Physics
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ayyanmujawar.93DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS Both options lead to the same degree: the Bachelor of Science in
Physics.
The Department of Physics oers undergraduate, graduate,
Physics: Focused Option
and postgraduate training, with a wide range of options for
This option—which includes three terms of quantum mechanics, 36
specialization.
units of laboratory experience, and a thesis—is ideal preparation for
The emphasis of both the undergraduate curriculum and the a career in physics.
graduate program is on understanding the fundamental principles
In the second year, students take:
that appear to govern the behavior of the physical world, including
space and time and matter and energy in all its forms, from the 8.03 Physics III 12
subatomic to the cosmological and from the elementary to the 8.033 Relativity 12
complex.
8.04 Quantum Physics I 12
The Department of Physics strives to be at the forefront of many 8.044 Statistical Physics I 12
areas where new physics can be found. Consequently, the 8.223 Classical Mechanics II 6
department works on problems where extreme conditions may reveal
new behavior: from clusters of galaxies or the entire universe to Important skills for experimentation in physics may be acquired
elementary particles or the strings that may be the substructure of by starting an Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program
these particles; from collisions of nuclei at relativistic velocities that (UROP) ([Link]
make droplets of matter hotter than anything since the Big Bang academic-research-options/undergraduate-research-opportunities-
to laser-cooled atoms so cold that their wave functions overlap, program) project.
resulting in a macroscopic collective state, the Bose-Einstein
In the third year, students normally take laboratory subjects:
condensate; and from individual atoms to unusual materials, such as
high-temperature superconductors and those that are important in
8.13 Experimental Physics I 36
biology. Pushing the limits provides the opportunity to observe new
& 8.14 and Experimental Physics II
general principles and test theories of the structure and behavior of
8.05 Quantum Physics II 24
matter and energy.
& 8.06 and Quantum Physics III
Students should also begin to take the restricted elective subjects,
Undergraduate Study one in mathematics and at least two in physics. The mathematics
subjects 18.04 Complex Variables with Applications, 18.075
Bachelor of Science in Physics (Course 8) Methods for Scientists and Engineers, and 18.06 Linear Algebra are
An undergraduate degree in physics provides an excellent basis particularly popular with physics majors. Topical elective subjects
not only for graduate study in physics and related elds, but also in astrophysics, biological physics, condensed matter, plasma, and
for professional work in such elds as astrophysics, biophysics, nuclear and particle physics allow students to gain an appreciation
engineering and applied physics, geophysics, management, of the forefronts of modern physics. Students intending to go on to
law, or medicine. The undergraduate curriculum oers students graduate school in physics are encouraged to take the theoretical
the opportunity to acquire a deep conceptual understanding of physics sequence:
fundamental physics. The core departmental requirements begin
this process. The student then chooses one of two options to 8.07 Electromagnetism II 12
complete the degree: the focused option ([Link] 8.08 Statistical Physics II 12
degree-charts/physics-course-8/#focusedoptiontext) is designed
8.09 Classical Mechanics III 12
for students who plan to pursue physics as a career, and is an
excellent choice for students who want to experience as deep an An important component of this option is the thesis, which is a
engagement as possible with physics; the flexible option (https:// physics research project carried out under the guidance of a faculty
[Link]/degree-charts/physics-course-8/#flexibleoptiontext) member. Many thesis projects grow naturally out of UROP projects.
also provides a very strong physics framework, and gives students Students should have some idea of a thesis topic by the middle
who may want to pursue additional academic interests the flexibility of the junior year. A thesis proposal must be submitted before
to do so. Both programs prepare students very well for graduate registering for thesis units and no later than Add Date of the fall term
studies in physics, as well as for a variety of academic or research- of the senior year.
related careers. Either option provides a considerable amount of time
for exploration through electives. Students proceed at the pace and
degree of specialization best suited to their individual capacities.
Department of Physics | 3
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
A relatively large amount of elective time usually becomes available Students following this option must also complete a focus
during the fourth year and can be used either to deepen one's requirement—three subjects forming one intellectually coherent unit
background in physics or to explore other disciplines. in some area (not necessarily physics), subject to the approval of the
department and separate from those used by the student to satisfy
Physics: Flexible Option the HASS requirement. Areas of focus chosen by students have
This option is designed for students who wish to develop a strong included astronomy, biology, computational physics, theoretical
background in the fundamentals of physics and then build on physics, nanotechnology, history of science, science and technology
this foundation as they prepare for career paths that may or may policy, philosophy, and science teaching. Some students may
not involve a graduate degree in physics. Many students nd an choose to satisfy their experimental and exploration requirements in
understanding of the basic concepts of physics and an appreciation the same area as their focus; others may opt for greater breadth by
of the physicist's approach to problem solving an excellent choosing other elds to fulll these requirements.
preparation for the growing spectrum of nontraditional, technology-
related career opportunities, as well as for careers in business, law, Although students may choose this option at any time in their
medicine, or engineering. Additionally, the flexible option makes undergraduate career, many decide on the flexible major during their
it more possible for students with diverse intellectual interests to sophomore year in order to have enough time to cra a program that
pursue a second major in another department. best suits their individual needs. Specic subject choices for the
experimental and focus requirements require the written approval of
The option begins with the core subjects: the Flexible Program coordinator, Dr. Sean P. Robinson.
8.01 Physics I 12 Minor in Physics
8.02 Physics II 12 The Minor in Physics provides a solid foundation for the pursuit of
8.03 Physics III 12 a broad range of professional activities in science and engineering.
8.04 Quantum Physics I 12 The requirements for a Minor in Physics are as follows:
8.044 Statistical Physics I 12 18.03 Dierential Equations
1
12
8.21 Physics of Energy 12 Select ve Course 8 subjects beyond the General 57-60
or 8.223 Classical Mechanics II Institute Requirements
Students round out their foundation material with either an Total Units 69-72
additional quantum mechanics subject (8.05 Quantum Physics 1
18.032 Dierential Equations is also acceptable.
II) or a subject in relativity (8.20 Introduction to Special Relativity
or 8.033 Relativity). There is an experimental requirement of 8.13 Students should submit a completed Minor Application Form to
Experimental Physics I or, with the approval of the department, a Physics Academic Programs, Room 4-315. The Physics Department's
laboratory subject of similar intensity in another department, an minor coordinator is Shannon Larkin. See Undergraduate Education
experimental research project or senior thesis, or an experimentally for more information on minor programs ([Link]
oriented summer externship. An exploration requirement consists mit/undergraduate-education/academic-programs/minors).
of one elective subject in physics. Students can satisfy the
departmental portion of the Communication Requirement by taking Minor in Astronomy
two of the following subjects: The Minor in Astronomy ([Link]
undergraduate-programs/minors/astronomy), oered jointly with
8.06 Quantum Physics III 12
the Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences,
8.13 Experimental Physics I 18 covers the observational and theoretical foundations of astronomy.
8.14 Experimental Physics II 18 For a description of the minor, see Interdisciplinary Programs.
8.225[J] Einstein, Oppenheimer, Feynman: 12
Physics in the 20th Century Inquiries
8.226 Forty-three Orders of Magnitude 12 Additional information concerning degree programs and research
activities may be obtained by contacting the department oce
8.287[J] Observational Techniques of Optical 15
(physics-undergrad@[Link]), Room 4-315, 617-253-4841.
Astronomy
The department and the Subcommittee on the Communication
Requirement may accept substitution of one of the department's two Graduate Study
required CI-M subjects with a CI-M subject in another department if it
The Physics Department oers programs leading to the degrees of
forms a natural part of the student's physics program.
Master of Science in Physics and Doctor of Philosophy.
4 | Department of Physics
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
• Atomic Physics, Biophysics, Condensed Matter Physics, and
Admission Requirements for Graduate Study Plasma Physics
Students intending to pursue graduate work in physics should have • Theoretical Nuclear and Particle Physics
as a background the equivalent of the requirements for the Bachelor
of Science in Physics from MIT. However, students may make up Much of the research in the department is carried out as part of
some deciencies over the course of their graduate work. the work of various interdisciplinary laboratories and centers,
including the Center for Materials Science and Engineering, Francis
Master of Science in Physics Bitter Magnet Laboratory, Haystack Observatory, Laboratory for
The normal degree program in the department leads to a PhD Nuclear Science, Microsystems Technology Laboratories, MIT Kavli
in Physics. Admission to a master's degree program in Physics Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Plasma Science and
is available only in special cases (e.g., US military ocers). The Fusion Center, Research Laboratory of Electronics, and Spectroscopy
requirements for the Master of Science in Physics are the same as Laboratory. Additional information about interdisciplinary
the General Degree Requirements ([Link] laboratories and centers can be found under Research and Study
graduate-education/general-degree-requirements) listed under ([Link] These facilities provide
Graduate Education. A master's thesis must represent a piece of close relationships among the research activities of a number of
independent research work in any of the elds described below, MIT departments and give students opportunities for contact with
and must be carried out under the supervision of a department research carried out in disciplines other than physics.
faculty member. No xed time is set for the completion of a master's
program; two years of work is a rough guideline. There is no Inquiries
language requirement for this degree. Additional information on degree programs, research activities,
admissions, nancial aid, teaching and research assistantships
Doctor of Philosophy may be obtained by contacting the department oce (physics-
Candidates for the Doctor of Philosophy or Doctor of Science are grad@[Link]), Room 4-315, 617-253-4851.
