home,
hometown, or home country. For returning to other places like school or
office, you use ikimasu).
 Examples using particle e:
o Ashita doko e ikimasu ka? (Where are you going tomorrow?)
o Kyouto e ikimasu. (I am going to Kyoto.)
o Mainichi gakkō e ikimasu. (I go to school everyday.) - Mainichi = everyday,
gakkō = school.
o Tanaka san wa ashita uchi e kimasu. (Mr. Tanaka will come to my house
tomorrow.) - uchi = house/home.

8. Particle de for Mode of Transport

 Reinforces that particle de indicates how you travel.

 Examples:
o Basu de ikimasu. (I will go by bus.) - basu = bus.
o Nan de ikimasu ka? (How will you go?)
o Shinkansen de ikimasu. (I will go by Shinkansen.)
o Other modes: kuruma (car), densha (train), takushi (taxi), jitensha (bicycle).
 Special Case: Walking
o You don't say "go by foot". You use the verb arukimasu (歩きます) - to walk.
o Example: Watashi wa arukimasu. (I walk.)

9. Japanese Verb Basics (Brief Introduction)

 Verbs are broadly categorized into 'u-verbs' and 'ru-verbs'.

 For conjugation purposes, they are often divided into 3 groups:
o Group 1: Most verbs ending in 'u', including some exceptions ending in
'iru'/'eru'. (e.g., iku - to go, aruku - to walk)
o Group 2: Most verbs ending in 'iru' or 'eru' in their dictionary form. (e.g.,
taberu - to eat)
o Group 3: Irregular verbs - Kuru (来る - to come) and Suru (する - to do).
  Introduces the dictionary form (e.g., iku) vs. the polite form (ikimasu - affirmative,
ikimasen - negative).

10. Practice Exercises

 Practice 1: Destination (Place + e + Verb)

o Base question: Ashita doko e ikimasu ka? (Where are you going tomorrow?)
o Base answer: Delhi e ikimasu. (I am going to Delhi.)
o Can replace Ashita (tomorrow) with other time words: nichiyoubi (Sunday),
asatte (day after tomorrow), rai-getsu (next month), kon-getsu (this month),
sarai-getsu (month after next).
o Can replace Delhi with other places: uchi (home), depa-to (department store),
tomodachi no uchi (friend's house), kuni (country).
o Can use kaerimasu when returning home/country.
o Examples:
 A: Rai-getsu doko e ikimasu ka? B: Rai-getsu uchi e kaerimasu.
(Return home next month)
 A: Kon-getsu doko e ikimasu ka? B: Kon-getsu tomodachi no uchi e
ikimasu. (Go to friend's house this month)
 A: Sarai-getsu doko e ikimasu ka? B: Sarai-getsu kuni e kaerimasu.
(Return to country the month after next)
 Practice 2: Mode of Transport (Mode + de + Verb)
o Base question: Nan de kaisha e ikimasu ka? (How do you go to the office?) -
kaisha = company/office
o Base answer: Takushi de ikimasu. (I go by taxi.)
o Can replace Takushi with other modes: kuruma (car), basu (bus), densha
(train), jitensha (bicycle), shinkansen.
o Remember: For walking, use arukimasu.

11. Dates (Dialogue 3)

 Radio Dialogue 3: A and B discuss dates for going to Delhi.

o A: Itsu Deri e ikimasu ka? (When are you going to Delhi?) - Itsu = when.
o B: Raigetsu no juu-go nichi desu. (It's the 15th of next month.) - juu-go nichi =
15th day. (Corrected "Raitsu" to likely intended "Raigetsu" based on context).
o A: Nan nichi ni kaerimasu ka? (On what day [of the month] will you return?) -
nan nichi = what day? ni = time particle.
o B: Juu-hachi ni kaerimasu. (I will return on the 18th.) - juu-hachi nichi = 18th
day.
 How to say Dates:
o Days 1-10 have special names:
 1st: Tsuitachi (ついたち)
 2nd: Futsuka (ふつか)
 3rd: Mikka (みっか)
 4th: Yokka (よっか) - short 'o'
 5th: Itsuka (いつか)
 6th: Muika (むいか)
 7th: Nanoka (なのか)
 8th: Youka (ようか) - long 'o'
  9th: Kokonoka (ここのか)
 10th: Tooka (とおか) - long 'o'
o From 11th onwards, usually use Number + nichi (日 - day): juu-ichi nichi
(11th), juu-ni nichi (12th).
o Important Exceptions:
 14th: Juu-yokka (じゅうよっか) (Not juu-yon nichi)
 20th: Hatsuka (はつか) (Not ni-juu nichi)

12. Kanji Introduction

 Review of Kanji for days done previously (Mon, Tue, Wed).

 Introduction to Kanji related to Thursday (Mokuyoubi), Friday (Kinyoubi), Saturday
(Doyoubi):
o 木 (ki / moku): Tree, Wood (4 strokes). Pictogram of a tree trunk and branches.
o 金 (okane / kin): Money, Metal, Gold (8 strokes). Pictogram origin story:
represents nuggets/coins buried under the ground (土) with a plant/cover on
top.
o 土 (tsuchi / do): Soil, Ground, Earth (3 strokes). Pictogram of a plant sprouting
from the ground.
 Kanji for the Verbs learned:
o 行く (iku / gyou): To go (6 strokes).
o 帰る (kaeru / ki): To return (10 strokes).

13. New Vocabulary using Learned Kanji

 木こり (kikori): woodcutter

 金持ち (kanemochi): wealthy person
 土木 (doboku): civil engineering
 土のう (donou): sandbag
 行き先 (ikisaki): destination
 行列 (gyouretsu): procession, queue
 帰国 (kikoku): return to one's country
 帰宅 (kitaku): return to one's home
 日帰り (higaeri): day trip (return the same day)

14. General Vocabulary List

 senshuu (せんしゅう): last week

 konshuu (こんしゅう): this week
 raishuu (らいしゅう): next week
 saraishuu (さらいしゅう): the week after next
 asa (あさ): morning
 ban (ばん): evening
 yasumi (やすみ): holiday, day off, rest
 kimasu (きます): to come
 arukimasu (あるきます): to walk

15. Assignments (Shukudai - 宿題)

  Practice asking and telling the time (Ima nan ji desu ka?).
 Practice asking and telling where you are going (Doko e ikimasu ka?) and how (Nan
de ikimasu ka?).
 Match Kanji characters (days of the week) with pictures.
 Write readings for given Kanji.
 Match readings with Kanji characters.
 Look at pictures and identify the mode of transport used.

16. Conclusion

 Recap of the lesson covering time, places, particles e and de, verbs, vocabulary, and
Kanji.
 Closing remarks: Minasan Ashita mata aimashou. Arigatou gozaimasu. (Everyone,
let's meet again tomorrow. Thank you very much.)

This summary covers the key points, explanations, vocabulary, and examples presented in the
lecture transcript for a beginner learning Japanese. Good luck with your studies!

Okay, here is a detailed summary of Lecture 10, "Watashi wa mainichi roku-ji ni okimasu" (I
wake up at 6 o'clock every day), based on the provided text and designed for a complete
beginner.

