- Art is not what you see but what you make others see
INTRODUCTION OF ART
– George O’Keeffe
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What is Humanities?
THE FOUR (4) COMMON ESSENTIALS DEFINITIONS OF ART
studia humanitatis = Culture, refinement, education
1. Art is man - made, not God-made
2. Art is creative, not imitative
What is Art?
3. Art benefits and satisfies man – when he uses art in practical life
- It is subjective in the sense that people differ in their
through artistic principles, taste, and skill
perception of an object or thing.
4. Art is expressed through a certain medium or material by which
the artist communicates himself to his fellows.
- Art is derived from the Latin word “ars, ” meaning ability or skill
– J.V. Estolas
IMPORTANCE OF ART
- Art is taken from the Italian word “artis,” which means
- Art highlights and heightens the importance of certain events
craftsmanship, skill, mastery of form, inventiveness, and the
in order to keep them memorable and pleasurable.
associations that exist between form and ideas, between material
- Art enables us to value and appreciate beautiful things as a
and technique.
consequence of our encounter with the arts.
– A. Tan
- Art may influence us to change our ways and behavior as a
- Art is a product of man’s need to express himself
result of the aesthetic experience we derive from the arts.
– F. Zulueta
- Arts are valuable sources of inspiration and aesthetic
- Art is concerned with the communication of certain ideas and
delightful experience through the artist's works of art.
feelings by means of sensuous medium, color, sound, bronze,
marble, words, and film
– C. Sanchez
- Art is never finished, only abandoned
– Leonardo da Vinci
ART APPRECIATION
THE FUNCTIONS AND PHILOSOPHY OF ART
- The ability to interpret and understand man
- make arts and enjoy them through actual work experience ------------------------------------
with art tools and materials. THE FUNCTIONS OF ART
- the possession of the works of art for one’s admiration and Satisfies a particular need
satisfaction. - Architecture
- refers to the knowledge and understanding of the general - Music and Dance
and everlasting qualities that classify all great arts. - Paintings and Sculpture
- is the introduction and exploration of visual and performing - Metals works
art forms.
- The analysis of the form of an artwork to the general THE SEVEN (7) FUNCTIONS OF ART
audience to enhance their enjoyment and satisfaction with the 1. Aesthetic Function – Art is created to be beautiful and pleasing to
works of art. look at or listen to.
2. Utilitarian Function – Art is useful and serves a purpose, like in
ASSUMPTIONS OF ARTS clothes, furniture, or tools.
1. Universal = understood and appreciated by people worldwide 3. Cultural Function – Art shows a group’s traditions, beliefs, and
2. Cultural = sheet by and reflects the culture it comes from way of life.
3. Not nature = created by humans, not found in nature 4. Social Function – Art helps people connect, communicate, or
4. Expression of the Mind = expresses the artist's thoughts, feelings, express feelings in society.
and ideas 5. Political Function – Art is used to express opinions or messages
5. Form of Creativity = creative expression of imagination and skill about leaders, laws, or social issues.
6. Involves Experience = connected to the artist’s and viewer’s 6. Educational Function – Art is used to teach or share knowledge.
experiences and emotions 7. Spiritual Function – Art is used for religion, faith, or expressing
spiritual beliefs.
Sources of Subjects:
SUBJECT AND CONTENT OF ARTS
- Artwork
------------------------------------ - Autobiographies
What is the subject of Art? - Film of the artist
- It refers to any person, object, scene or event, described or - Interview
presented in a work of art. - Diaries
Types of Subject - Speeches
- Representational or Objective Arts = often uses recognizable - Letters
subjects - Photography
- Non-representational or Objective Arts = uses abstract forms - Documents
and colors - Nature
- History
Kinds of Subject: - Mythology
- landscapes, seascapes, cityscapes
- Still lifes = steady Sources of subject, where to find?
- Animals - Archives
- Portrait - Catalogues
- Figures - Exhibits
- Everyday life - Sketchbook
- History and Legends - Art gallery
- Religion and mythology - Art museum
- Dreams and fantasies
What is Content in Arts
PRINCIPLE OF ART AND DESIGN
- it refers of what the artist expresses or communicates in the whole
in his work ------------------------------------
Content in art may be classified as: WHAT ARE THE PRINCIPLES OF ART?