expected to enroll in those basic graduate subjects that prepare
them for the general examination, which must be passed no
later than in the seventh term aer initial enrollment. Students Faculty and Teaching Sta
are required to take two subjects in the candidate's doctoral
Deepto Chakrabarty, PhD
research area (specialty requirement) and two subjects outside
William A. M. Burden Professor in Astrophysics
the candidate's eld of specialization (breadth requirement). In
Professor of Physics
addition, all students in the rst year of the PhD program must
Head, Department of Physics
enroll in two semesters of 8.398, a seminar specically for rst-year
students. Half of the breadth requirement may be satised through Lindley Winslow, PhD
a departmentally approved industrial internship. The doctoral thesis Professor of Physics
must represent a substantial piece of original research, carried out Associate Head, Department of Physics
under the supervision of a department faculty member. (On leave)
The Physics Department faculty members oer subjects of Scott A. Hughes, PhD
instruction and are engaged in research in a variety of elds in Professor of Physics
experimental and theoretical physics. This broad spectrum of Interim Associate Head, Department of Physics
activities is organized in the divisional structure of the department,
presented below. Graduate students are encouraged to contact Professors
faculty members in the division of their choice to inquire about Raymond Ashoori, PhD
opportunities for research, and to pass through an apprenticeship Professor of Physics
(by signing up for Pre-Thesis Research) as a rst step toward an
engagement in independent research for a doctoral thesis. Edmund Bertschinger, PhD
Professor of Physics
Research Divisions Paola Cappellaro, PhD
Faculty and students in the Department of Physics are generally
Ford Professor of Engineering
aliated with one of several research divisions:
Professor of Nuclear Science and Engineering
• Astrophysics Professor of Physics
• Experimental Nuclear and Particle Physics
Department of Physics | 5
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
Arup K. Chakraborty, PhD Pablo Jarillo-Herrero, PhD
John M. Deutch Institute Professor Cecil and Ida Green Professor of Physics
Professor of Chemical Engineering
Professor of Chemistry Steven G. Johnson, PhD
Professor of Physics Professor of Mathematics
Core Faculty, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science Professor of Physics
Joseph Checkelsky, PhD David I. Kaiser, PhD
Professor of Physics Germeshausen Professor of the History of Science
(On leave) Professor of Physics
Isaac Chuang, PhD Mehran Kardar, PhD
Julius A. Stratton Professor in Electrical Engineering and Physics Francis L. Friedman Professor of Physics
Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Wolfgang Ketterle, PhD
Janet Conrad, PhD John D. MacArthur Professor of Physics
Professor of Physics Patrick A. Lee, PhD
William Detmold, PhD William and Emma Rogers Professor Post-Tenure of Physics
Professor of Physics Yen-Jie Lee, PhD
Matthew J. Evans, PhD Professor of Physics
MathWorks Professor of Physics (On leave, spring)
Peter H. Fisher, PhD Leonid Levitov, PhD
Thomas A. Frank (1977) Professor of Physics Professor of Physics
Associate Vice President for Research Computing and Data Hong Liu, PhD
Joseph A. Formaggio, PhD Professor of Physics
Professor of Physics (On leave)
Anna L. Frebel, PhD Nuno F. Loureiro, PhD
Professor of Physics Herman Feshbach (1942) Professor of Physics
Professor of Nuclear Science and Engineering
Liang Fu, PhD
Professor of Physics Nergis Mavalvala, PhD
Curtis (1963) and Kathleen Marble Professor of Astrophysics
Nuh Gedik, PhD Professor of Physics
Donner Professor of Physics Dean, School of Science
Je Gore, PhD Richard G. Milner, PhD
Professor of Physics Professor of Physics
(On leave)
Alan Guth, PhD
Victor F. Weisskopf Professor in Physics Leonid A. Mirny, PhD
Richard J. Cohen (1976) Professor in Medicine and Biomedical
Aram W. Harrow, PhD Physics
Professor of Physics Professor of Physics
(On leave) Core Faculty, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science
Jacqueline N. Hewitt, PhD Ernest J. Moniz, PhD
Julius A. Stratton Professor Post-Tenure of Physics Cecil and Ida Green Distinguished Professor Post-Tenure
Robert L. Jae, PhD Professor Post-Tenure of Physics
Otto (1939) and Jane Morningstar Professor Post-Tenure of Science Professor Post-Tenure of Engineering Systems
Professor Post-Tenure of Physics
6 | Department of Physics
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
William D. Oliver, PhD Vladan Vuletić, PhD
Henry Ellis Warren (1894) Professor Lester Wolfe Professor of Physics
Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Professor of Physics Xiao-Gang Wen, PhD
Cecil and Ida Green Professor in Physics
Christoph M. E. Paus, PhD
Professor of Physics Frank Wilczek, PhD
(On leave) Herman Feshbach (1942) Professor Post-Tenure of Physics
Miklos Porkolab, PhD Michael Williams, PhD
Professor Post-Tenure of Physics Professor of Physics
Member, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society
David E. Pritchard, PhD
Cecil and Ida Green Professor Post-Tenure of Physics Boleslaw Wyslouch, PhD
Professor of Physics
Krishna Rajagopal, PhD
William A. M. Burden Professor of Physics Barton Zwiebach, PhD
Professor of Physics
Gunther M. Roland, PhD
Professor of Physics Martin Wolfram Zwierlein, PhD
Thomas A. Frank (1977) Professor of Physics
Sara Seager, PhD
Class of 1941 Professor of Planetary Sciences Associate Professors
Professor of Physics Riccardo Comin, PhD
Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics Associate Professor of Physics
Robert A. Simcoe, PhD Netta Engelhardt, PhD
Francis L. Friedman Professor of Physics Associate Professor of Physics
Tracy Robyn Slatyer, PhD Nikta Fakhri, PhD
Professor of Physics Associate Professor of Physics
Marin Soljačić, PhD Ronald Garcia Ruiz, PhD
Cecil and Ida Green Professor of Physics Thomas A. Frank (1977) Career Development Associate Professor of
Physics
Iain Stewart, PhD
Otto (1939) and Jane Morningstar Professor of Science Daniel Harlow, PhD
Professor of Physics Associate Professor of Physics
Washington Taylor IV, PhD Philip Harris, PhD
Professor of Physics Associate Professor of Physics
(On leave, spring)
Or Hen, PhD
Max Erik Tegmark, PhD Associate Professor of Physics
Professor of Physics
Long Ju, PhD
Jesse Thaler, PhD Lawrence C (1944) & Sarah W Biedenharn Career Development
Professor of Physics Associate Professor of Physics
Member, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society
(On leave) Erin Kara, PhD
Associate Professor of Physics
Samuel C. C. Ting, PhD
Thomas D. Cabot Professor of Physics Kiyoshi Masui, PhD
Associate Professor of Physics
Senthil Todadri, PhD
William and Emma Rogers Professor of Physics Michael McDonald, PhD
Associate Professor of Physics
Department of Physics | 7
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
Max Metlitski, PhD
Associate Professor of Physics Senior Lecturers
Erik Katsavounidis, PhD
Phiala E. Shanahan, PhD Senior Lecturer in Physics
Associate Professor of Physics
(On leave, fall) Lecturers
Julien Tailleur, PhD Byron Drury, PhD
Associate Professor of Physics Lecturer in Physics
Salvatore Vitale, PhD Sean P. Robinson, PhD
Associate Professor of Physics Lecturer in Physics
Senior Technical Instructor of Physics
Assistant Professors Alex Shvonski, PhD
Kevin Burdge, PhD Lecturer in Physics
Assistant Professor of Physics
Michelle Tomasik, PhD
Soonwon Choi, PhD Lecturer in Physics
Victor F. Weisskopf Career Development Assistant Professor of
Physics Technical Instructors
Anna-Christina Eilers, PhD Rosi Anderson, BS
Assistant Professor of Physics Technical Instructor of Physics
(On leave, fall) Caleb C. Bonyun, MS
Richard J. Fletcher, PhD Senior Technical Instructor of Physics
Assistant Professor of Physics Aidan MacDonagh, BSE
(On leave, fall) Senior Technical Instructor of Digital Learning
Mikhail Ivanov, PhD Christopher Miller, BS
Assistant Professor of Physics Technical Instructor of Physics
(On leave, fall)
Aaron Pilarcik, MS
Sarah Millholland, PhD Technical Instructor of Physics
Assistant Professor of Physics
(On leave) Joshua Wolfe, BS
Senior Technical Instructor of Physics
Lina Necib, PhD
Assistant Professor of Physics
Research Sta
Brooke Russell, PhD
Assistant Professor of Physics Senior Research Scientists
Earl S. Marmar, PhD
Shu-Heng Shao, PhD Senior Research Scientist of Physics
Assistant Professor of Physics
Jagadeesh Moodera, PhD
Eluned Smith, PhD Senior Research Scientist of Physics
Assistant Professor of Physics
Visiting Professors Professors Emeriti
Mark Vogelsberger, PhD John Winston Belcher, PhD
Visiting Professor of Physics Class of 1922 Professor Emeritus of Physics
Visiting Assistant Professors George B. Benedek, PhD
Andrew Vanderburg, PhD Alfred H. Caspary Professor Emeritus
Visiting Assistant Professor of Physics Professor Emeritus of Biological Physics
8 | Department of Physics
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
Ahmet Nihat Berker, PhD John W. Negele, PhD
Professor Emeritus of Physics William A. Coolidge Professor Emeritus of Phyics
William Bertozzi, PhD Irwin A. Pless, PhD
Professor Emeritus of Physics Professor Emeritus of Physics
Robert J. Birgeneau, PhD Saul A. Rappaport, PhD
Professor Emeritus of Physics Professor Emeritus of Physics
Wit Busza, PhD Robert P. Redwine, PhD
Professor Emeritus of Physics Professor Emeritus of Physics
Claude R. Canizares, PhD Lawrence Rosenson, PhD
Bruno B. Rossi Distinguished Professor Emeritus in Experimental Professor Emeritus of Physics
Physics
Paul L. Schechter, PhD
Min Chen, PhD William A. M. Burden Professor Emeritus of Astrophysics
Professor Emeritus of Physics
James E. Young, PhD
Bruno Coppi, PhD Professor Emeritus of Physics
Professor Emeritus of Physics
Edward Farhi, PhD
Undergraduate Subjects
Cecil and Ida Green Professor Emeritus of Physics
Daniel Z. Freedman, PhD 8.006 Exploring Physics Using Python
Professor Emeritus of Mathematics Prereq: None. Coreq: 6.100L; or permission of instructor
Professor Emeritus of Physics U (Fall, Spring)
2-0-1 units
Jerome I. Friedman, PhD
Institute Professor Emeritus Reviews and reinforces 6.100L topics, making connections and
Professor Emeritus of Physics studying interesting physical systems (from abstract knowledge
of concepts to modeling, coding, and evaluating results) that are
Jerey Goldstone, PhD relevant to physicists. Classes are active and interactive. Students
Professor Emeritus of Physics apply programming skills to introductory physics problems and
explore the role of simulations on physics. Limited to 12.
Thomas J. Greytak, PhD M. Heine
Lester Wolfe Professor Emeritus of Physics
Erich P. Ippen, PhD 8.01 Physics I
Elihu Thomson Professor Emeritus Prereq: None
Professor Emeritus of Physics U (Fall)
Professor Emeritus of Electrical Engineering 3-2-7 units. PHYSICS I
Credit cannot also be received for 8.011, 8.012, 8.01L, ES.801,
Paul Christopher Joss, PhD ES.8012
Professor Emeritus of Physics
Introduces classical mechanics. Space and time: straight-line
Marc A. Kastner, PhD kinematics; motion in a plane; forces and static equilibrium; particle
Donner Professor of Science Emeritus dynamics, with force and conservation of momentum; relative
Professor Emeritus of Physics inertial frames and non-inertial force; work, potential energy and
conservation of energy; kinetic theory and the ideal gas; rigid bodies
Stanley B. Kowalski, PhD and rotational dynamics; vibrational motion; conservation of angular
Professor Emeritus of Physics momentum; central force motions; fluid mechanics. Subject taught
J. David Litster, PhD using the TEAL (Technology-Enabled Active Learning) format which
Professor Emeritus of Physics features students working in groups of three, discussing concepts,
solving problems, and doing table-top experiments with the aid of
June Lorraine Matthews, PhD computer data acquisition and analysis.