Lecture 10: Watashi wa mainichi roku-ji ni okimasu (I wake up at 6 o'clock every day)

1. Introduction & Review of Previous Assignments

 The lecture starts with a welcome ("Konnichiwa") and mentions that today's class will
cover more verbs, new expressions, particles related to time, and new Kanji.
 Before new topics, the assignments from Lecture 9 are reviewed.
o Assignment 1: Practice Telling Time
 The purpose is to practice numbers, which are essential for time,
prices, dates, etc.
 Example 1 (Clock showing 12:45 / Quarter to One):
 Question: Ima nan ji desu ka? (What time is it now?)
 Answer 1: Ima juu-ni-ji yon-juu-go hun desu. (It's 12:45 now.)
 Answer 2 (Using 'mae' - before): Ima ichi-ji juu-go-hun mae
desu. (It's 15 minutes before 1:00 now.)
 Example 2 (Multiple clocks):
 11:10: Juu-ichi-ji juppun desu.
 2:35: Ima ni-ji san-juu-go hun desu.
 10:25: Ima juu-ji ni-juu-go hun desu.
 4:40: Yo-ji yon-juppun desu.
o Assignment 3: Match Pictures with Kanji (Days of the Week)
 Task: Match pictures/concepts representing days of the week with their
corresponding Kanji.
 Kanji and readings reviewed:
 月 (getsu) - Monday (Moon)
 火 (ka) - Tuesday (Fire)
  水 (sui) - Wednesday (Water)
 木 (moku) - Thursday (Wood/Tree)
 金 (kin) - Friday (Gold/Metal)
 土 (do) - Saturday (Earth/Soil)
 日 (nichi) - Sunday (Sun/Day)
 Note: It's mentioned that these Kanji have other readings too.
o Assignment 4: Write Reading for Kanji Characters
 Task: Provide the correct pronunciation (reading) for given Kanji
words/phrases.
 Answers reviewed:
 火曜日: ka-yōbi (Tuesday) - also mentions 火 can be read hi.
 一時半: ichi-ji-han (1:30)
 九: kyū (Nine)
 百五十八円: hyaku-go-jū-hachi-en (158 Yen)
 水: mizu (Water) - Note: Different reading from sui.
 木: ki (Tree/Wood) - Note: Different reading from moku.
 お金: o-kane (Money) - Note: Different reading from kin.
 一日: ichi-nichi (One day / The 1st day - context dependent)
 土: tsuchi (Soil/Earth) - Note: Different reading from do.
 Emphasizes that Kanji often have multiple readings.
o Assignment 5: Match Readings with Kanji Characters
 Task: Match Kanji characters in Column A with their readings in
Column B.
 Matches reviewed:
 木曜日 - moku-yōbi (Thursday)
 お金 - o-kane (Money)
 火山 - kazan (Volcano)
 火曜日 - ka-yōbi (Tuesday)
 水 - mizu (Water)
 インド人 - Indo-jin (Indian person - Explains jin is used for
nationality, from 人 hito)
 木こり - kikori (Woodcutter)
 田中 - Tanaka (Common Japanese surname)
 金 - kin (Gold/Metal)
 木 - ki (Tree/Wood)
o Assignment 6: Mode of Transport
 Task: Look at pictures and identify the mode of transport using particle
de.
 Vocabulary reviewed: Shinkansen (bullet train), Jitensha (bicycle),
Densha (train), Baiku (motorbike), Hikouki (airplane - note long 'o'
sound), Kuruma (car), Basu (bus), Takushi (taxi).

2. Revision: Location Words (Koko, Soko, Asoko, Doko)

 Revises the demonstratives for location introduced in the previous lecture.

 Uses pictures with a ball (Bo-ru ボール) and a bag (kaban かばん).
 Examples:
o Picture 1 (Two people close, ball far): Bo-ru wa doko desu ka? (Where is the
ball?) -> Bo-ru wa asoko desu. (The ball is over there.)
 o Picture 2 (Two people far from ball): Bo-ru wa doko desu ka? -> Bo-ru wa
asoko desu.
o Picture 3 (Person A close, Person B far):
 B asks: Bo-ru wa doko desu ka? -> B says: Bo-ru wa soko desu. (The
ball is there [near A].)
 A asks: Bo-ru wa doko desu ka? -> A says: Bo-ru wa koko desu. (The
ball is here.)
o Picture 4 (Two people close, ball far): Bo-ru wa doko desu ka? -> Bo-ru wa
asoko desu.
o Picture 5 (Man and woman far from bag): Woman asks: Kaban wa doko desu
ka? (Where is the bag?) -> Man answers: Kaban wa asoko desu. (The bag is
over there.)
 Reinforces meanings: koko (here), soko (there), asoko (over there), doko (where).

3. New Topic: Verbs and Time (Dialogue 1)

 Introduces the main theme: Talking about actions happening at specific times.
 Radio Dialogue 1 (Arun and Meera - Casual Conversation):
o Arun: Gakkō wa nan-ji kara desu ka. (学校は何時からですか。) - From what time is
school? (Gakkō = school)
o Meera: Shichi-ji kara desu. (七時からです。) - It's from 7 o'clock.
o Arun: Nan-ji ni okimasu ka. (何時におきますか。) - What time do you get up/wake
up? (okimasu = to get up)
o Meera: Mainichi roku-ji ni okimasu. (毎日六時におきます。) - I get up at 6 o'clock
every day. (Mainichi = everyday)
o Arun: Gakkō wa nan-ji ni owarimasu ka. (学校は何時におわりますか。) - What time
does school finish/get over? (owarimasu = to end/finish)
o Meera: Gogo san-ji-han desu. (午後三時半です。) - It's 3:30 in the afternoon. (Gogo
= P.M./afternoon, han = half)
o Arun: Ja, nan-ji ni hiru-gohan o tabemasu ka. (じゃ、何時にひるごはんをたべますか。) -
Well then, what time do you eat lunch? (Ja = well then [informal], hiru-gohan
= lunch, tabemasu = to eat)
o Meera: Jū-ichi-ji desu. (十一時です。) - It's 11 o'clock.
 Note on script: Mentions that Japanese usually doesn't have spaces, and foreign
names (Arun, Meera) are written in Katakana. Spaces are used here for learner clarity.

4. New Particle: ni (に) - Time Marker

 Explains that particle ni is used to mark the specific point in time (hour, minute, day
of the week, date) when an action happens. Corresponds to English 'at', 'on', 'in'.
 Crucial Rule: ni comes after the specific time expression.
o Correct: roku-ji ni (at 6 o'clock)
o Incorrect: roku-ni-ji
 Exception: General time words like kyō (today), ashita (tomorrow), kinō (yesterday),
mainichi (everyday), asa (morning) usually do not take ni.
o Example: Ashita Delhi e ikimasu. (I will go to Delhi tomorrow.) - No ni after
ashita.
 Core Examples:
o Watashi wa 6 ji ni okimasu. (私は六時におきます。) - I get up at 6 o'clock.
o Watashi wa hachi-ji ni okimasu. (私は八時におきます。) - I get up at 8 o'clock.
 o Watashi wa roku-ji ni tabemasu. (わたしは六時に食べます。) - I eat at 6 o'clock.

