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A2 Inheritance Detailed

This document provides a detailed summary of key concepts in inheritance for A2 Biology, including definitions of essential terms, monohybrid and dihybrid inheritance patterns, linkage, crossing over, sex linkage, epistasis, polygenic inheritance, mutation types, genetic technology, selection methods, Hardy-Weinberg principle, and pedigree analysis. It also includes exam tips for effectively presenting genetic crosses and identifying patterns. Overall, it serves as a comprehensive guide for understanding inheritance in genetics.

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7 views4 pages

A2 Inheritance Detailed

This document provides a detailed summary of key concepts in inheritance for A2 Biology, including definitions of essential terms, monohybrid and dihybrid inheritance patterns, linkage, crossing over, sex linkage, epistasis, polygenic inheritance, mutation types, genetic technology, selection methods, Hardy-Weinberg principle, and pedigree analysis. It also includes exam tips for effectively presenting genetic crosses and identifying patterns. Overall, it serves as a comprehensive guide for understanding inheritance in genetics.

Uploaded by

ineza carla
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

A2 BIOLOGY (CIE) – INHERITANCE (DETAILED EXAM SUMMARY)

1. KEY TERMS (MUST MEMORISE)

Gene: length of DNA coding for a polypeptide.

Allele: alternative form of a gene.

Locus: position of gene on chromosome.

Homozygous: identical alleles.

Heterozygous: different alleles.

Dominant: expressed in heterozygote.

Recessive: only expressed when homozygous.

Codominance: both alleles expressed.

Multiple alleles: more than two alleles exist in population.

2. MONOHYBRID INHERITANCE

- One gene involved.

- Use Punnett squares.

- Phenotypic ratio: 3:1

- Genotypic ratio: 1:2:1

- Test cross: determines unknown genotype using homozygous recessive.

3. DIHYBRID INHERITANCE

- Two genes inherited independently.

- Law of independent assortment.

- Phenotypic ratio: 9:3:3:1

- Only applies if genes are unlinked.

4. LINKAGE

- Genes on same chromosome.

- Inherited together.

- Do not follow independent assortment.

- Produce fewer phenotypes than expected.

5. CROSSING OVER

- Occurs in prophase I of meiosis.

- Exchange of DNA between homologous chromosomes.

- Produces recombinant gametes.

- Increases genetic variation.


6. SEX LINKAGE

- Genes located on X chromosome.

- Males (XY) more affected.

- Females (XX) can be carriers.

- Examples: haemophilia, red-green colour blindness.

7. EPISTASIS

- One gene masks another gene.

- Changes expected ratios.

- Example: 9:3:4 ratio.

8. POLYGENIC INHERITANCE

- Many genes control one trait.

- Leads to continuous variation.

- Example: height, skin colour.

- Produces normal distribution curve.

9. MUTATION

- Change in DNA sequence.

Types:

- Substitution

- Insertion

- Deletion

Chromosome mutations:

- Duplication

- Deletion

- Translocation

Causes:

- Ionising radiation

- Chemicals

- Errors in DNA replication

10. GENETIC TECHNOLOGY

PCR:

- Amplifies DNA.

- Uses Taq polymerase.


Gel electrophoresis:

- Separates DNA by size.

DNA profiling:

- Uses VNTRs to identify individuals.

11. SELECTION

Natural selection:

- Variation exists.

- Selection pressure.

- Survival of best adapted.

Artificial selection:

- Humans select traits.

12. HARDY-WEINBERG PRINCIPLE

- Used to calculate allele frequencies.

Equation:

p² + 2pq + q² = 1

p+q=1

Conditions:

- Large population

- No mutation

- No migration

- No selection

- Random mating

13. PEDIGREE ANALYSIS

- Used to track inheritance.

- Identify dominant/recessive patterns.

- Identify carriers.

EXAM TIPS

- Always show genetic crosses clearly.

- Use correct symbols.

- State ratios clearly.

- Identify if genes are linked or unlinked.

- Learn standard ratios and exceptions.

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