Professor Emerita of Physics K. Rajagopal, M. Tomasik
Department of Physics | 9
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
8.011 Physics I 8.02 Physics II
Prereq: Permission of instructor Prereq: Calculus I (GIR) and Physics I (GIR)
U (Spring) U (Fall, Spring)
5-0-7 units. PHYSICS I 3-2-7 units. PHYSICS II
Credit cannot also be received for 8.01, 8.012, 8.01L, ES.801, Credit cannot also be received for 8.021, 8.022, ES.802, ES.8022
ES.8012
Introduction to electromagnetism and electrostatics: electric
Introduces classical mechanics. Space and time: straight-line charge, Coulomb's law, electric structure of matter; conductors
kinematics; motion in a plane; forces and equilibrium; experimental and dielectrics. Concepts of electrostatic eld and potential,
basis of Newton's laws; particle dynamics; universal gravitation; electrostatic energy. Electric currents, magnetic elds and Ampere's
collisions and conservation laws; work and potential energy; law. Magnetic materials. Time-varying elds and Faraday's law
vibrational motion; conservative forces; inertial forces and non- of induction. Basic electric circuits. Electromagnetic waves and
inertial frames; central force motions; rigid bodies and rotational Maxwell's equations. Subject taught using the TEAL (Technology
dynamics. Designed for students with previous experience in 8.01; Enabled Active Learning) studio format which utilizes small group
the subject is designated as 8.01 on the transcript. interaction and current technology to help students develop intuition
B. Drury about, and conceptual models of, physical phenomena.
Sta
8.012 Physics I
Prereq: None 8.021 Physics II
U (Fall) Prereq: Calculus I (GIR), Physics I (GIR), and permission of instructor
5-0-7 units. PHYSICS I U (Fall)
Credit cannot also be received for 8.01, 8.011, 8.01L, ES.801, ES.8012 5-0-7 units. PHYSICS II
Credit cannot also be received for 8.02, 8.022, ES.802, ES.8022
Elementary mechanics, presented in greater depth than in 8.01.
Newton's laws, concepts of momentum, energy, angular momentum, Introduction to electromagnetism and electrostatics: electric
rigid body motion, and non-inertial systems. Uses elementary charge, Coulomb's law, electric structure of matter; conductors
calculus freely; concurrent registration in a math subject more and dielectrics. Concepts of electrostatic eld and potential,
advanced than 18.01 is recommended. In addition to covering the electrostatic energy. Electric currents, magnetic elds and Ampere's
theoretical subject matter, students complete a small experimental law. Magnetic materials. Time-varying elds and Faraday's
project of their own design. First-year students admitted via AP or law of induction. Basic electric circuits. Electromagnetic waves
Math Diagnostic for Physics Placement results. and Maxwell's equations. Designed for students with previous
M. Soljacic experience in 8.02; the subject is designated as 8.02 on the
transcript. Enrollment limited.
8.01L Physics I J. Checkelsky
Prereq: None
U (Fall, IAP) 8.022 Physics II
3-2-7 units. PHYSICS I Prereq: Physics I (GIR); Coreq: Calculus II (GIR)
Credit cannot also be received for 8.01, 8.011, 8.012, ES.801, ES.8012 U (Fall, Spring)
5-0-7 units. PHYSICS II
Introduction to classical mechanics (see description under 8.01). Credit cannot also be received for 8.02, 8.021, ES.802, ES.8022
Includes components of the TEAL (Technology-Enabled Active
Learning) format. Material covered over a longer interval so that the Parallel to 8.02, but more advanced mathematically. Some
subject is completed by the end of the IAP. Substantial emphasis knowledge of vector calculus assumed. Maxwell's equations, in
given to reviewing and strengthening necessary mathematics both dierential and integral form. Electrostatic and magnetic
tools, as well as basic physics concepts and problem-solving skills. vector potential. Properties of dielectrics and magnetic materials.
Content, depth, and diculty is otherwise identical to that of 8.01. In addition to the theoretical subject matter, several experiments
The subject is designated as 8.01 on the transcript. in electricity and magnetism are performed by the students in the
P. Jarillo-Herrero laboratory.
D. Harlow
10 | Department of Physics
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
8.03 Physics III 8.041 Quantum Physics I
Prereq: Calculus II (GIR) and Physics II (GIR) Prereq: 8.03 and (18.03 or 18.032)
U (Fall, Spring) U (Fall)
5-0-7 units. REST 2-0-10 units. REST
Credit cannot also be received for 8.04
Mechanical vibrations and waves; simple harmonic motion,
superposition, forced vibrations and resonance, coupled Blended version of 8.04 using a combination of online and in-
oscillations, and normal modes; vibrations of continuous systems; person instruction. Covers the experimental basis of quantum
reflection and refraction; phase and group velocity. Optics; wave physics: Mach-Zender interferometers, the photoelectric eect,
solutions to Maxwell's equations; polarization; Snell's Law, Compton scattering, and de Broglie waves. Heisenberg uncertainty
interference, Huygens's principle, Fraunhofer diraction, and principle and momentum space. Introduction to wave mechanics:
gratings. Schroedinger's equation, probability amplitudes, and wave packets.
Y-J. Lee, R. Comin Stationary states and the spectrum of one-dimensional potentials,
including the variational principle, the Hellmann-Feynman lemma,
8.033 Relativity the virial theorem, and the harmonic oscillator. Basics of angular
Prereq: Calculus II (GIR) and Physics II (GIR) momentum, central potentials, and the hydrogen atom. Introduction
U (Fall) to the Stern-Gerlach experiment, spin one-half, spin operators, and
5-0-7 units. REST spin states.
V. Vuletic
Einstein's postulates; consequences for simultaneity, time
dilation, length contraction, and clock synchronization; Lorentz 8.044 Statistical Physics I
transformation; relativistic eects and paradoxes; Minkowski Prereq: 8.03 and 18.03
diagrams; invariants and four-vectors; momentum, energy, and U (Spring)
mass; particle collisions. Relativity and electricity; Coulomb's 5-0-7 units
law; magnetic elds. Brief introduction to Newtonian cosmology.
Introduction to some concepts of general relativity; principle of Introduction to probability, statistical mechanics, and
equivalence. The Schwarzchild metric; gravitational red shi; thermodynamics. Random variables, joint and conditional
particle and light trajectories; geodesics; Shapiro delay. probability densities, and functions of a random variable. Concepts
N. Engelhardt of macroscopic variables and thermodynamic equilibrium,
fundamental assumption of statistical mechanics, microcanonical
8.04 Quantum Physics I and canonical ensembles. First, second, and third laws of
Prereq: 8.03 and (18.03 or 18.032) thermodynamics. Numerous examples illustrating a wide variety of
U (Spring) physical phenomena such as magnetism, polyatomic gases, thermal
5-0-7 units. REST radiation, electrons in solids, and noise in electronic devices.
Credit cannot also be received for 8.041 Concurrent enrollment in 8.04 is recommended.
N. Fakhri
Experimental basis of quantum physics: photoelectric eect,
Compton scattering, photons, Franck-Hertz experiment, the Bohr 8.05 Quantum Physics II
atom, electron diraction, deBroglie waves, and wave-particle Prereq: 8.04 or 8.041
duality of matter and light. Introduction to wave mechanics: U (Fall)
Schroedinger's equation, wave functions, wave packets, probability 5-0-7 units
amplitudes, stationary states, the Heisenberg uncertainty Credit cannot also be received for 8.051
principle. Solutions to Schroedinger's equation in one dimension:
transmission and reflection at a barrier, potential wells, delta Vector spaces, linear operators, and matrix representations. Inner
functions, the simple harmonic oscillator. Schroedinger's equation products and adjoint operators. Commutator identities. Dirac's
in three dimensions: central potentials and the hydrogen atom. Bra-kets. Uncertainty principle and energy-time version. Spectral
Introduction to spin-1/2. theorem and complete set of commuting observables. Schrodinger
A. Harrow and Heisenberg pictures. Axioms of quantum mechanics. Coherent
states and nuclear magnetic resonance. Multiparticle states and
tensor products. Quantum teleportation, EPR and Bell inequalities.
Angular momentum and central potentials. Addition of angular
momentum. Density matrices, pure and mixed states, decoherence.
B. Zwiebach
Department of Physics | 11
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
8.051 Quantum Physics II 8.07 Electromagnetism II
Prereq: 8.04 and permission of instructor Prereq: 8.03 and 18.03
U (Spring) U (Fall)
2-0-10 units 4-0-8 units
Credit cannot also be received for 8.05
Survey of basic electromagnetic phenomena: electrostatics,
Blended version of 8.05 using a combination of online and magnetostatics; electromagnetic properties of matter. Time-
in-person instruction. Together with 8.06 covers quantum dependent electromagnetic elds and Maxwell's equations.
physics with applications drawn from modern physics. General Electromagnetic waves, emission, absorption, and scattering of
formalism of quantum mechanics: states, operators, Dirac radiation. Relativistic electrodynamics and mechanics.
notation, representations, measurement theory. Harmonic A. Guth
oscillator: operator algebra, states. Quantum mechanics in three
dimensions: central potentials and the radial equation, bound and 8.08 Statistical Physics II
scattering states, qualitative analysis of wave functions. Angular Subject meets with 8.308
momentum: operators, commutator algebra, eigenvalues and Prereq: 8.044 and 8.05
eigenstates, spherical harmonics. Spin: Stern-Gerlach devices and U (IAP)
measurements, nuclear magnetic resonance, spin and statistics. 4-0-8 units
Addition of angular momentum: Clebsch-Gordan series and
coecients, spin systems, and allotropic forms of hydrogen. Limited Introduction to stochastic dynamics, in and out of equilibrium, from
to 20. single to many-body systems. Topics include: Langevin and Fokker
Fall: Sta Planck equations, Stochastic thermodynamics, Markov chains,
Spring: W. Detmold and ratchet currents. Methods are illustrated on examples ranging
from so matter physics to biophysics including colloid dynamics,
8.06 Quantum Physics III bacterial motion, and active matter. Applications outside physics are
Prereq: 8.05 discussed, such as epidemic spreading and econophysics. Students
U (Spring) taking graduate version complete additional assignments.
5-0-7 units J. Tailleur
Continuation of 8.05. Units: natural units, scales of microscopic 8.09 Classical Mechanics III
phenomena, applications. Time-independent approximation Subject meets with 8.309
methods: degenerate and nondegenerate perturbation theory, Prereq: 8.223
variational method, Born-Oppenheimer approximation, applications U (Spring)
to atomic and molecular systems. The structure of one- and two- 4-0-8 units
electron atoms: overview, spin-orbit and relativistic corrections,
ne structure, variational approximation, screening, Zeeman and Covers Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics, systems with
Stark eects. Charged particles in a magnetic eld: Landau levels constraints, rigid body dynamics, vibrations, central forces,
and integer quantum hall eect. Scattering: general principles, Hamilton-Jacobi theory, action-angle variables, perturbation
partial waves, review of one-dimension, low-energy approximations, theory, and continuous systems. Provides an introduction to ideal
resonance, Born approximation. Time-dependent perturbation and viscous fluid mechanics, including turbulence, as well as an
theory. Students research and write a paper on a topic related to the introduction to nonlinear dynamics, including chaos. Students taking
content of 8.05 and 8.06. graduate version complete dierent assignments.
B. Zwiebach I. Stewart
12 | Department of Physics
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
Undergraduate Laboratory and Special Project Subjects 8.16 Data Science in Physics
Subject meets with 8.316
8.13 Experimental Physics I Prereq: 8.04 and (6.100A, 6.100B, or permission of instructor)
Prereq: 8.04 U (Spring)
U (Fall, Spring) 3-0-9 units
0-6-12 units. Institute LAB Aims to present modern computational methods by providing
First in a two-term advanced laboratory sequence in modern realistic, contemporary examples of how these computational
physics focusing on the professional and personal development methods apply to physics research. Designed around research
of the student as a scientist through the medium of experimental modules in which each module provides experience with a specic
physics. Experimental options cover special relativity, experimental scientic challenge. Modules include: analyzing LIGO open data;
foundations of quantum mechanics, atomic structure and optics, measuring electroweak boson to quark decays; understanding
statistical mechanics, and nuclear and particle physics. Uses modern the cosmic microwave background; and lattice QCD/Ising model.
physics experiments to develop laboratory technique, systematic Experience in Python helpful but not required. Lectures are viewed
troubleshooting, professional scientic attitude, data analysis skills outside of class; in-class time is dedicated to problem-solving and
and reasoning about uncertainty. Provides extensive training in oral discussion. Students taking graduate version complete additional
and written communication methods. assignments.