5. Practice with Particle ni and Daily Schedule Verbs

 Uses clock diagrams showing different times and activities.

 Practice Questions & Answers (Daily Routine):
o Mainichi nan ji ni okimasu ka? (What time do you wake up everyday?) ->
[Time] ni okimasu.
o Mainichi nan ji ni ikimasu ka? (What time do you go everyday?) -> Shichi-ji
ni ikimasu. (I go at 7:00.)
o Nan ji ni kaerimasu ka? (What time do you return?) -> Ni-ji han ni kaerimasu.
(I return at 2:30.) (kaerimasu = return home/hometown/country)
o Nan ji ni tabemasu ka? (What time do you eat?) -> San-ji ni tabemasu. (I eat at
3:00.)
o Nan ji ni ikimasu ka? (What time do you go?) -> Yo-ji ni ikimasu. (I go at
4:00.)
o Nan ji ni benkyou shimasu ka? (What time do you study?) -> Shichi-ji ni
benkyou shimasu. (I study at 7:00.) (benkyou shimasu = to study)
o Nan-ji ni nemasu ka? (What time do you sleep?) -> Juu-ichi-ji han ni nemasu.
(I sleep at 11:30.) (nemasu = to sleep)
 Sentence Building Practice:
o Change Subject: Watashi wa, Tanaka san wa, Tomodachi wa (friend), Otousan
wa (father), Imouto wa (younger sister)...
o Change Time: hachi-ji ni, juu-ji ni, go-ji ni, shichi-ji ni... Add gozen (AM) or
gogo (PM) before the time: Watashi wa mainichi gozen roku-ji ni okimasu.
o Change Verb: okimasu, tabemasu, ikimasu, nomimasu (to drink)...
o Example Sentences:
 Watashi wa roku-ji ni ikimasu. (I go at 6:00.)
 Tanaka san wa go-ji ni tabemasu. (Mr. Tanaka eats at 5:00.)
 Imouto wa hachi-ji ni ikimasu. (My younger sister goes at 8:00.)
 Tanaka san wa ashita gozen hachi-ji ni ikimasu. (Mr. Tanaka will go
tomorrow at 8:00 AM.)
 More Vocabulary & Examples:
o Watashi wa mainichi gakkou e ikimasu. (I go to school everyday.)
o Watashi wa mainichi shichi-ji ni gakkou e ikimasu. (I go to school at 7:00
everyday.)
o Watashi wa mainichi ni-ji han ni uchi e kaerimasu. (I return home at 2:30
everyday.) (uchi = home)
o Watashi wa mainichi san-ji ni hirugohan wo tabemasu. (I eat lunch at 3:00
everyday.) (hirugohan = lunch)
o Watashi wa mainichi yo-ji ni juku e ikimasu. (I go to coaching class at 4:00
everyday.) (juku = cram school/coaching class)
o Watashi wa mainichi hachi- ji han ni bangohan wo tabemasu. (I eat dinner at
8:30 everyday.) (bangohan = dinner)
o Watashi wa mainichi juu-ji han ni nemasu. (I sleep at 11:30 everyday.)
 Picture Practice:
o (Sleeping): Watashi wa juu-ji ni nemasu. (I sleep at 10:00.)
o (Walking): Minasan wa shichi-ji ni sanpou shimasu. (Everyone takes a walk at
7:00.) (sanpou shimasu = to take a walk)
 o (Returning): Tanaka san wa roku-ji ni uchi e kaerimasu. (Mr. Tanaka returns
home at 6:00.)
o (Phoning): Tanaka san wa juu-ichi-ji ni denwa wo shimasu. (Mr. Tanaka
makes a phone call at 11:00.) (denwa wo shimasu = to make a phone call)

6. New Particle: wo (を / お) - Direct Object Marker

 Introduces particle wo (written を, pronounced お 'o').

 Function: Marks the direct object of the verb – the thing that the action is done to.
 Sentence Structure: Subject は/が (wa/ga) + Object を (wo) + Verb.
o Subject comes first.
o Verb comes last.
o Direct Object wo comes in the middle, just before the verb it relates to.
 Core Examples:
o Watashi wa mainichi ringo wo tabemasu. (私は毎日りんごを食べます。) - I eat an apple
everyday. (ringo = apple is the object being eaten).
o Ju-su wo nomimasu. (ジュースを飲みます。) - I drink juice. (ju-su = juice is the
object being drunk).
o Shigoto o shimasu. (しごとをします。) - I do work / I work. (shigoto = work is the
object being done).
 More Examples:
o Watashi wa mainichi orenji wo tabemasu. (I eat oranges everyday.) (orenji =
orange)
o Otousan wa mainichi ju-su wo nomimasu. (My father drinks juice everyday.)
o Sensei wa mainichi ringo wo tabemasu. (The teacher eats an apple everyday.)

7. Practice with Particle wo

 Substitution Practice (Food):

o Base sentence: Watashi wa mainichi ringo wo tabemasu.
o Replace ringo with: sakana (fish), mikan (mandarin orange), yasai (vegetable),
kudamono (fruit), niku (meat), aisukuri-mu (ice cream - Katakana for English
word).
 Asking "What?": Nan vs. Nani
o Introduce the question: Anata wa nani wo tabemasu ka? (あなたは何を食べますか。) -
What do you eat?
o Explain nani (何): Means "what", just like nan.
o Difference: nan is often used before counters/numbers (e.g., nan-ji? what
time?), while nani is used more generally. Meaning is the same.
o Practice: Ask Anata wa nani wo tabemasu ka? Answer Watashi wa [noun] wo
tabemasu.

8. Verb Forms: -masu (Affirmative) vs. -masen (Negative)

 Explains the basic polite verb endings:

o -masu (ます): Positive/Affirmative (e.g., tabemasu - I eat)
o -masen (ません): Negative (e.g., tabemasen - I do not eat)
 This is called the "masu form". Past tense also uses this base.
 Practice Combining: Use nouns and verbs, choosing either masu or masen.
 o Watashi wa mainichi sakana wo tabemasu. (I eat fish everyday.)
o Tanaka san wa mainichi sakana wo tabemasen. (Mr. Tanaka does not eat fish
everyday.)
o Imouto wa mainichi sanpou wo shimasu. (My sister takes a walk everyday.)
o Imouto wa mainichi sanpou wo shimasen. (My sister does not take a walk
everyday.)
o Tanaka san wa mainichi yakyuu wo shimasu. (Mr. Tanaka plays baseball
everyday.) (yakyuu = baseball)
o Tanaka san wa mainichi yakyuu wo shimasen. (Mr. Tanaka does not play
baseball everyday.)

9. Picture Practice with wo

 Asking Nani o shimasu ka? (What is ... doing?) based on pictures.

 Answers:
o (Working): Tanaka san wa hatarakimasu. (Mr. Tanaka works.) (hatarakimasu
= to work)
o (Returning home): Tanaka san wa uchi e kaerimasu.
o (Studying): Gakusei wa benkyou shimasu. (The student studies.) (Gakusei =
student)
o (Reading): Tanaka san wa yomimasu. OR Tanaka san wa hon wo yomimasu.
(Mr. Tanaka reads / reads a book.) (yomimasu = to read, hon = book)

10. Japanese Custom: Itadakimasu (いただきます)

 Explains the phrase Itadakimasu.