Factual 1. Balance
- represents reality or facts = distribution of weight in a composition.
- Aims to inform or document = It affects the equality and tension of the composition and can
Conventional lend a feeling of calm or chaos to the work.
- Refers to traditional forms of art that have been practiced for Form of Balance
centuries. -Symmetrical Balance = the elements used on one side are
- Often uses traditional techniques and forms. reflected to the other.
Subjective -Asymmetrical Balance = when one side of the composition
- emphasizes the artist's personal feelings, emotions, and does not reflect the design of the other.
experiences. = Aims to create a personal connection with the -Radial Balance = this is when there are equal parts that
viewer radiate out from the center.
2. Scale and Proportion
= the comparative relationship of one part to another with respect
to size, quality, or degree. Scale
= refers to the overall size of the work. Proportion = refers to the
relative size of parts of a whole (elements within an object).
Types of Proportion 6. Variety
- Natural Proportion = realistic size of the visual elements in = aims to retain the interest by allowing patches or areas that both
the artwork. excite and allow the eyes to rest.
- Exaggerated Proportion = refers to the unusual size - variety of color
relations of visual elements. - variety of shapes
- Idealised Proportion = represent the ideal of human - variety of lines
proportions - variety of size
- variety of perspective
3. Emphasis - variety of textures
= the focal point of an image, or when one area or thing that stands
out the most. 7. Harmony
- color - detail = creates cohesive by stressing the similarities of separate but
- shape - contrast related parts.
- size and dominance - isolation
8. Movement
4. Contrast = the path our eyes follow when we look at the work of art = Depicts
= the disparity between the elements that figure into the movement using the elements and principle of art
composition. One object may be stronger than other objects. It = Visual flow of an artwork, indicated by the path a viewer's eyes
refers to the arrangement of opposite elements and effects. take when they look at the artwork.
- diagonal - flowing
5. Unity - vertical - progressive
= all elements and principles work together to create a blessing - horizontal
image. - curving
9. Repetition and Pattern Curved
= repetition is when one element gets repeated once or twice but Crooked/Jagged
when those repeated elements get repeated and again it is already
a pattern. 2. COLOR
Repetition = elements may appear in an artwork in a - Property of light
recurring manner. - Adds aesthetic appeal
Pattern = the image created out of a repetition. Three Dimensions of Color:
Hue – name of the color
10. Rhythm Value – lightness or darkness
= a principle of design and art that suggests movement or action - Includes Chiaroscuro (light-dark shading for depth)
using repetition Intensity – brightness or strength of color
- Full intensity
- Two-thirds intensity
- Neutral
ELEMENTS IN VISUAL ARTS(L2S2PVCTF)
COLOR HARMONIES
------------------------------------ Related (Monochromatic/Adjacent)
1. LINE - Different tones of one hue
- Most basic and important element Contrasting (Complementary)
- Represents figures and forms - Colors that strongly contrast
- Always has direction
Types of Lines: 3. TEXTURE
Horizontal - Related to sense of touch
Vertical Surface quality:
Diagonal Rough / Smooth
Fine / Coarse 8. LIGHT
Shiny / Dull Light reflected in composition
Helps show:
4. PERSPECTIVE Shape
- Shows effect of distance Depth
- Helps create depth and spatial illusion Focus
5. SPACE 9. SHADOW
- Very important in composition Dark area where light is blocked
- Represents area within artwork Adds:
In 2D → illusion of space Realism
In sculpture → limited spatial perception Depth
Contrast
6. FORM
- Overall design and structure
- Defines shape of objects
- Guides viewer’s eye movement
7. VOLUME
- Shows mass or solidity
- Common in sculpture and 3D works
Known for:
FAMOUS ART PERSONALITIES
Realistic facial expressions
(INTERNATIONAL) Use of light and shadow