J. Conrad, N. Fakhri, C. Paus, G. Roland P. Harris
8.14 Experimental Physics II 8.18 Research Problems in Undergraduate Physics
Prereq: 8.05 and 8.13 Prereq: Permission of instructor
U (Spring) U (Fall, IAP, Spring, Summer)
0-6-12 units Units arranged [P/D/F]
Can be repeated for credit.
Second in a two-term advanced laboratory sequence in modern
physics focusing on the professional and personal development Opportunity for undergraduates to engage in experimental or
of the student as a scientist through the medium of experimental theoretical research under the supervision of a sta member.
physics. Experimental options cover special relativity, experimental Specic approval required in each case.
foundations of quantum mechanics, atomic structure and optics, Consult L. Winslow
statistical mechanics, and nuclear and particle physics. Uses
modern physics experiments to develop laboratory technique, 8.19 Readings in Physics
systematic troubleshooting, professional scientic attitude, data Prereq: None
analysis skills, and reasoning about uncertainty; provides extensive U (Fall, IAP, Spring, Summer)
training in oral and written communication methods. Continues Units arranged [P/D/F]
8.13 practice in these skills using more advanced experiments and Can be repeated for credit.
adds an exploratory project element in which students develop Supervised reading and library work. Choice of material and
an experiment from the proposal and design stage to a nal allotment of time according to individual needs. For students who
presentation of results in a poster session. Limited to 12 students per want to do work not provided for in the regular subjects. Specic
section. approval required in each case.
G. Roland Consult L. Winslow
Department of Physics | 13
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
Undergraduate Elective Subjects 8.224 Exploring Black Holes: General Relativity and
Astrophysics
8.20 Introduction to Special Relativity Prereq: 8.033 or 8.20
Prereq: Calculus I (GIR) and Physics I (GIR) U (Fall)
U (IAP) Not oered regularly; consult department
2-0-7 units. REST 3-0-9 units
Introduces the basic ideas and equations of Einstein's special Study of physical eects in the vicinity of a black hole as a basis
theory of relativity. Topics include Lorentz transformations, length for understanding general relativity, astrophysics, and elements
contraction and time dilation, four vectors, Lorentz invariants, of cosmology. Extension to current developments in theory and
relativistic energy and momentum, relativistic kinematics, Doppler observation. Energy and momentum in flat space-time; the metric;
shi, space-time diagrams, relativity paradoxes, and some concepts curvature of space-time near rotating and nonrotating centers of
of general relativity. Intended for freshmen and sophomores. Not attraction; trajectories and orbits of particles and light; elementary
usable as a restricted elective by Physics majors. Credit cannot be models of the Cosmos. Weekly meetings include an evening seminar
received for 8.20 if credit for 8.033 is or has been received in the and recitation. The last third of the term is reserved for collaborative
same or prior terms. research projects on topics such as the Global Positioning System,
S. Vitale solar system tests of relativity, descending into a black hole,
gravitational lensing, gravitational waves, Gravity Probe B, and more
8.21 Physics of Energy advanced models of the cosmos. Subject has online components
Prereq: Calculus II (GIR), Chemistry (GIR), and Physics II (GIR) that are open to selected MIT alumni. Alumni wishing to participate
U (Spring) should contact Professor Bertschinger at edbert@[Link]. Limited to
5-0-7 units. REST 40.
E. Bertschinger
A comprehensive introduction to the fundamental physics of energy
systems that emphasizes quantitative analysis. Focuses on the 8.225[J] Einstein, Oppenheimer, Feynman: Physics in the 20th
fundamental physical principles underlying energy processes and on Century
the application of these principles to practical calculations. Applies Same subject as STS.042[J]
mechanics and electromagnetism to energy systems; introduces and Prereq: None
applies basic ideas from thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, and Acad Year 2025-2026: U (Fall)
nuclear physics. Examines energy sources, conversion, transport, Acad Year 2026-2027: Not oered
losses, storage, conservation, and end uses. Analyzes the physics of 3-0-9 units. HASS-H
side eects, such as global warming and radiation hazards. Provides
students with technical tools and perspective to evaluate energy See description under subject STS.042[J]. Enrollment limited.
choices quantitatively at both national policy and personal levels. D. I. Kaiser
M. Evans
8.226 Forty-three Orders of Magnitude
8.223 Classical Mechanics II Prereq: (8.04 and 8.044) or permission of instructor
Prereq: Calculus II (GIR) and Physics I (GIR) U (Spring)
U (IAP) 3-0-9 units
2-0-4 units Examines the widespread societal implications of current scientic
A broad, theoretical treatment of classical mechanics, useful in its discoveries in physics across forty-three orders of magnitude in
own right for treating complex dynamical problems, but essential to length scale. Addresses topics ranging from climate change to
understanding the foundations of quantum mechanics and statistical nuclear nonproliferation. Students develop their ability to express
physics. Generalized coordinates, Lagrangian and Hamiltonian concepts at a level accessible to the public and to present a well-
formulations, canonical transformations, and Poisson brackets. reasoned argument on a topic that is a part of the national debate.
Applications to continuous media. The relativistic Lagrangian and Requires diverse writing assignments, including substantial papers.
Maxwell's equations. Enrollment limited.
Sta J. Conrad
14 | Department of Physics
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
8.228 Relativity II 8.245[J] Viruses, Pandemics, and Immunity
Prereq: 8.033 or permission of instructor Same subject as 5.003[J], 10.382[J], HST.439[J]
U (IAP) Prereq: None
2-0-4 units U (Spring)
Not oered regularly; consult department
A fast-paced and intensive introduction to general relativity, covering 2-0-1 units
advanced topics beyond the 8.033 curriculum. Provides students
with a foundation for research relying on knowledge of general See description under subject HST.439[J]. HST.438[J] intended for
relativity, including gravitational waves and cosmology. Additional rst-year students; all others should take HST.439[J].
topics in curvature, weak gravity, and cosmology. A. Chakraborty
T. Slatyer
8.251 String Theory for Undergraduates
8.231 Physics of Solids I Prereq: 8.033, 8.044, and 8.05
Prereq: 8.044; Coreq: 8.05 Acad Year 2025-2026: U (Spring)
U (Fall) Acad Year 2026-2027: Not oered
4-0-8 units 4-0-8 units
Credit cannot also be received for 8.821
Introduction to the basic concepts of the quantum theory of solids.
Topics: periodic structure and symmetry of crystals; diraction; Introduction to the main concepts of string theory, i.e., quantum
reciprocal lattice; chemical bonding; lattice dynamics, phonons, mechanics of a relativistic string. Develops aspects of string
thermal properties; free electron gas; model of metals; Bloch theory and makes it accessible to students familiar with basic
theorem and band structure, nearly free electron approximation; electromagnetism and statistical mechanics, including the study of
tight binding method; Fermi surface; semiconductors, electrons, D-branes and string thermodynamics. Meets with 8.821 when oered
holes, impurities; optical properties, excitons; and magnetism. concurrently.
S. Todadri H. Liu
8.241 Introduction to Biological Physics 8.276 Nuclear and Particle Physics
Prereq: Physics II (GIR) and (8.044 or (5.601 and 5.602)) Prereq: 8.033 and 8.04
U (Spring) U (Spring)
Not oered regularly; consult department Not oered regularly; consult department
4-0-8 units 4-0-8 units
Credit cannot also be received for 20.315, 20.415
Presents a modern view of the fundamental structure of matter.
Introduces the main concepts of biological physics, with a focus Starting from the Standard Model, which views leptons and quarks
on biophysical phenomena at the molecular and cellular scales. as basic building blocks of matter, establishes the properties
Presents the role of entropy and diusive transport in living matter; and interactions of these particles. Explores applications of this
challenges to life resulting from the highly viscous environment phenomenology to both particle and nuclear physics. Emphasizes
present at microscopic scales, including constraints on force, current topics in nuclear and particle physics research at MIT.
motion and transport within cells, tissues, and fluids; principles Intended for students with a basic knowledge of relativity and
of how cellular machinery (e.g., molecular motors) can convert quantum physics concepts.
electro-chemical energy sources to mechanical forces and motion. M. Williams
Also covers polymer physics relevant to DNA and other biological
polymers, including the study of congurations, fluctuations,
rigidity, and entropic elasticity. Meets with 20.315 and 20.415 when
oered concurrently.
J. Gore
Department of Physics | 15
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
8.277 Introduction to Particle Accelerators 8.286 The Early Universe
Prereq: (6.2300 or 8.07) and permission of instructor Prereq: Physics II (GIR) and 18.03
U (Fall, IAP, Spring) Acad Year 2025-2026: Not oered
Not oered regularly; consult department Acad Year 2026-2027: U (Fall)
Units arranged 3-0-9 units. REST
Can be repeated for credit.
Introduction to modern cosmology. First half deals with the
Principles of acceleration: beam properties; linear accelerators, development of the big bang theory from 1915 to 1980, and latter half
synchrotrons, and storage rings. Accelerator technologies: with recent impact of particle theory. Topics: special relativity and
radio frequency cavities, bending and focusing magnets, beam the Doppler eect, Newtonian cosmological models, introduction
diagnostics. Particle beam optics and dynamics. Special topics: to non-Euclidean spaces, thermal radiation and early history of
measures of accelerators performance in science, medicine and the universe, big bang nucleosynthesis, introduction to grand
industry; synchrotron radiation sources; free electron lasers; high- unied theories and other recent developments in particle theory,
energy colliders; and accelerators for radiation therapy. May be baryogenesis, the inflationary universe model, and the evolution of
repeated for credit for a maximum of 12 units. galactic structure.
W. Barletta A. Guth
8.282[J] Introduction to Astronomy 8.287[J] Observational Techniques of Optical Astronomy
Same subject as 12.402[J] Same subject as 12.410[J]
Prereq: Physics I (GIR) Prereq: 8.282[J], 12.409, or other introductory astronomy course
U (Spring) U (Fall)
3-0-6 units. REST 3-4-8 units. Institute LAB
Quantitative introduction to the physics of planets, stars, galaxies See description under subject 12.410[J]. Limited to 18; preference to
and our universe, from origin to ultimate fate, with emphasis Course 8 and Course 12 majors and minors.
on the physics tools and observational techniques that enable M. Person, R. Teague
our understanding. Topics include our solar system, extrasolar
planets; our Sun and other "normal" stars, star formation, evolution 8.290[J] Extrasolar Planets: Physics and Detection Techniques
and death, supernovae, compact objects (white dwarfs, neutron Same subject as 12.425[J]
stars, pulsars, stellar-mass black holes); galactic structure, star Subject meets with 12.625
clusters, interstellar medium, dark matter; other galaxies, quasars, Prereq: 8.03 and 18.03
supermassive black holes, gravitational waves; cosmic large-scale U (Fall)
structure, origin, evolution and fate of our universe, inflation, dark 3-0-9 units. REST
energy, cosmic microwave background radiation, gravitational
lensing, 21cm tomography. Not usable as a restricted elective by See description under subject 12.425[J].