 It's said before eating or drinking anything (meals, snacks).
 It expresses gratitude for the food (like "Thank you for the food," "Let's eat").
 It's a universal custom in Japan. Learners are encouraged to use it. Action often
involves putting hands together briefly.

11. Dialogue 2: Business Trip (Amit and Rao)

 A conversation illustrating ni with dates and a new conjunction.

 Dialogue:
o Rao: Ashita kara shuccho desu ka. (明日から出張ですか。) - Are you on a business
trip from tomorrow? (shucchou = business trip)
o Amit: Hai, sō desu. (はい、そうです。) - Yes, that's right.
o Rao: Doko e ikimasu ka. (どこへ行きますか。) - Where are you going?
o Amit: Mumbai e ikimasu. (ムンバイへ行きます。) - I'm going to Mumbai.
o Rao: Itsu modorimasu ka. (いつ戻りますか。) - When will you return? (Itsu = when,
modorimasu = to return [general verb])
o Amit: Raigetsu no muika desu. (来月の六日です。) - It's the 6th of next month.
(Raigetsu = next month, muika = 6th day)
o Rao: Aa, watashi wa muika ni kuni e kaerimasu. Soshite, go gatsu no futsuka
ni modorimasu. (ああ、私は六日に国へ帰ります。そして、五月の二日に戻ります。) - Oh, I will
return to my country on the 6th. And, I will return [here] on May 2nd. (kuni =
country, Soshite = and/then, go-gatsu = May [5th month], futsuka = 2nd day)
o Amit: Aa, sou (desu ka). (ああ、そう(ですか)。) - Oh, I see / Is that so?
  Key Points:
o particle ni used with dates (muika ni, futsuka ni).
o Soshite is a conjunction meaning 'and' or 'then', used to start a new sentence
connecting ideas.

12. Introduction to Kanji Structure

 Kanji can be looked up/organized in dictionaries by:

o Radicals: Basic components (~214) that often carry meaning. A radical can be
anywhere in the Kanji (left, right, top, bottom, surrounding). Simple Kanji can
themselves be radicals (e.g., 人 person, 日 sun/day). Complex Kanji belong to a
radical group (e.g., 曜 day of week belongs to the 日 sun radical).
o Stroke Order: Kanji are grouped by the number of strokes needed to write
them (from 1 up to 23+).
o Readings (Pronunciation): Kanji with similar sounds (hatsuon/yomikata) can
be grouped (e.g., 日 hi and 火 hi).

13. New Kanji Introduction (Time Related)

 午 (go / ご): noon (4 strokes)

 後 (go / ato / うしろ): after, behind, later (9 strokes). Example: 午後 (gogo - PM/afternoon)
 前 (mae / zen / まえ): before, front, previous (9 strokes). Example: 午前 (gozen -
AM/morning)

14. New Vocabulary with Kanji

 Using Kanji related to time/days:

o 毎日 (mainichi): everyday (毎 every + 日 day)
o 明日 (ashita): tomorrow (明 bright + 日 day) (Note: Text reading asa seems
incorrect, should be ashita)
o 今日 (kyō): today (今 now + 日 day)
o 昨日 (kinō): yesterday (昨 previous + 日 day)
 Using 前 (mae/zen) and 後 ( go/ato ):
o 午前中 (gozen-chū): all morning / during the morning
o 以前 (izen): before, ago
o 以後 (igo): after this, henceforth, since then
o 人前 (hito mae): in front of people, in public
o 二人前 (ninin mae): serving for two people (used in restaurants)
o Name example: 前川 (Mae-kawa)

15. General Vocabulary List

 Months: sen-getsu (last month), kon-getsu (this month), rai-getsu (next month), sarai-
getsu (month after next)
 Nouns: sakana (fish), fuku (clothes), gohan (cooked rice / meal), shousetsu (novel),
yakyuu (baseball)

16. New Verbs List (Review/Introduction)

  shimasu (します): to do
 nomimasu (のみます): to drink
 kaimasu (かいます): to buy
 tsukurimasu (つくります): to make
 okimasu (おきます): to get up / wake up
 modorimasu (もどります): to return (general)
 tabemasu (たべます): to eat
 yomimasu (よみます): to read
 mimasu (みます): to see / watch / look
 nemasu (ねます): to sleep
 sanpou shimasu (さんぽうします): to take a walk

17. Assignments for Lecture 10 (Shukudai 宿題)

 Assignment 1: Write the correct Kanji for the underlined words in given Japanese
sentences (using Romaji).
 Assignment 2: Match Kanji characters in Column A with their corresponding
Romanized words/readings in Column B.
 Assignment 3: Look at pictures showing a daily schedule (times + activities) and
practice asking/answering questions with a partner using the learned verbs, times, and
particles (ni, wo).

18. Conclusion

 Encourages practice of vocabulary, verbs, time expressions, and particles ni and wo.
 Closing remarks: Minasan, Ashita mata aimashou. Arigatou gozaimasu. (Everyone,
let's meet again tomorrow. Thank you very much.)

This detailed summary should give you a solid understanding of the concepts and examples
covered in Lecture 10. Remember to practice the new particles and verbs!

Okay, here is a detailed summary of Lecture 11, "Itsu Kanpur e kimashita ka?" (When did
you come to Kanpur?), designed for a complete beginner and including the examples and
conversations from the provided text.

Lecture 11: Itsu Kanpur e kimashita ka? (When did you come to Kanpur?)