Famous works:
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The Night Watch
Leonardo da Vinci Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp
Known as the “Renaissance Man” Johannes Vermeer
Famous works: Known for light realism
Mona Lisa Possibly used camera obscura
The Last Supper Style:
Lady with an Ermine Soft blur
Contributions: Photorealistic effect
Combined art + science + engineering Famous work:
Designed advanced technologies (aircraft, tanks, etc.) Girl with a Pearl Earring
Michelangelo Jean-Antoine Watteau
Multi-talented: painter, sculptor, architect, poet Transitioned from Baroque → Rococo
Famous works: Style:
Sistine Chapel Ceiling Emphasis on color and movement
David and Pietà Theatrical compositions
St. Peter’s Basilica Influenced Impressionists
The Last Judgment Eugène Delacroix
Worked for Medici Popes Leader of Romanticism
Rembrandt Focus:
Master of portrait painting Emotion over logic
Expressive brushwork Edvard Munch
Influenced modern art movements Pioneer of Expressionism
Claude Monet Famous work:
Key figure in Impressionism The Scream
Focus: Themes:
Effects of light and color Anxiety, fear, human emotion
Techniques:
Quick brush strokes
Known for:
Series paintings (e.g., haystacks, lily ponds)
Georges Seurat
Inventor of Pointillism
Technique:
Small dots of color forming images
Style:
Structured and organized (not spontaneous)
Vincent van Gogh
Known for emotional and expressive art
Style:
Thick brush strokes
Bright colors
Famous work:
Starry Night
Struggled with mental health
🇵🇭 FAMOUS FILIPINO ARTISTS Anita Magsaysay-Ho
Focus:
–----------------------------------- Women at work
Fernando Amorsolo Style:
Known for rural Philippine life Modernist
Themes: Influenced by Amorsolo but developed her own style
Farming, fiestas, daily life Ang Kiukok
Style: Style:
Bright, warm lighting Cubism + Expressionism
Juan Luna Themes:
Classical artist trained in Spain Suffering, violence, social issues
Famous work: Visuals:
Spoliarium Distorted figures, intense colors
Themes: Fernando Zóbel de Ayala
History and oppression Style:
Benedicto Cabrera Abstract
Known for “Sabel” series Influenced by:
Style: Mark Rothko
Abstract and expressive Colors:
Inspired by real-life street figure Mostly dark tones (black, blue, gray)
Carlos Francisco
Known as “Botong” Francisco
Specialty:
Murals
Works:
ART IN EARLY CIVILIZATION
Historical Filipino scenes
Jose Joya –-----------------------------------
Style: STONE AGE
Abstract expressionism ● Stones were used to make tools for survival
Technique: ● Men and Women dressed in skin and huddling in fire in a
Thick paint (impasto) cave.
Known for: ● 14000-2000 BCE.
Bold use of color
Arturo Luz 3 PERIODS OF STONE AGE
Style: 1. Paleolithic- Late years of old stone age
Geometric, minimalist 2. Mesolithic- Middle Stone Age
Subjects: 3. Neolithic - New Stone Age.
Musicians, cityscapes
Known for: PALEOLITHIC ART
Clean and elegant design ● A product of climate change. Caves became protective
Elmer Borlongan havens.
Style: ● Caves paved t birth of their first attempt to create art.
Distorted human figures ● food (hunting scenes, animal carvings)
Features: ● fertility (Venus figurines).
Bald heads, long limbs
Themes: MESOLITHIC ART
Everyday Filipino life and struggles ● Art between the end of the Paleolithic Ice Age (10,000 BCE).
● Farming Beginning and Cultivation also Animal Husbandry.
● Scenes depicting everyday life (Hunting, Dancing, Animal
ART OF ANCIENT PAST
Domestication).
(EGYPT, GREEK AND ROMAN)
● Painting Descrive (Phase of Settle down of Hunting
Communities.)
–-----------------------------------
EGYPTIAN ART
NEOLITHIC ART ● Egyptians Favored Order, their images are confined to a
● Art in form of Statues, Tools, Paintings and Architecture. certain standard aspects.
● Megalith is made in this period. ● Standing Figures have parted legs.
● Megalith - Massive structure made out of Stones. ● Figures are mostly profile,
● Structures have religious/ spiritual significance and ● Male Stature is darker than female Statue.
functional. ● Statues share some of these conventions and they are most
prevalent in reliefs and in fresco.