Physics majors. S. Seager
M. Tegmark
8.284 Modern Astrophysics
Prereq: 8.04
U (Fall)
3-0-9 units
Application of physics (Newtonian, statistical, and quantum
mechanics; special and general relativity) to fundamental processes
that occur in celestial objects. Includes main-sequence stars,
collapsed stars (white dwarfs, neutron stars, and black holes),
pulsars, galaxies, active galaxies, quasars, and cosmology.
Electromagnetic and gravitational radiation signatures of
astrophysical phenomena explored through examination of
observational data. No prior knowledge of astronomy required.
J. Hewitt
16 | Department of Physics
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
8.292[J] Fluid Physics 8.299 Physics Teaching
Same subject as 1.066[J], 12.330[J] Prereq: None
Prereq: 5.60, 8.044, or permission of instructor U (Fall, Spring)
U (Spring) Units arranged [P/D/F]
3-0-9 units Can be repeated for credit.
A physics-based introduction to the properties of fluids and fluid For qualied undergraduate students interested in gaining some
systems, with examples drawn from a broad range of sciences, experience in teaching. Laboratory, tutorial, or classroom teaching
including atmospheric physics and astrophysics. Denitions under the supervision of a faculty member. Students selected by
of fluids and the notion of continuum. Equations of state and interview.
continuity, hydrostatics and conservation of momentum; ideal fluids Consult Academic Programs Oce
and Euler's equation; viscosity and the Navier-Stokes equation.
Energy considerations, fluid thermodynamics, and isentropic [Link] UPOP Engineering Practice Experience
flow. Compressible versus incompressible and rotational versus Engineering School-Wide Elective Subject.
irrotational flow; Bernoulli's theorem; steady flow, streamlines and Oered under: [Link], [Link], [Link], [Link], [Link], [Link], [Link],
potential flow. Circulation and vorticity. Kelvin's theorem. Boundary [Link], [Link], [Link]
layers. Fluid waves and instabilities. Quantum fluids. Prereq: None
L. Bourouiba U (Fall, Spring)
0-0-1 units
8.295 Practical Experience in Physics Can be repeated for credit.
Prereq: None
U (Fall, IAP, Spring, Summer) See description under subject [Link]. Application required; consult
Units arranged [P/D/F] UPOP website for more information.
Can be repeated for credit. K. Tan-Tiongco, D. Fordell
For Course 8 students participating in o-campus experiences in 8.S014 Special Subject: Physics
physics. Before registering for this subject, students must have an Prereq: None
internship oer from a company or organization and must identify U (IAP)
a Physics advisor. Upon completion of the project, student must Not oered regularly; consult department
submit a letter from the company or organization describing the work 2-0-4 units
accomplished, along with a substantive nal report from the student
approved by the MIT advisor. Subject to departmental approval. Opportunity for group study of subjects in physics not otherwise
Consult departmental academic oce. included in the curriculum.
Consult Academic Programs Oce K. Rajagopal
8.298 Selected Topics in Physics 8.S02 Special Subject: Physics
Prereq: Permission of instructor Prereq: None
U (Fall, IAP, Spring, Summer) U (Spring)
Units arranged Not oered regularly; consult department
Can be repeated for credit. 1-0-2 units
Presentation of topics of current interest, with content varying from Opportunity for group study of subjects in physics not otherwise
year to year. included in the curriculum.
Consult I. Stewart P. Dourmashkin
Department of Physics | 17
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
8.S198 Special Subject: Physics 8.S50 Special Subject: Physics
Prereq: None Prereq: None
U (Spring) U (IAP)
Not oered regularly; consult department Not oered regularly; consult department
Units arranged Units arranged [P/D/F]
Can be repeated for credit. Can be repeated for credit.
Opportunity for group study of subjects in physics not otherwise Opportunity for group study of subjects in physics not otherwise
included in the curriculum. included in the curriculum.
Sta E. Bertschinger
8.S199 Special Subject: Physics [Link] Undergraduate Research
Prereq: None Prereq: None
U (Fall) U (Fall, IAP, Spring, Summer)
Units arranged [P/D/F] Units arranged [P/D/F]
Can be repeated for credit.
Opportunity for group study of subjects in physics not otherwise
included in the curriculum. Research opportunities in physics. For further information, contact
Sta the departmental UROP coordinator.
L. Winslow
8.S227 Special Subject: Physics
Prereq: None [Link] Undergraduate Physics Thesis
U (Fall) Prereq: None
Not oered regularly; consult department U (Fall, IAP, Spring, Summer)
3-0-9 units Units arranged
Can be repeated for credit.
Opportunity for group study of subjects in physics not otherwise
included in the curriculum. Program of research leading to the writing of an S.B. thesis; to be
R. Price arranged by the student under approved supervision.
Information: L. Winslow
8.S271 Special Subject: Physics
Prereq: None
Graduate Subjects
U (Spring)
Not oered regularly; consult department 8.308 Introduction to Stochastic Dynamics (New)
2-0-4 units Subject meets with 8.08
Opportunity for group study of subjects in physics not otherwise Prereq: Permission of instructor
included in the curriculum. G (IAP)
R. Redwine 4-0-8 units
Introduction to stochastic dynamics, in and out of equilibrium, from
8.S30 Special Subject: Physics single to many-body systems. Topics include: Langevin and Fokker
Prereq: None Planck equations, Stochastic thermodynamics, Markov chains,
Acad Year 2025-2026: Not oered and ratchet currents. Methods are illustrated on examples ranging
Acad Year 2026-2027: U (Fall) from so matter physics to biophysics including colloid dynamics,
Units arranged bacterial motion, and active matter. Applications outside physics are
Opportunity for group study of subjects in physics not otherwise discussed, such as epidemic spreading and econophysics. Students
included in the curriculum. taking graduate version complete additional assignments.
A. Bernstein, J. Walsh J. Tailleur
18 | Department of Physics
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
8.309 Classical Mechanics III 8.316 Data Science in Physics
Subject meets with 8.09 Subject meets with 8.16
Prereq: None Prereq: 8.04 and (6.100A, 6.100B, or permission of instructor)
G (Spring) G (Spring)
4-0-8 units 3-0-9 units
Covers Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics, systems with Aims to present modern computational methods by providing
constraints, rigid body dynamics, vibrations, central forces, realistic, contemporary examples of how these computational
Hamilton-Jacobi theory, action-angle variables, perturbation methods apply to physics research. Designed around research
theory, and continuous systems. Provides an introduction to ideal modules in which each module provides experience with a specic
and viscous fluid mechanics, including turbulence, as well as an scientic challenge. Modules include: analyzing LIGO open data;
introduction to nonlinear dynamics, including chaos. Students taking measuring electroweak boson to quark decays; understanding
graduate version complete dierent assignments. the cosmic microwave background; and lattice QCD/Ising model.
I. Stewart Experience in Python helpful but not required. Lectures are viewed
outside of class; in-class time is dedicated to problem-solving and
8.311 Electromagnetic Theory I discussion. Students taking graduate version complete additional
Prereq: 8.07 assignments.
G (Spring) P. Harris
4-0-8 units
8.321 Quantum Theory I
Basic principles of electromagnetism: experimental basis, Prereq: 8.05
electrostatics, magnetic elds of steady currents, motional emf and G (Fall)
electromagnetic induction, Maxwell's equations, propagation and 4-0-8 units
radiation of electromagnetic waves, electric and magnetic properties
of matter, and conservation laws. Subject uses appropriate A two-term subject on quantum theory, stressing principles:
mathematics but emphasizes physical phenomena and principles. uncertainty relation, observables, eigenstates, eigenvalues,
L. Fu probabilities of the results of measurement, transformation theory,
equations of motion, and constants of motion. Symmetry in quantum
8.315[J] Mathematical Methods in Nanophotonics mechanics, representations of symmetry groups. Variational and
Same subject as 18.369[J] perturbation approximations. Systems of identical particles and
Prereq: 8.07, 18.303, or permission of instructor applications. Time-dependent perturbation theory. Scattering
Acad Year 2025-2026: Not oered theory: phase shis, Born approximation. The quantum theory of
Acad Year 2026-2027: G (Spring) radiation. Second quantization and many-body theory. Relativistic
3-0-9 units quantum mechanics of one electron.
H. Liu
See description under subject 18.369[J].
S. G. Johnson 8.322 Quantum Theory II
Prereq: 8.07 and 8.321
Acad Year 2025-2026: Not oered
Acad Year 2026-2027: G (Spring)
4-0-8 units
A two-term subject on quantum theory, stressing principles:
uncertainty relation, observables, eigenstates, eigenvalues,
probabilities of the results of measurement, transformation theory,
equations of motion, and constants of motion. Symmetry in quantum
mechanics, representations of symmetry groups. Variational and
perturbation approximations. Systems of identical particles and
applications. Time-dependent perturbation theory. Scattering
theory: phase shis, Born approximation. The quantum theory of
radiation. Second quantization and many-body theory. Relativistic
quantum mechanics of one electron.
S. Todadri
Department of Physics | 19
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
8.323 Relativistic Quantum Field Theory I 8.333 Statistical Mechanics I
Prereq: 8.321 Prereq: 8.044 and 8.05
G (Spring) G (Fall)
4-0-8 units 4-0-8 units
A one-term self-contained subject in quantum eld theory. Concepts First part of a two-subject sequence on statistical mechanics.
and basic techniques are developed through applications in Examines the laws of thermodynamics and the concepts of
elementary particle physics, and condensed matter physics. temperature, work, heat, and entropy. Postulates of classical
Topics: classical eld theory, symmetries, and Noether's theorem. statistical mechanics, microcanonical, canonical, and grand
Quantization of scalar elds, spin elds, and Gauge bosons. canonical distributions; applications to lattice vibrations, ideal
Feynman graphs, analytic properties of amplitudes and unitarity gas, photon gas. Quantum statistical mechanics; Fermi and Bose
of the S-matrix. Calculations in quantum electrodynamics (QED). systems. Interacting systems: cluster expansions, van der Waal's
Introduction to renormalization. gas, and mean-eld theory.
T. Slatyer M. Kardar
8.324 Relativistic Quantum Field Theory II 8.334 Statistical Mechanics II
Prereq: 8.322 and 8.323 Prereq: 8.333
G (Fall) G (Spring)
4-0-8 units 4-0-8 units
The second term of the quantum eld theory sequence. Develops Second part of a two-subject sequence on statistical mechanics.
in depth some of the topics discussed in 8.323 and introduces Explores topics from modern statistical mechanics: the
some advanced material. Topics: perturbation theory and Feynman hydrodynamic limit and classical eld theories. Phase transitions
diagrams, scattering theory, Quantum Electrodynamics, one loop and broken symmetries: universality, correlation functions,
renormalization, quantization of non-abelian gauge theories, the and scaling theory. The renormalization approach to collective
Standard Model of particle physics, other topics. phenomena. Dynamic critical behavior. Random systems.