1. Introduction & Review of Previous Assignments

 The lecture begins with a welcome ("Konnichiwa") and states that today's focus will
be the past tense of verbs (-mashita form), along with new particles, vocabulary,
and Kanji.
 First, the assignments from Lecture 10 are reviewed.
o Assignment 1: Write Kanji characters for underlined words
 Task: Write the correct Kanji for underlined words in sentences.
 Words and their Kanji reviewed:
 Kawakami -> 川上 (Surname)
 Tanaka -> 田中 (Surname)
 ni-hyaku-go-jū-en -> 二百五十円 (250 Yen)
 getsu(-yō-bi) -> 月 (Month / Monday)
  roku-jū-san sai -> 六十三才 (63 years old - 才 is counter for age)
 ki -> 木 (Tree)
 ookii -> 大きい (Big - Kanji for big not required yet, just ki)
 Nihon(-go) -> 日本 (Japan)
 yo-ji -> 四時 (4 o'clock)
 gogo -> 午後 (P.M./afternoon)
 hon -> 本 (Book)
 Note: Similarity between 木 (ki) and 本 (hon) is pointed out.
o Assignment 2: Match Kanji characters with words in Roman
 Task: Match Kanji in Column A with their Romanized readings/words
in Column B.
 Matches reviewed:
 前川 - Maekawa (Surname)
 大人 - otona (adult)
 午後 - gogo (P.M./afternoon)
 十分 - juppun (10 minutes)
 火山 - kazan (volcano)
 二十日 - hatsuka (20th day of the month - Exception: not ni-juu
nichi)
 百円 - hyaku-en (100 Yen)
 日本 - nihon (Japan)
 月 - tsuki (moon / month)
 本だな - hondana (bookshelf)
 川 - kawa (river)
 人 - hito (person)
 五日 - itsuka (5th day of the month)
o Assignment 3: Daily Schedule Practice (Pictures)
 Task: Practice asking/telling about daily routines using pictures, times,
particles ni (time), wo (object), and verbs.
 Examples from the description:
 6:00 AM get up -> Gozen roku-ji ni okimasu. (I get up at 6:00
AM.)
 8:00 AM go to office -> Gozen hachi-ji ni kaisha e ikimasu. (I
go to the office at 8:00 AM.) (kaisha=office/company)
 12:45 PM eat lunch -> Gogo juu-ni-ji yon-juu-go fun ni
hirugohan wo tabemasu. (I eat lunch at 12:45 PM.)
(hirugohan=lunch, fun/pun=minutes)
 4:30 PM drink tea -> Gogo yo-ji san-juppun ni kocha wo
nomimasu. (I drink tea at 4:30 PM.) (kocha=black tea,
nomimasu=drink)
 7:00 PM return home -> Gogo shichi-ji ni uchi e kaerimasu. (I
return home at 7:00 PM.) (uchi=home, kaerimasu=return home)
 8:15 PM eat dinner -> Hachi-ji juu-go fun ni bangohan wo
tabemasu. (I eat dinner at 8:15 PM.) (bangohan=dinner)
 9:00 PM - 10:00 PM watch TV -> Ku-ji kara juu-ji made terebi
wo mimasu. (I watch TV from 9:00 to 10:00.) (terebi=TV,
mimasu=watch/see, kara=from, made=until)
 11:00 PM sleep -> Gogo juu-ichi-ji ni nemasu. (I sleep at 11:00
PM.) (nemasu=sleep)
  Practice asking questions like Nan-ji ni okimasu ka? (What time do
you get up?), Nan-ji ni nemasu ka? (What time do you sleep?), Nan-ji
ni uchi e kaerimasu ka? (What time do you return home?).
o Picture Practice (Tanaka san's Activities)
 Task: Describe various activities shown in pictures using particle wo.
 Activities described:
 Smoking: Tabako wo suimasu. (I smoke cigarettes.)
(tabako=cigarettes, suimasu=to smoke/inhale)
 Watching a film: Tanaka san wa eiga wo mimasu. (Mr. Tanaka
watches a film.) (eiga=movie/film)
 Reading a book: Hon wo yomimasu. (I read a book.)
(hon=book, yomimasu=to read)
 Listening to music: Ongaku wo kikimasu. (I listen to music.)
(ongaku=music, kikimasu=to listen/hear)
 Playing guitar: Tanaka san wa gita- wo hikimasu. (Mr. Tanaka
plays the guitar.) (gita-=guitar, hikimasu=to play
stringed/keyboard instruments)
 Playing football: Tanaka san wa futtobo-ru wo asobimasu. (Mr.
Tanaka plays football.) (futtobo-ru=football, asobimasu=to play
[games/sports])
 Walking: Arukimasu. (I walk.) (arukimasu=to walk)

2. Introduction to Past Tense Verbs: -mashita (ました)

 Recap: Verbs learned so far are in masu form (present affirmative, e.g., ikimasu - go)
and masen form (present negative, e.g., ikimasen - don't go).
 New Form: -mashita is the past affirmative tense.
 Formation: Replace the -masu ending of the present affirmative verb with -mashita.
o ikimasu (go) -> ikimashita (went)
o kimasu (come) -> kimashita (came)
o kaerimasu (return home) -> kaerimashita (returned home)
o tabemasu (eat) -> tabemashita (ate)
o nomimasu (drink) -> nomimashita (drank)
o yomimasu (read) -> yomimashita (read [past])
o nemasu (sleep) -> nemashita (slept)
o benkyou shimasu (study) -> benkyou shimashita (studied)

3. Main Dialogue (Rao & Tanaka in Kanpur)

 This dialogue demonstrates the past tense and other concepts.

 Dialogue:
o Rao: Tanaka san, itsu Kanpur e kimashita ka. (田中さん、いつカンプルへ来ましたか。) -
Mr. Tanaka, when did you come to Kanpur? (itsu=when, kimashita=came
[past tense of kimasu])
o Tanaka: Kyonen kimashita. (去年来ました。) - I came last year. (kyonen=last year)
o Rao: Deri kara densha de kimashita ka. (デリから電車で来ましたか。) - Did you come
from Delhi by train? (Deri=Delhi, kara=from, densha=train, de=by means of)
o Tanaka: Iie, hikouki de kimashita. (いいえ、飛行機で来ました。) - No, I came by
airplane. (iie=no, hikouki=airplane)
 o Rao: Hikouki de Deri kara Kanpur made ichi-ji-kan desu ne. (飛行機でデリからカンプ
ルまで一時間ですね。) - By airplane, from Delhi to Kanpur takes one hour, right?
(made=until/to, ichi-ji-kan=one hour [duration], ne=right? [seeking
confirmation])
o Tanaka: Hai, ichi-ji-kan kakarimasu. (はい、一時間かかります。) - Yes, it takes one
hour. (hai=yes, kakarimasu=it takes [time/money])
o Rao: Indo no seikatsu wa dou desu ka. (インドの生活はどうですか。) - How is life in
India? (Indo=India, no=possessive, seikatsu=life/living, dou=how)
o Tanaka: Watashi wa daijoubu desu. (私は大丈夫です。) - I am alright / It's okay for
me. (daijoubu=alright/okay)
o Rao: Shitsurei desu ga, Nihon-jin wa o-hashi de tabemasu ne. Are wa.... (失礼で
すが、日本人はお箸で食べますね。あれは。。。) - Excuse me for asking, but Japanese people
eat with chopsticks, right? That is... (Shitsurei desu ga=Excuse me, but...,
Nihon-jin=Japanese person, o-hashi=chopsticks, de=with [tool],
tabemasu=eat, Are wa=That is...)
o Tanaka: Aa, are mo daijoubu desu. (ああ、あれも大丈夫です。) - Ah, that is also
okay/alright (for me). (aa=ah/oh, are mo=that also)
 Key Points from Dialogue:
o kimasu vs. ikimasu: Kimashita (came) is used because both Rao and Tanaka
are currently in Kanpur, the place being discussed. If they were talking about
going away from Kanpur, ikimashita (went) would be used. Use kimasu when
the movement is towards the speaker/listener's current location.
o Past Tense -mashita: Used throughout (kimashita).
o Particle de (Means of Transport): densha de (by train), hikouki de (by
airplane).
o Particle de (Tool/Instrument): o-hashi de (with chopsticks). This is a
different use of de than for transport. It indicates the tool used to perform an
action.
o Duration ~kan (間): ichi-ji-kan means a duration of "one hour", distinct from
ichi-ji which means "1 o'clock".

4. Using Past Tense with Time Words

 You can combine past time expressions with the -mashita verb form.
 Past time words: kinou (yesterday), ototoi (day before yesterday), senshuu (last
week), kyonen (last year).
 Examples:
o Watashi wa kinou Deri e ikimashita. (I went to Delhi yesterday.)
o Tanaka san wa senshuu Deri e ikimashita. (Mr. Tanaka went to Delhi last
week.)
o Tomodachi wa kyonen Deri e ikimashita. (My friend went to Delhi last year.)
o Sensei wa ototoi Deri e ikimashita. (The teacher went to Delhi the day before
yesterday.)

