SectionB Group2
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sarfuddinTable of contents
Introduction Experimental Data
01 04
Apparatus Analysis & Calculation
02 05
Procedure & Figure Discussion
03 06
Introduction to heat transfer
The mechanical equivalent of heat (J) is the number of
joules of electrical energy (W) required to generate one
calorie of heat (Q). Here,
W δQ
Or, J= Vit / Q
If the potential difference across a conducting coil is (1)
volts, and (i) ampere current flows in time (1) seconds,
then the electrical energy is (Vit). If the energy is
completely converted to heat, then we get equation 1.
If the developed heat is measured using a calorimeter, then
the temperature of the calorimeter with its contents will
Unformatted Eq
rise from T₁ °C to T₂°C. Then the heat absorbed by the
calorimeter and its contents is given by equation 2. writeup
Q = (m₁S₁ + m2S2 + m3S3) (T2-T1) …...............(2)
Where,
m₁= mass of the calorimeter
m2= mass of the water
m3= mass of the stirrer
S₁= specific heat of calorimeter
S2 specific heat of water
S3 specific heat of the stirrer
ΔΤ=(Τ2 – Τ₁)
From equation (1) and (2) we get,
J =Vit /(m₁S1+m2S2 + m3S3)…............. (3)
Apparatuses
• Joules calorimeter with heating coil A chamber having
two walls
• Thermometer
• Rheostat
• Switch
• Stop watch
• A liquid of known specific heat
• Voltmeter
• Ammeter
• Weight box
• Balance
• Connecting wires
Figure: (Determine the value of J)
Raw figure
Irrelevant Procedure
Hot fluid 1. The connections as shown in figure 1 were first made.
The calorimeter was cleaned and weighed. Some liquid
(water) was poured inside the calorimeter and weighed
again. The mass of the liquid (water) was found as the
difference of the two weights.
Convection 2. A heating-coil was put inside the calorimeter which was
current dipped completely inside the liquid. A thermometer was
inserted inside the calorimeter with the bulb near the
middle region of the water, but it was made sure the coil
never touched the bulb. The calorimeter was finally put
inside the double walled chamber.
Cold fluid
3. The circuit was closed temporarily for adjusting the current to about 2 amperes.
Simultaneous, the stop watch and the current supply were started along with
stirring of the liquid. The current, voltage and temperature were recorded at an
interval of one minute. The initial temperature of liquid 7 °C was recorded.
4; After the temperature had risen to 7 °C, the current was stopped, and the time was
recorded, But the stopwatch was allowed to run. The temperature had further risen.
The time between the maximum rise of temperature T₁ °C and the start of the
stopwatch was recorded. The liquid was again stirred.
5. The calorimeter was then allowed to cool for the same amount of time that it was
heated for and the temperature at the end was noted. The actual loss in heat by
radiation during the heating process was half of the fall in temperature. The
observed loss was added to the maximum recorded temperature (72) and the
maximum temperature of the liquid was found.
Experimental Data
Analysis & Calcultion
Mass of the calorimeter, m₁ = 78.5 gm
Mass of the stirrer, m₂ = 10 gm
Mass of the calorimeter and water, m = 272 gm
Mass of water, m₃ = m-m₁ = 193.5 gm
Specific heat of calorimeter, S₁ = 0.0909 caigm-
1°c-1
Specific heat of stirrer, S₂= 0.2096 calgm-1°C-1
Specific heat of the contents in the
calorimeter, S3= 1 calgm-1°C-1
Calcultion Results:
Initial temperature of calorimeter with its contents, θ₁ = 29 °C
Final temperature of calorimeter with its contents, 02 = 37℃
Rise of temperature, Δθ' = 8°C
Temperature after falling to same length of time, θ2' =35.7°C
Radiation correction, θr = 0.65 °C
Corrected rise of temperature, delθ = 8.65°C
Time during which the current is passed, t = 13min = 780 sec
Mean current during the interval, i = 1.759 amp
Mean voltage during the interval, V = 6.5 volts
Percentage differcence =24.09%
J= 5.086 Jcal-1
Discussion :
1. The experiment was conducted
for determination of the value of the
mechanical equivalent of heat.
2. The result found fore mechanical equivalent
of heat = 5.086 J/cal
3. The error rate shows that the experimental
value of d is 24.09% higher than the known
value.
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References: Fundamental of physics: Resnick & Halliday
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