T. Slatyer Sta
8.325 Relativistic Quantum Field Theory III 8.351[J] Classical Mechanics: A Computational Approach
Prereq: 8.324 Same subject as 6.5160J, 12.620[J]
G (Spring) Prereq: Physics I (GIR), 18.03, and permission of instructor
4-0-8 units G (Fall)
Not oered regularly; consult department
The third and last term of the quantum eld theory sequence. Its aim 3-3-6 units
is the proper theoretical discussion of the physics of the standard
model. Topics: quantum chromodynamics; Higgs phenomenon See description under subject 12.620[J].
and a description of the standard model; deep-inelastic scattering J. Wisdom, G. J. Sussman
and structure functions; basics of lattice gauge theory; operator
products and eective theories; detailed structure of the standard 8.370[J] Quantum Computation
model; spontaneously broken gauge theory and its quantization; Same subject as 2.111[J], 6.6410J, 18.435[J]
instantons and theta-vacua; topological defects; introduction to Prereq: 8.05, 18.06, 18.700, 18.701, or 18.C06[J]
supersymmetry. G (Fall)
W. Taylor 3-0-9 units
See description under subject 18.435[J].
I. Chuang, A. Harrow, P. Shor
20 | Department of Physics
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
8.371[J] Quantum Information Science 8.391 Pre-Thesis Research
Same subject as 6.6420J, 18.436[J] Prereq: Permission of instructor
Prereq: 18.435[J] G (Fall)
G (Spring) Units arranged [P/D/F]
3-0-9 units Can be repeated for credit.
Examines quantum computation and quantum information. Topics Advanced problems in any area of experimental or theoretical
include quantum circuits, the quantum Fourier transform and physics, with assigned reading and consultations.
search algorithms, the quantum operations formalism, quantum Sta
error correction, Calderbank-Shor-Steane and stabilizer codes,
fault tolerant quantum computation, quantum data compression, 8.392 Pre-Thesis Research
quantum entanglement, capacity of quantum channels, and quantum Prereq: Permission of instructor
cryptography and the proof of its security. Prior knowledge of G (Spring, Summer)
quantum mechanics required. Units arranged [P/D/F]
I. Chuang, A. Harrow Can be repeated for credit.
8.372[J] Quantum Information Science III Advanced problems in any area of experimental or theoretical
Same subject as 18.438[J] physics, with assigned reading and consultations.
Prereq: 8.371[J] Sta
Acad Year 2025-2026: G (Fall)
Acad Year 2026-2027: Not oered 8.395[J] Teaching College-Level Science and Engineering
3-0-9 units Same subject as 1.95[J], 5.95[J], 7.59[J], 18.094[J]
Subject meets with 2.978
Third subject in the Quantum Information Science (QIS) sequence, Prereq: None
building on 8.370[J] and 8.371[J]. Further explores core topics Acad Year 2025-2026: Not oered
in quantum information science, such as quantum information Acad Year 2026-2027: G (Fall)
theory, error-correction, physical implementations, algorithms, 2-0-2 units
cryptography, and complexity. Draws connections between QIS and
related elds, such as many-body physics, and applications such as See description under subject 5.95[J].
sensing. J. Rankin
A. Harrow
8.396[J] Leadership and Professional Strategies & Skills
8.375[J] Physics and Engineering of Superconducting Qubits Training (LEAPS), Part I: Advancing Your Professional Strategies
(New) and Skills
Same subject as 6.6450J Same subject as 5.961[J], 9.980[J], 12.396[J], 18.896[J]
Prereq: 6.6400 or 8.06 Prereq: None
Acad Year 2025-2026: Not oered G (Spring; second half of term)
Acad Year 2026-2027: G (Spring) 2-0-1 units
5-0-7 units Part I (of two parts) of the LEAPS graduate career development and
See description under subject 6.6450J. training series. Topics include: navigating and charting an academic
K. O'Brien, W. Oliver career with condence; convincing an audience with clear writing
and arguments; mastering public speaking and communications;
8.381, 8.382 Selected Topics in Theoretical Physics networking at conferences and building a brand; identifying
Prereq: Permission of instructor transferable skills; preparing for a successful job application
G (Fall, Spring) package and job interviews; understanding group dynamics and
Not oered regularly; consult department dierent leadership styles; leading a group or team with purpose
3-0-9 units and condence. Postdocs encouraged to attend as non-registered
participants. Limited to 80.
Topics of current interest in theoretical physics, varying from year to A. Frebel
year. Subject not routinely oered; given when sucient interest is
indicated.
Sta
Department of Physics | 21
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
8.397[J] Leadership and Professional Strategies & Skills Physics of Atoms, Radiation, Solids, Fluids, and Plasmas
Training (LEAPS), Part II: Developing Your Leadership
Competencies 8.421 Atomic and Optical Physics I
Same subject as 5.962[J], 9.981[J], 12.397[J], 18.897[J] Prereq: 8.05
Prereq: None G (Spring)
G (Spring; rst half of term) 3-0-9 units
2-0-1 units
The rst of a two-term subject sequence that provides the
Part II (of two parts) of the LEAPS graduate career development and foundations for contemporary research in selected areas of atomic
training series. Topics covered include gaining self awareness and and optical phsyics. The interaction of radiation with atoms:
awareness of others, and communicating with dierent personality resonance; absorption, stimulated and spontaneous emission;
types; learning about team building practices; strategies for methods of resonance, dressed atom formalism, masers and lasers,
recognizing and resolving conflict and bias; advocating for diversity cavity quantum electrodynamics; structure of simple atoms, behavior
and inclusion; becoming organizationally savvy; having the courage in very strong elds; fundamental tests: time reversal, parity
to be an ethical leader; coaching, mentoring, and developing others; violations, Bell's inequalities; and experimental methods.
championing, accepting, and implementing change. Postdocs M. Zwierlein
encouraged to attend as non-registered participants. Limited to 80.
D. Rigos 8.422 Atomic and Optical Physics II
Prereq: 8.05
8.398 Doctoral Seminar in Physics G (Fall)
Prereq: None 3-0-9 units
G (Fall, Spring)
1-0-2 units The second of a two-term subject sequence that provides the
Can be repeated for credit. foundations for contemporary research in selected areas of atomic
and optical physics. Non-classical states of light- squeezed states;
A seminar for rst-year PhD students presenting topics of current multi-photon processes, Raman scattering; coherence- level
interest, with content varying from year to year. Open only to rst- crossings, quantum beats, double resonance, superradiance;
year graduate students in Physics. trapping and cooling- light forces, laser cooling, atom optics,
Consult J. Thaler spectroscopy of trapped atoms and ions; atomic interactions-
classical collisions, quantum scattering theory, ultracold collisions;
8.399 Physics Teaching and experimental methods.
Prereq: Permission of instructor Sta
G (Fall, Spring)
Units arranged [P/D/F] 8.431[J] Nonlinear Optics
Can be repeated for credit. Same subject as 6.6340J
Prereq: 6.2300 or 8.03
For qualied graduate students interested in gaining some G (Spring)
experience in teaching. Laboratory, tutorial, or classroom teaching 3-0-9 units
under the supervision of a faculty member. Students selected by
interview. See description under subject 6.6340J.
Consult C. Paus J. G. Fujimoto
8.481, 8.482 Selected Topics in Physics of Atoms and Radiation
Prereq: 8.321
G (Fall, Spring)
Not oered regularly; consult department
3-0-9 units
Presentation of topics of current interest, with content varying from
year to year. Subject not routinely oered; given when sucient
interest is indicated.
Sta
22 | Department of Physics
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
8.511 Theory of Solids I 8.514 Strongly Correlated Systems in Condensed Matter Physics
Prereq: 8.231 Prereq: 8.322 and 8.333
G (Fall) Acad Year 2025-2026: G (Spring)
3-0-9 units Acad Year 2026-2027: Not oered
3-0-9 units
First term of a theoretical treatment of the physics of solids. Concept
of elementary excitations. Symmetry- translational, rotational, and Study of condensed matter systems where interactions between
time-reversal invariances- theory of representations. Energy bands- electrons play an important role. Topics vary depending on lecturer
electrons and phonons. Topological band theory. Survey of electronic but may include low-dimension magnetic and electronic systems,
structure of metals, semimetals, semiconductors, and insulators, disorder and quantum transport, magnetic impurities (the Kondo
excitons, critical points, response functions, and interactions in the problem), quantum spin systems, the Hubbard model and high-
electron gas. Theory of superconductivity. temperature superconductors. Topics are chosen to illustrate the
L. Levitov application of diagrammatic techniques, eld-theory approaches,
and renormalization group methods in condensed matter physics.
8.512 Theory of Solids II S. Todadri
Prereq: 8.511
G (Spring) 8.581, 8.582 Selected Topics in Condensed Matter Physics
3-0-9 units Prereq: Permission of instructor
G (Spring)
Second term of a theoretical treatment of the physics of solids. 3-0-9 units
Interacting electron gas: many-body formulation, Feynman Can be repeated for credit.
diagrams, random phase approximation and beyond. General
theory of linear response: dielectric function; sum rules; plasmons; Presentation of topics of current interest, with contents varying from
optical properties; applications to semiconductors, metals, and year to year. Subject not routinely oered; given when sucient
insulators. Transport properties: non-interacting electron gas interest is indicated.
with impurities, diusons. Quantum Hall eect: integral and Sta
fractional. Electron-phonon interaction: general theory, applications
to metals, semiconductors and insulators, polarons, and eld- 8.590[J] Topics in Biophysics and Physical Biology
theory description. Superconductivity: experimental observations, Same subject as 7.74[J], 20.416[J]
phenomenological theories, and BCS theory. Prereq: None
L. Levitov Acad Year 2025-2026: Not oered
Acad Year 2026-2027: G (Fall)
8.513 Many-Body Theory for Condensed Matter Systems 2-0-4 units
Prereq: 8.033, 8.05, 8.08, and 8.231
Acad Year 2025-2026: G (Fall) Provides broad exposure to research in biophysics and physical
Acad Year 2026-2027: Not oered biology, with emphasis on the critical evaluation of scientic
3-0-9 units literature. Weekly meetings include in-depth discussion of scientic
literature led by distinct faculty on active research topics. Each
Concepts and physical pictures behind various phenomena that session also includes brief discussion of non-research topics
appear in interacting many-body systems. Visualization occurs including eective presentation skills, writing papers and fellowship
through concentration on path integral, mean-eld theories and proposals, choosing scientic and technical research topics, time
semiclassical picture of fluctuations around mean-eld state. Topics management, and scientic ethics.
covered: interacting boson/fermion systems, Fermi liquid theory J. Gore, N. Fakhri
and bosonization, symmetry breaking and nonlinear sigma-model,
quantum gauge theory, quantum Hall theory, mean-eld theory
of spin liquids and quantum order, string-net condensation and
emergence of light and fermions.