5. Particle de (で) - Indicating Tool/Method

 Reinforces the use of de to show how an action is performed using a tool or

instrument (not just transport).
 Structure: Tool + de + Verb
 Examples:
 o Enpitsu de kakimasu. (えんぴつで書きます。) - I write with a pencil. (enpitsu=pencil,
kakimasu=write)
o Hashi de tabemasu. (はしで食べます。) - I eat with chopsticks. (hashi=chopsticks)
o Pen de kakimasu. (ペンで書きます。) - I write with a pen. (pen=pen)
o Spoon de tabemasu. (スプーンで食べます。) - I eat with a spoon. (spoon=spoon)
o Denwa de hanashimasu. (電話で話します。) - I talk on the phone. (denwa=phone,
hanashimasu=talk/speak)

6. Duration Marker ~kan (〜間)

 kan (written 間) is added after a time unit (like hour - ji) to indicate the duration or
span of time an activity took.
 Contrast:
o ni-ji (二時) = 2 o'clock (a point in time)
o ni-ji-kan (二時間) = 2 hours (a duration)
 Examples:
o Watashi wa ni-ji-kan nemashita. (私は二時間寝ました。) - I slept for two hours.
o San-ji-kan terebi o mimashita. (三時間テレビを見ました。) - I watched TV for three
hours.
o Ni-shuu-kan yasumimashita. (二週間休みました。) - I took a break/vacation for two
weeks. (shuu=week, yasumimasu=rest/take break)
 List of Durations:
o ichi-ji-kan (一時間): 1 hour
o ni-ji-kan (二時間): 2 hours
o ichi-ji-kan-han (一時間半): 1.5 hours (han=half)
o ni-ji-kan-juppun (二時間十分): 2 hours 10 minutes
o san-ji-kan (三時間): 3 hours
o yo-ji-kan (四時間): 4 hours (Note: yo-ji)
o go-ji-kan (五時間): 5 hours
o roku-ji-kan (六時間): 6 hours
o shichi-ji-kan (七時間): 7 hours (Note: shichi-ji)
o hachi-ji-kan (八時間): 8 hours
o ku-ji-kan (九時間): 9 hours (Note: ku-ji)
o juu-ji-kan-han (十時間半): 10.5 hours
 Practice Using Duration:
o Question: (Time A) kara (Time B) made nani wo shimashita ka? (What did
you do from Time A to Time B?)
o Answer: (Activity) wo shimashita.
o Follow-up Question: Nan-ji-kan (activity verb in mashita form) ka? (For how
many hours did you [do activity]?)
o Answer: (Duration) (activity verb in mashita form).
o Examples:
 Q: Shichi-ji kara hachi-ji made nani wo shimashita ka? A: Denwa de
hanashimashita. Q: Nan-ji-kan hanashimashita ka? A: Ichi-ji-kan
hanashimashita. (Talked on phone for 1 hour)
 Q: Ichi-ji kara san-ji made nani wo shimashita ka? A: Benkyou
shimashita. Q: Nan-ji-kan benkyou shimashita ka? A: Ni-ji-kan
benkyou shimashita. (Studied for 2 hours)
  Q: Hachi-ji han kara juu-ji made nani wo shimashita ka? A: Terebi wo
mimashita. Q: Nan-ji-kan terebi wo mimashita ka? A: Ichi-ji-kan han
terebi wo mimashita. (Watched TV for 1.5 hours)

7. Expressions: Sumimasen and Itai

 Sumimasen (すみません): Can mean "Excuse me" (to get attention) but also "I am sorry"
(for a minor inconvenience, like stepping on someone's foot). Context is key.
 Itai (痛い): Means "Ouch!" or "It hurts!" Expresses pain.

8. New Kanji Introduction

 週 (shuu / しゅう): Week (11 strokes). Used in senshuu (last week), konshuu (this week),
raishuu (next week), maishuu (every week).
 間 (kan / かん / aida / あいだ / ma / ま): Interval, time span, between, space (12 strokes).
Used for duration ~ji-kan (hours), ~shuu-kan (weeks).
 電話 (denwa / でんわ): Telephone/phone (Compound Kanji). Made of 電 (den -
electricity) and 話 (wa - talk/speak).

9. New Vocabulary

 Related to weeks: maishuu (every week), shuumatsu (weekend - 週 week + 末 end),

nishuu-kan (two weeks).
 General: shinbun (newspaper), ongaku (music), shukudai (homework), kakarimasu (it
takes [time/money]), kirimasu (to cut), oyogimasu (to swim), o-hashi (chopsticks),
denwa (telephone).

10. Assignments (Shukudai 宿題)

 Match Japanese words (Group A) with English meanings (Group B).

 Look at pictures and write the appropriate verbs describing the actions.
 Practice conversations about daily schedules using time expressions (kara/made),
verbs (past tense -mashita), and particles (ni, wo, de, e).

11. Conclusion

 Review of the day's topics: past tense (-mashita), particle de (tool), duration (~kan),
new Kanji, and vocabulary.
 Encouragement to practice for the next class.
 Closing remarks: Minasan, Mata ashita aimashou. Arigatou gozaimasu. (Everyone,
let's meet again tomorrow. Thank you very much.)

This detailed summary covers the progression of Lecture 11, explaining the new grammar
points and vocabulary with the provided examples. Remember to practice using the -mashita
form and the different uses of the particle de!

Week 4
Okay, here is a detailed summary of Lecture 12, "Yuubinkyouku wa asoko ni arimasu" (The
post office is over there), designed for a complete beginner and including the examples and
dialogues from the provided text.

Lecture 12: Yuubinkyouku wa asoko ni arimasu (The post office is over there)