● Symbolism (very important to egyptians artwork)
● Variations of Pharaoh as gods are common
● Pharaoh is larger than God.
HIERARCHICAL SCALE
● The size of a figure indicates its relative importance.
PAINTING
● Surface preparation: Stone was first white‑washed and
sometimes covered with a mud plaster.
● Painting technique: Colors applied wet onto the dried plaster
( fresco a secco ).
● Pigments: Made from mineral pigments (red, blue, green, ● Pottery: Occasionally enamel‑coated (especially blue); in
gold, black, yellow) that resist strong sunlight with little tombs it represented embalmed organs or formed
fading. 10‑inch‑tall cones engraved with the deceased’s name or
● Binding medium: Unknown; the paint adhered to the dried titles.
plaster.
● Protective coating: A varnish or resin was applied, and the
PAPYRUS
arid Egyptian climate helped preserve the work.
● very delicate, used for writing and painting
● Purpose of tomb art: To ensure a pleasant afterlife for the
● only survived for long periods when buried in tombs.
deceased—depicting journeys through the afterworld and
● Every aspect of Egyptian life is found recorded on papyrus,
protective deities.
from literary to administrative documents.
● Typical composition: Figures shown in profile (side view),
often animals or people, rendered in the vivid mineral colors
ARCHITECTURE
listed above.
● Building materials: Sun‑baked mud brick, limestone,
sandstone, and granite were the primary resources.
SCULPTURE (FAIENCE, POTTERY AND GLASS) ● Stone usage: Reserved for prestigious structures such as
tombs and temples.
● Faience: Sintered‑quartz ceramic with a vitrified surface;
● Brick structures: Palaces, forts, and most other public
inexpensive, made in many colors (most often blue‑green);
buildings were constructed from mud bricks.
used for jewelry, scarabs, figurines.
● Residential houses: Built with Nile mud that hardened in the
● Glass: Initially a luxury, later more common; crafted into
sun; many have been lost to flooding or repurposing.
small jars for perfume and other liquids placed in tombs.
● Astronomical alignment: Architects intentionally oriented
● Steatite (soapstone): Carved into vases, amulets, and
buildings to mark solstices, equinoxes, and other celestial
images of deities and animals.
events.
● Surviving examples: The village of Deir al‑Madīnah and the Hellenistic Period
fortress at Buhen are among the few preserved sites. -Greek mastered carving marble. That they began to sculpt
impossibly heroic humans.
GREEK ART
Greek Architecture
Mycenaean Art
-Greek architecture is divided into three orders.
-1550-1200 BC on the Greek mainland.
-Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders.
-The former, including how to build gates
and tombs.
ROMAN ART
-Awesome goldsmiths and potters.
-Mixture of old cultures (Greek)
Purpose of Roman Art
Geometric Period
-Celebrate and show off the power and might of the emperor and
-Pottery decoration(Include Animals and Human)
empire.
-Rendered as simple geometric shapes.
-Create record of Roman history.
Archaic Period
Roman Sculpture
-Beginnings of realistic depictions of humans and monumental
-Realistic depictions of Roman leaders.
stone sculptures.
-Use memorializing the deceased.
-Statues (always depicting young, nude, smiling persons.)
-Designed to be seen in public places all over the empire.
-Less idealized than Greek sculpture (not as obsessed with perfect
Classical Period
beauty)
-human statues became so heroically proportioned.
-Showed the true looks including their imperfections
-Reflective of Greek Humanistic belief (desire to look a bit like gods.)
-Relief sculptures a 3 Dimensional carvings on flat surfaces.
-Invention of metal chisels for marble work.
-Most reliefs are on architectural works and have subject matters of
battles or hunts. (Known works is a Trajan Temple)
Roman Architecture
-Incorporated Greek pediments and columns in Architecture
-Popularized the use of the arch, dome, and vault
-The architectural features were made possible through the Roman
invention of concrete.
Vault - A series of arches used to create an open space with
a rounded ceiling. Used for hallways, sewers, and tunnel.
Dome - Element that resembles the hollow upper half of a
sphere. Use for massive buildings