X-G. Wen
Department of Physics | 23
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
8.591[J] Systems Biology 8.593[J] Biological Physics
Same subject as 7.81[J] Same subject as HST.450[J]
Subject meets with 7.32 Prereq: 8.044 recommended but not necessary
Prereq: (18.03 and 18.05) or permission of instructor G (Spring)
G (Fall) Not oered regularly; consult department
3-0-9 units 4-0-8 units
Introduction to cellular and population-level systems biology with Designed to provide seniors and rst-year graduate students with
an emphasis on synthetic biology, modeling of genetic networks, a quantitative, analytical understanding of selected biological
cell-cell interactions, and evolutionary dynamics. Cellular systems phenomena. Topics include experimental and theoretical basis
include genetic switches and oscillators, network motifs, genetic for the phase boundaries and equation of state of concentrated
network evolution, and cellular decision-making. Population- protein solutions, with application to diseases such as sickle
level systems include models of pattern formation, cell-cell cell anemia and cataract. Protein-ligand binding and linkage
communication, and evolutionary systems biology. Students taking and the theory of allosteric regulation of protein function, with
graduate version explore the subject in more depth. application to proteins as stores as transporters in respiration,
J. Gore enzymes in metabolic pathways, membrane receptors, regulators
of gene expression, and self-assembling scaolds. The physics of
8.592[J] Statistical Physics in Biology locomotion and chemoreception in bacteria and the biophysics of
Same subject as HST.452[J] vision, including the theory of transparency of the eye, molecular
Prereq: 8.333 or permission of instructor basis of photo reception, and the detection of light as a signal-to-
Acad Year 2025-2026: G (Fall) noise discrimination.
Acad Year 2026-2027: Not oered G. Benedek
3-0-9 units
8.613[J] Introduction to Plasma Physics I
A survey of problems at the interface of statistical physics and Same subject as 22.611[J]
modern biology: bioinformatic methods for extracting information Prereq: (6.2300 or 8.07) and (18.04 or Coreq: 18.075)
content of DNA; gene nding, sequence comparison, phylogenetic G (Fall)
trees. Physical interactions responsible for structure of biopolymers; 3-0-9 units
DNA double helix, secondary structure of RNA, elements of protein
folding. Considerations of force, motion, and packaging; protein See description under subject 22.611[J].
motors, membranes. Collective behavior of biological elements; N. Loureiro, I. Hutchinson
cellular networks, neural networks, and evolution.
M. Kardar, L. Mirny 8.614[J] Introduction to Plasma Physics II
Same subject as 22.612[J]
Prereq: 22.611[J]
G (Spring)
Not oered regularly; consult department
3-0-9 units
See description under subject 22.612[J].
N. Loureiro
24 | Department of Physics
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
8.624 Plasma Waves 8.642 Physics of High-Energy Plasmas II
Prereq: 22.611[J] Prereq: 22.611[J]
G (Spring) G (Fall)
Not oered regularly; consult department Not oered regularly; consult department
3-0-9 units 3-0-9 units
Comprehensive theory of electromagnetic waves in a magnetized Physics of High-Energy Plasmas I and II address basic concepts of
plasma. Wave propagation in cold and hot plasmas. Energy flow. plasmas, with temperatures of thermonuclear interest, relevant
Absorption by Landau and cyclotron damping and by transit time to fusion research and astrophysics. Microscopic transport
magnetic pumping (TTMP). Wave propagation in inhomogeneous processes due to interparticle collisions and collective modes (e.g.,
plasma: accessibility, WKB theory, mode conversion, connection microinstabilities). Relevant macroscopic transport coecients
formulae, and Budden tunneling. Applications to RF plasma heating, (electrical resistivity, thermal conductivities, particle "diusion").
wave propagation in the ionosphere and laser-plasma interactions. Runaway and slide-away regimes. Magnetic reconnection
Wave propagation in toroidal plasmas, and applications to ion processes and their relevance to experimental observations.
cyclotron (ICRF), electron cyclotron (ECRH), and lower hybrid (LHH) Radiation emission from inhomogeneous plasmas. Conditions for
wave heating. Quasi-linear theory and applications to RF current thermonuclear burning and ignition (D-T and "advanced" fusion
drive in tokamaks. Extensive discussion of relevant experimental reactions, plasmas with polarized nuclei). Role of "impurity" nuclei.
observations. "Finite-β" (pressure) regimes and ballooning modes. Convective
M. Porkolab modes in conguration and velocity space. Trapped particle regimes.
Nonlinear and explosive instabilities. Interaction of positive and
8.641 Physics of High-Energy Plasmas I negative energy modes. Each subject can be taken independently.
Prereq: 22.611[J] Sta
G (Fall)
Not oered regularly; consult department 8.670[J] Principles of Plasma Diagnostics
3-0-9 units Same subject as 22.67[J]
Prereq: 22.611[J]
Physics of High-Energy Plasmas I and II address basic concepts of Acad Year 2025-2026: Not oered
plasmas, with temperatures of thermonuclear interest, relevant Acad Year 2026-2027: G (Fall)
to fusion research and astrophysics. Microscopic transport 4-4-4 units
processes due to interparticle collisions and collective modes (e.g.,
microinstabilities). Relevant macroscopic transport coecients See description under subject 22.67[J].
(electrical resistivity, thermal conductivities, particle "diusion"). J. Hare, A. White
Runaway and slide-away regimes. Magnetic reconnection
processes and their relevance to experimental observations. 8.681, 8.682 Selected Topics in Fluid and Plasma Physics
Radiation emission from inhomogeneous plasmas. Conditions for Prereq: 22.611[J]
thermonuclear burning and ignition (D-T and "advanced" fusion G (Fall, Spring)
reactions, plasmas with polarized nuclei). Role of "impurity" nuclei. Not oered regularly; consult department
"Finite-β" (pressure) regimes and ballooning modes. Convective 3-0-9 units
modes in conguration and velocity space. Trapped particle regimes. Can be repeated for credit.
Nonlinear and explosive instabilities. Interaction of positive and
negative energy modes. Each subject can be taken independently. Presentation of topics of current interest, with content varying from
Sta year to year. Subject not routinely oered; given when interest is
indicated.
Consult M. Porkolab
Department of Physics | 25
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
Nuclear and Particle Physics 8.750[J] Symmetry and its Applications to Machine Learning
(New)
8.701 Introduction to Nuclear and Particle Physics Same subject as 6.7970J
Prereq: None. Coreq: 8.321 Prereq: 6.100A, 6.1210, and 18.C06[J]
G (Fall) G (Spring)
3-0-9 units 3-0-9 units
The phenomenology and experimental foundations of particle and See description under subject 6.7970J.
nuclear physics; the fundamental forces and particles, composites. T. Smidt
Interactions of particles with matter, and detectors. SU(2), SU(3),
models of mesons and baryons. QED, weak interactions, parity 8.751[J] Quantum Technology and Devices
violation, lepton-nucleon scattering, and structure functions. QCD, Same subject as 22.51[J]
gluon eld and color. W and Z elds, electro-weak unication, Subject meets with 22.022
the CKM matrix. Nucleon-nucleon interactions, properties of Prereq: 22.11
nuclei, single- and collective- particle models. Electron and hadron G (Fall)
interactions with nuclei. Relativistic heavy ion collisions, and 3-0-9 units
transition to quark-gluon plasma.
M. Williams See description under subject 22.51[J].
P. Cappellaro
8.711 Nuclear Physics
Prereq: 8.321 and 8.701 8.781, 8.782 Selected Topics in Nuclear Theory
G (Spring) Prereq: 8.323
3-0-9 units G (Fall, Spring)
Not oered regularly; consult department
Modern, advanced study in the experimental foundations and 3-0-9 units
theoretical understanding of the structure of nuclei, beginning with
the two- and three-nucleon problems. Basic nuclear properties, Presents topics of current interest in nuclear structure and reaction
collective and single-particle motion, giant resonances, mean theory, with content varying from year to year. Subject not routinely
eld models, interacting boson model. Nuclei far from stability, oered; given when sucient interest is indicated.
nuclear astrophysics, big-bang and stellar nucleosynthesis. Electron Consult E. Farhi
scattering: nucleon momentum distributions, scaling, olarization
observables. Parity-violating electron scattering. Neutrino physics. 8.811 Particle Physics
Current results in relativistic heavy ion physics and hadronic physics. Prereq: 8.701
Frontiers and future facilities. G (Fall)
R. Milner 3-0-9 units
Modern review of particles, interactions, and recent experiments.
8.712 Advanced Topics in Nuclear Physics Experimental and analytical methods. QED, electroweak theory,
Prereq: 8.711 or permission of instructor and the Standard Model as tested in recent key experiments at ee
G (Fall, Spring) and pp colliders. Mass generation, W, Z, and Higgs physics. Weak
Not oered regularly; consult department decays of mesons, including heavy flavors with QCD corrections.
3-0-9 units Mixing phenomena for K, D, B mesons and neutrinos. CP violation
Can be repeated for credit. with results from B-factories. Future physics expectations: Higgs,
Subject for experimentalists and theorists with rotation of the SUSY, sub-structure as addressed by new experiments at the LHC
following topics: (1) Nuclear chromodynamics-- introduction to QCD, collider.
structure of nucleons, lattice QCD, phases of hadronic matter; and L. Winslow
relativistic heavy ion collisions. (2) Medium-energy physics-- nuclear
and nucleon structure and dynamics studied with medium- and high-
energy probes (neutrinos, photons, electrons, nucleons, pions, and
kaons). Studies of weak and strong interactions.
Sta
26 | Department of Physics
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
8.812 Graduate Experimental Physics 8.851 Eective Field Theory
Prereq: 8.701 Prereq: 8.324
G (IAP) Acad Year 2025-2026: Not oered
Not oered regularly; consult department Acad Year 2026-2027: G (Spring)
1-8-3 units 3-0-9 units
Credit cannot also be received for 8.S851
Provides practical experience in particle detection with verication
by (Feynman) calculations. Students perform three experiments; Covers the framework and tools of eective eld theory, including:
at least one requires actual construction following design. Topics identifying degrees of freedom and symmetries; power counting
include Compton eect, Fermi constant in muon decay, particle expansions (dimensional and otherwise); eld redenitions, bottom-
identication by time-of-flight, Cerenkov light, calorimeter response, up and top-down eective theories; ne-tuned eective theories;
tunnel eect in radioactive decays, angular distribution of cosmic matching and Wilson coecients; reparameterization invariance;
rays, scattering, gamma-gamma nuclear correlations, and modern and advanced renormalization group techniques. Main examples are
particle localization. taken from particle and nuclear physics, including the So-Collinear
U. Becker Eective Theory.
I. Stewart
8.821 String Theory
Prereq: 8.324 8.871 Selected Topics in Theoretical Particle Physics
Acad Year 2025-2026: Not oered Prereq: 8.323
Acad Year 2026-2027: G (Fall) Acad Year 2025-2026: Not oered
3-0-9 units Acad Year 2026-2027: G (Spring)
Credit cannot also be received for 8.251 3-0-9 units
Can be repeated for credit.
An introduction to string theory. Basics of conformal eld theory;
light-cone and covariant quantization of the relativistic bosonic Presents topics of current interest in theoretical particle physics,
string; quantization and spectrum of supersymmetric 10-dimensional with content varying from year to year. Subject not routinely oered;
string theories; T-duality and D-branes; toroidal compactication given when sucient interest is indicated.
and orbifolds; 11-dimensional supergravity and M-theory. Meets with Sta
8.251 when oered concurrently.