1. Introduction & Review of Previous Assignments

 The lecture begins ("Konnichiwa") by recapping previous topics: past tense verbs (-
mashita), the particle de (tool/transport), and the time duration marker kan.
 The assignments from Lecture 11 are reviewed first.
o Assignment 1: Match Verbs (Group A) with Meanings (Group B)
 Task: Match Japanese verbs (present, past, negative) with their English
meanings.
 Matches Reviewed:
 Ikimasu (go)
 Kaerimasen (not return)
 Arukimasu (walk)
 Benkyou shimasen (not study)
 Nemasu (sleep)
 Kimasu (come) - Reminder: Used when talking about coming
to the speaker/listener's current location.
 Shimasen (not do)
 Mimashita (saw or watched - past tense)
 Yomimasu (read)
 Nomimasen (not drink)
 Kikimashita (asked or listened - past tense) - Note: kikimasu
means both listen and ask.
 Kaimasu (buy)
 Okimasu (to get up / wake up)
 Asobimashita (played - past tense)
o Assignment 2: Describe Pictures (Verbs)
 Task: Identify the verbs corresponding to actions in pictures.
 Verbs Identified:
 Nemasu (to sleep)
 Asobimasu (to play) - Alternative: Could be Oyogimasu (to
swim) depending on context.
 Benkyou shimasu (to study)
 Shigoto shimasu (to work) - Alternatives: Denwa shimasu (to
phone), Kakimasu (to write)
 Arukimasu (to walk)
 Yasumimasu (to rest, relax, take a break/vacation)
 Tabemasu (to eat)
 Minna pikuniku wo shimasu (Everyone has a picnic)
 Ikimasu (to go)
o Assignment 3: Practice with Past Tense Verbs and Time Expressions
 Task: Look at pictures and describe the actions using past tense verbs
(-mashita) and appropriate past time expressions.
 Example Sentences Provided:
  Kinou gozen roku-ji ni okimashita. (Yesterday I woke up at
6:00 AM.) (Kinou=yesterday, okimashita=woke up)
 Kinou gozen hachi-ji ni kaisha e ikimashita. (Yesterday I went
to the office at 8:00 AM.) (kaisha=office, ikimashita=went)
 (Reference to break time): Gogo juu-ni-ji yon-juu-go fun kara
ichi-ji yon-juu-go fun made yasumi desu. (Break is from 12:45
PM to 1:45 PM - Note: uses desu, not past verb here)
 Ototoi juu-ji kocha wo nomimashita. (The day before
yesterday, I drank tea at 10:00.) (Ototoi=day before yesterday,
nomimashita=drank)
 Kinou gogo shichi-ji ni kaerimashita. (Yesterday I returned
home at 7:00 PM.) (kaerimashita=returned home)
 Kinyoubi no ban hachi-ji juu-go fun ni bangohan wo
tabemashita. (On Friday evening, I ate dinner at 8:15 PM.)
(Kinyoubi=Friday, ban=evening, tabemashita=ate)
 (General Statement - Present): Mainichi gogo ku-ji kara juu-ji
made terebi wo mimasu. (Everyday I watch TV from 9:00 PM
to 10:00 PM.)
 (General Statement - Present): Mainichi juu-ichi-ji ni nemasu.
(Everyday I sleep at 11:00.)
 Additional Example: Kesa hachi-ji juu-go fun ni asagohan wo
tabemashita. (This morning I ate breakfast at 8:15 AM.) (Kesa=this
morning, asagohan=breakfast)
o Assignment 4: Partner Practice (Daily Schedule)
 Task: Practice speaking verbs (past, present, negative) related to daily
schedules with a partner, using the time expressions.

2. New Topic: Birthdays and Months

 Introduces how to talk about birthdays.

 New Vocabulary: tanjoubi (誕生日) - birthday
 Dialogue 1 (Birthday Conversation):
o A: Ashita wa imouto san no tanjoubi desu ne. (明日は妹さんの誕生日ですね。) -
Tomorrow is your younger sister's birthday, isn't it? (imouto=younger sister)
o B: Sou desu. (そうです。) - That's right.
o A: Tanaka san no tanjoubi wa itsu desu ka. (田中さんの誕生日はいつですか。) - When is
Mr./Ms. Tanaka's birthday? (itsu=when)
o B: Watashi no tanjoubi wa ni-gatsu no juu-ichi-nichi desu. (私の誕生日は二月の十一日
です。) - My birthday is February 11th. (ni-gatsu=February, juu-ichi-nichi=11th
day)
o A: Aa, watashi no tanjoubi mo ni-gatsu desu. (ああ、私の誕生日も二月です。) - Oh, my
birthday is also in February. (mo=also)
o B: Nan nichi desu ka. (何日ですか。) - What date (is it)? (nan nichi=what day of
the month)
o A: Hatsuka desu. (二十日です。) - It's the 20th. (hatsuka=20th day - Exception)
 Months of the Year:
o Formation: Number (1-12) + gatsu (月 - month)
o List:
 January: ichi-gatsu (一月)
 February: ni-gatsu (二月)
  March: san-gatsu (三月)
 April: shi-gatsu (四月) - Exception: not yon-gatsu
 May: go-gatsu (五月)
 June: roku-gatsu (六月)
 July: shichi-gatsu (七月) - Exception: not nana-gatsu
 August: hachi-gatsu (八月)
 September: ku-gatsu (九月) - Exception: not kyuu-gatsu
 October: juu-gatsu (十月)
 November: juu-ichi-gatsu (十一月)
 December: juu-ni-gatsu (十二月)
o Note: Kanji 月 can be read gatsu (for months) or getsu (meaning 'month' itself,
as in sengetsu last month).
 Birthday Practice:
o Question: Anata no tanjoubi wa itsu desu ka? (When is your birthday?)
o Answer: [Month] no [Date] desu. (It's [Date] of [Month].)
o Example Answer: Juu-gatsu no juu-go-nichi desu. (It's October 15th.)
o Practice replacing Anata (you) with other people (otousan father, okaasan
mother, sensei teacher, tomodachi friend, imouto younger sister).
o Practice using different month/date combinations: ichi-gatsu tsuitachi (Jan
1st), san-gatsu mikka (Mar 3rd), go-gatsu ni-juu-go-nichi (May 25th), hachi-
gatsu futsuka (Aug 2nd).

3. New Verb: arimasu (あります) - Existence of Inanimate Objects

 Introduces the verb arimasu. It means "to exist", "to be present", "there is/are".
 Key Use: Used for inanimate objects (things, plants, etc.). There is a different verb
for people and animals.
 Replaces desu when talking about the location of an object.
 Basic Pattern: Noun 1 wa Place ni arimasu. (Noun 1 is at/in Place.)
o Noun 1: The thing that exists.
o Place: Where the thing exists.
o wa (は): Topic marker for Noun 1.
o ni (に): Location particle, marks the place of existence.
 Example from Title: Yuubinkyouku wa asoko ni arimasu. (The post office is over
there.) (yuubinkyouku=post office, asoko=over there)

4. Dialogue 2 (Finding the Post Office)

 Illustrates arimasu in conversation.

 Dialogue:
o Rao: Sumimasen, yuubinkyouku wa doko desu ka. (すみません、郵便局はどこですか。) -
Excuse me, where is the post office?
o Arun: Asoko ni arimasu. (あそこにあります。) - It's over there.
o Rao: Ano, hana-ya san no tonari ni arimasu ka. (あの、花屋さんの隣にありますか。) -
Um, is it next to the flower shop? (hana-ya=flower shop, no tonari=next to)
o Arun: Iie, sore wa ginkou desu. Yuubinkyouku wa ginkou no tonari desu. (いい
え、それは銀行です。郵便局は銀行の隣です。) - No, that is a bank. The post office is next to
the bank. (sore=that, ginkou=bank, desu used here to identify 'that thing')
o Rao: Arigatou gozaimasu. (ありがとうございます。) - Thank you very much.
  Key Points:
o Asoko ni arimasu clearly states the existence of the post office at that location.
o tonari ni arimasu ka asks if it exists next to the flower shop.
o Arigatou (thanks) vs. Arigatou gozaimasu (thank you very much) - difference
in politeness.

5. Locational Nouns with arimasu

 Expands on how to specify location more precisely using locational nouns.

 Pattern: Noun 1 wa Noun 2 no [Locational Noun] ni arimasu. (Noun 1 is [location]
of Noun 2.)
 Locational Nouns (Review/New):
o mae (前): front
o ushiro (後ろ): behind, back
o ue (上): on top, above, over
o shita (下): under, below, beneath
o naka (中): inside, in
o tonari (隣): next to (similar items, e.g., building next to building)
o soba (そば): near, beside
o yoko (横): beside, side (often implies horizontal alignment)
o soto (外): outside
 Examples:
o Ginkou wa hana-ya no mae ni arimasu. (The bank is in front of the flower
shop.)
o Jisho wa tsukue no ue ni arimasu. (The dictionary is on the desk.)
(jisho=dictionary, tsukue=desk)
o Jisho wa tsukue no shita ni arimasu. (The dictionary is under the desk.)
o Chalk wa te no ue ni arimasu. (The chalk is on the hand.) (te=hand)
o Kokuban wa watashi no ushiro ni arimasu. (The blackboard is behind me.)
(kokuban=blackboard)
o Pen wa tsukue no ue ni arimasu. (The pen is on the desk.)
o Hako wa tsukue no ue ni arimasu. (The box is on the desk.) (hako=box)
o Kuruma wa genkan no mae ni arimasu. (The car is in front of the entrance
gate.) (kuruma=car, genkan=entrance gate/hall)
o Jitensha wa genkan no mae ni arimasu. (The bicycle is in front of the entrance
gate.) (jitensha=bicycle)
o Terebi wa asoko ni arimasu. (The TV is over there.)
o Ringo no ki wa soko ni arimasu. (The apple tree is there.) (ringo no ki=apple
tree)
o Byouin wa asoko ni arimasu. (The hospital is over there.) (byouin=hospital)
o Hasami wa kami no shita ni arimasu. (The scissors are under the paper.)
(hasami=scissors, kami=paper)
o Itsu wa tsukue no ushiro ni arimasu. (The chair is behind the desk.) (isu=chair)
o Hon wa kaban no naka ni arimasu. (The book is inside the bag.) (hon=book,
kaban=bag)
o Kaban wa itsu no ue ni arimasu. (The bag is on the chair.)
o Tsukue wa mado no soba ni arimasu. (The desk is near the window.)
(mado=window)
o Kagi wa pen no soba ni arimasu. (The key is near the pen.) (kagi=key)
6. Dialogue 3 (Locating Cake Items)

 Practice using arimasu to locate items related to a cake.

 Dialogue:
o A: Ke-ki wa doko ni arimasu ka. (ケーキはどこにありますか。) - Where is the cake?
(ke-ki=cake)
o B: Ke-ki wa teburu no ue ni arimasu. (ケーキはテーブルの上にあります。) - The cake is
on the table. (teburu=table)
o A: Ichigo wa ke-ki no ue ni arimasu ka. (イチゴはケーキの上にありますか。) - Are the
strawberries on top of the cake? (ichigo=strawberry)
o B: Hai, ichigo wa ke-ki no ue ni arimasu. (はい、イチゴはケーキの上にあります。) - Yes,
the strawberries are on top of the cake.
 Additional Practice from Text:
o Candles: Rousoku wa doko ni arimasu ka? -> Rousoku wa ke-ki no ue ni
arimasu. (rousoku=candle)
o Cups: Koppu wa doko desu ka? / ...doko ni arimasu ka? -> Koppu wa tsukue
no ue ni arimasu. (koppu=cup/glass)

7. Counting Objects: Ikutsu (いくつ) and Native Counters

 Introduces ikutsu, the question word for "how many?" when counting general
small/irregular objects (up to 10 usually).
 Dialogue 4 (Counting Apples in a Basket):
o A: Anou, basuketto no naka ni ringo wa ikutsu arimasu ka. (あのう、バスケットの中に
リンゴはいくつありますか。) - Um, how many apples are there in the basket?
(basuketto=basket, ringo=apple)
o B: Muttsu arimasu. (六つあります。) - There are six.
o A: Sono basuketto mo muttsu ringo arimasu ka. (そのバスケットも六つリンゴありますか。)
- Does that basket also have six apples? (sono=that)
o B: Iie, kono basuketto ni itsutsu arimasu. (いいえ、このバスケットに五つあります。) - No,
this basket has five. (kono=this)
 Native Japanese Counting System (for 1-10 general objects):
o 1: hitotsu (ひとつ)
o 2: futatsu (ふたつ)
o 3: mittsu (みっつ)
o 4: yottsu (よっつ)
o 5: itsutsu (いつつ)
o 6: muttsu (むっつ)
o 7: nanatsu (ななつ)
o 8: yattsu (やっつ)
o 9: kokonotsu (ここのつ)
o 10: tou (とお)
 Usage: Use these instead of numbers when asking/answering with ikutsu. For 11+,
revert to Number + specific counter (like -ko for small items: juu-ikko). Can
optionally use -ko for 1-10 too (ikko, ni-ko, etc.), but hitotsu, futatsu is common and
more general/informal.
 Practice:
o Ringo wa ikutsu arimasu ka? (How many apples?) -> Mittsu arimasu. (There
are 3.) / Yottsu arimasu. (There are 4.) or Yon-ko arimasu.
 o Mikan wa ikutsu arimasu ka? (How many oranges?) -> Futatsu arimasu.
(There are 2.)

8. New Kanji (Location Nouns)

 Kanji for the locational nouns are introduced.

 上 (ue / うえ): Up, above, on top (3 strokes). Origin: Dot above a line representing
ground.
 下 (shita / した): Down, under, below (3 strokes). Origin: Dot below a line.
 中 (naka / なか): Inside, middle (4 strokes). Origin: Line passing through a
box/enclosure.
 Stroke Order: Emphasized as very important for writing Kanji correctly, especially
complex ones.
 Vocabulary using these Kanji:
o 上る (noboru): to rise, go up, climb
o 下水 (gesui): drainage, sewage
o 下りる (oriru): to get off (vehicle), go down (stairs)
o 中国 (chuugoku): China
o 一日中 (ichi-nichi-juu): all day long
o 日本中 (nihon-juu): all over Japan
o 川上 (Kawakami): Surname (River + Up)

9. Vocabulary Review (Location Nouns)

 List provided: ushiro (behind/back), naka (inside), mae (front), shita (under), ue
(up/above), tonari (next to), soba (near by), yoko (along side), soto (out side).

10. New Assignments

 Assignment 4: Match words in Group A (counting examples) with words in Group B

(number meanings).
 Assignment 5: Write the Hiragana for words represented by pictures (ringo, ichigo,
mikan, isu, enpitsu, tamago, saifu, momo).
 Assignment 6: Choose the correct Kanji from brackets for given words (hon, han,
tsuki, do, hito).
 Provide readings for given Kanji characters.
 General practice: Locate items in pictures, practice numbers with ikutsu.

11. Conclusion

 Recap of work assigned. Encouragement to memorize and practice.

 Closing remarks: Minna san, mata ashita aimashou. Arigatou gozaimasu. (Everyone,
let's meet again tomorrow. Thank you very much.)

This detailed summary covers the introduction of arimasu, its use with locational nouns, the
method for counting general objects, new Kanji, and related vocabulary, along with
reviewing previous assignments and dialogues.