H. Liu 8.872 Selected Topics in Theoretical Particle Physics
Prereq: 8.323
8.831 Supersymmetric Quantum Field Theories Acad Year 2025-2026: G (Fall)
Prereq: Permission of instructor Acad Year 2026-2027: Not oered
Acad Year 2025-2026: Not oered 3-0-9 units
Acad Year 2026-2027: G (Fall) Can be repeated for credit.
3-0-9 units
Can be repeated for credit. Presents topics of current interest in theoretical particle physics,
with content varying from year to year. Subject not routinely oered;
Topics selected from the following: SUSY algebras and their particle given when sucient interest is indicated.
representations; Weyl and Majorana spinors; Lagrangians of basic W. Taylor
four-dimensional SUSY theories, both rigid SUSY and supergravity;
supermultiplets of elds and superspace methods; renormalization 8.881, 8.882 Selected Topics in Experimental Particle Physics
properties, and the non-renormalization theorem; spontaneous Prereq: 8.811
breakdown of SUSY; and phenomenological SUSY theories. Some G (Fall, Spring)
prior knowledge of Noether's theorem, derivation and use of Not oered regularly; consult department
Feynman rules, l-loop renormalization, and gauge theories is 3-0-9 units
essential. Can be repeated for credit.
J. Thaler
Presents topics of current interest in experimental particle physics,
with content varying from year to year. Subject not routinely oered;
given when sucient interest is indicated.
Sta
Department of Physics | 27
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
Space Physics and Astrophysics 8.913 Plasma Astrophysics I
Prereq: Permission of instructor
8.901 Astrophysics I G (Fall)
Prereq: Permission of instructor Not oered regularly; consult department
G (Spring) 3-0-9 units
3-0-9 units
For students interested in space physics, astrophysics, and plasma
Size and time scales. Historical astronomy. Astronomical physics in general. Magnetospheres of rotating magnetized
instrumentation. Stars: spectra and classication. Stellar structure planets, ordinary stars, neutron stars, and black holes. Pulsar
equations and survey of stellar evolution. Stellar oscillations. models: processes for slowing down, particle acceleration, and
Degenerate and collapsed stars; radio pulsars. Interacting radiation emission; accreting plasmas and x-ray stars; stellar winds;
binary systems; accretion disks, x-ray sources. Gravitational heliosphere and solar wind- relevant magnetic eld conguration,
lenses; dark matter. Interstellar medium: HII regions, supernova measured particle distribution in velocity space and induced
remnants, molecular clouds, dust; radiative transfer; Jeans' mass; collective modes; stability of the current sheet and collisionless
star formation. High-energy astrophysics: Compton scattering, processes for magnetic reconnection; theory of collisionless shocks;
bremsstrahlung, synchrotron radiation, cosmic rays. Galactic stellar solitons; Ferroaro-Rosenbluth sheet; solar flare models; heating
distributions and populations; Oort constants; Oort limit; and processes of the solar corona; Earth's magnetosphere (auroral
globular clusters. phenomena and their interpretation, bowshock, magnetotail,
S. Hughes trapped particle eects); relationship between gravitational
(galactic) plasmas and electromagnetic plasmas. 8.913 deals with
8.902 Astrophysics II heliospheric, 8.914 with extra-heliospheric plasmas.
Prereq: 8.901 Sta
G (Fall)
3-0-9 units 8.914 Plasma Astrophysics II
Prereq: Permission of instructor
Galactic dynamics: potential theory, orbits, collisionless Boltzmann G (Spring)
equation, etc. Galaxy interactions. Groups and clusters; dark Not oered regularly; consult department
matter. Intergalactic medium; x-ray clusters. Active galactic nuclei: 3-0-9 units
unied models, black hole accretion, radio and optical jets, etc.
Homogeneity and isotropy, redshi, galaxy distance ladder. For students interested in space physics, astrophysics, and plasma
Newtonian cosmology. Roberston-Walker models and cosmography. physics in general. Magnetospheres of rotating magnetized
Early universe, primordial nucleosynthesis, recombination. Cosmic planets, ordinary stars, neutron stars, and black holes. Pulsar
microwave background radiation. Large-scale structure, galaxy models: processes for slowing down, particle acceleration, and
formation. radiation emission; accreting plasmas and x-ray stars; stellar winds;
M. McDonald heliosphere and solar wind- relevant magnetic eld conguration,
measured particle distribution in velocity space and induced
collective modes; stability of the current sheet and collisionless
processes for magnetic reconnection; theory of collisionless shocks;
solitons; Ferroaro-Rosenbluth sheet; solar flare models; heating
processes of the solar corona; Earth's magnetosphere (auroral
phenomena and their interpretation, bowshock, magnetotail,
trapped particle eects); relationship between gravitational
(galactic) plasmas and electromagnetic plasmas. 8.913 deals with
heliospheric, 8.914 with extra-heliospheric plasmas.
B. Coppi
28 | Department of Physics
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
8.921 Stellar Structure and Evolution 8.962 General Relativity
Prereq: Permission of instructor Prereq: 8.07, 18.03, and 18.06
G (Spring) G (Spring)
Not oered regularly; consult department 4-0-8 units
3-0-9 units
The basic principles of Einstein's general theory of relativity,
Observable stellar characteristics; overview of observational dierential geometry, experimental tests of general relativity, black
information. Principles underlying calculations of stellar structure. holes, and cosmology.
Physical processes in stellar interiors; properties of matter and A. Guth
radiation; radiative, conductive, and convective heat transport;
nuclear energy generation; nucleosynthesis; and neutrino emission. 8.971 Astrophysics Seminar
Protostars; the main sequence, and the solar neutrino flux; advanced Prereq: Permission of instructor
evolutionary stages; variable stars; planetary nebulae, supernovae, G (Fall, Spring)
white dwarfs, and neutron stars; close binary systems; and Not oered regularly; consult department
abundance of chemical elements. 2-0-4 units
Sta Can be repeated for credit.
8.942 Cosmology Advanced seminar on current topics, with a dierent focus each
Prereq: Permission of instructor term. Typical topics: astronomical instrumentation, numerical and
Acad Year 2025-2026: Not oered statistical methods in astrophysics, gravitational lenses, neutron
Acad Year 2026-2027: G (Fall) stars and pulsars.
3-0-9 units Consult D. Chakrabarty
Thermal backgrounds in space. Cosmological principle and its 8.972 Astrophysics Seminar
consequences: Newtonian cosmology and types of "universes"; Prereq: Permission of instructor
survey of relativistic cosmology; horizons. Overview of evolution in G (Fall, Spring)
cosmology; radiation and element synthesis; physical models of Not oered regularly; consult department
the "early stages." Formation of large-scale structure to variability 2-0-4 units
of physical laws. First and last states. Some knowledge of relativity Can be repeated for credit.
expected. 8.962 recommended though not required.
K. Masui Advanced seminar on current topics, with a dierent focus each term.
Typical topics: gravitational lenses, active galactic nuclei, neutron
8.952 Particle Physics of the Early Universe stars and pulsars, galaxy formation, supernovae and supernova
Prereq: 8.323; Coreq: 8.324 remnants, brown dwarfs, and extrasolar planetary systems. The
G (Spring) presenter at each session is selected by drawing names from a hat
Not oered regularly; consult department containing those of all attendees. Oered if sucient interest is
3-0-9 units indicated.
Consult D. Chakrabarty
Basics of general relativity, standard big bang cosmology,
thermodynamics of the early universe, cosmic background radiation, 8.981, 8.982 Selected Topics in Astrophysics
primordial nucleosynthesis, basics of the standard model of particle Prereq: Permission of instructor
physics, electroweak and QCD phase transition, basics of group G (Spring)
theory, grand unied theories, baryon asymmetry, monopoles, Not oered regularly; consult department
cosmic strings, domain walls, axions, inflationary universe, and 3-0-9 units
structure formation. Can be repeated for credit.
A. Guth
Topics of current interest, varying from year to year. Subject not
routinely oered; given when sucient interest is indicated.
Consult D. Chakrabarty
Department of Physics | 29
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
8.995 Practical Experience in Physics 8.S308 Special Subject: Physics
Prereq: None Prereq: None
G (Fall, IAP, Spring, Summer) G (IAP)
Units arranged [P/D/F] Not oered regularly; consult department
Can be repeated for credit. Units arranged
For Course 8 students participating in o-campus experiences in Opportunity for group study of subjects in physics not otherwise
physics. Before registering for this subject, students must have an included in the curriculum.
internship oer from a company or organization, must identify a J. Tailleur
Physics advisor, and must receive prior approval from the Physics
Department. Upon completion of the project, student must submit 8.S372 Special Subject: Physics
a letter from the company or organization describing the work Prereq: None
accomplished, along with a substantive nal report from the student G (Spring)
approved by the MIT advisor. Consult departmental academic oce. Not oered regularly; consult department
Consult L. Winslow 3-0-9 units
8.998 Teaching and Mentoring MIT Students Covers topics in Physics that are not oered in the regular
Prereq: None curriculum.
U (Fall, Spring) A. Harrow
2-0-1 units
8.S373 Special Subject: Physics
Designed for rst-time physics mentors and others interested in Prereq: None
improving their knowledge and skills in teaching one-on-one and G (Spring)
in small groups, particularly TEAL TAs and graduate student TAs. Not oered regularly; consult department
Topics include: cognition, metacognition, and the role of aect; 3-0-9 units
communication skills (practice listening, questioning, and eliciting
student ideas); the roles of motivation and mindset in learning; Covers topics in Physics that are not oered in the regular
fostering belonging and self-ecacy through peer mentorship; curriculum.
facilitating small-group interactions to enhance peer instruction S. Choi
and learning; physics-specic learning strategies, such as how to
teach/learn problem solving; research-based techniques for eective 8.S421 Special Subject: Physics
mentorship in STEM. Includes a one-hour class on pedagogy Prereq: Permission of instructor
topics, a one-hour weekly Physics Mentoring Community of Practice G (Spring)
meeting, and weekly assignments to read or watch material in Not oered regularly; consult department
preparation for class discussions, and written reflections before Units arranged
class. Can be repeated for credit.
E. Bertschinger Opportunity for group study of subjects in physics not otherwise
included in the curriculum.
8.S301 Special Subject: Physics W. Ketterle
Prereq: Permission of instructor
G (Spring) 8.S50 Special Subject: Physics
Not oered regularly; consult department Prereq: None
Units arranged U (IAP)
Covers topics in Physics that are not oered in the regular Not oered regularly; consult department
curriculum. Limited enrollment; preference to Physics graduate Units arranged [P/D/F]
students. Can be repeated for credit.
Sta Opportunity for group study of subjects in physics not otherwise
included in the curriculum.
E. Bertschinger
30 | Department of Physics
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
8.S998 Special Subject: Physics
Prereq: None
U (Fall, Spring)
Not oered regularly; consult department
Units arranged [P/D/F]
Opportunity for group study of subjects in physics not otherwise
included in the curriculum.
Sta
[Link] Graduate Physics Thesis
Prereq: Permission of instructor
G (Fall, IAP, Spring, Summer)
Units arranged
Can be repeated for credit.
Program of research leading to the writing of an SM, PhD, or ScD
thesis; to be arranged by the student and an appropriate MIT faculty
member.
Consult I. Stewart
Department of Physics | 31
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