1 [UNIT − 5] Partial Fractions

Unit 5
PARTIAL FRACTIONS
Partial Fractions
When a single rational fraction is expressed as a sum of two or more single rational
fractions, such fractions are called Partial Fractions.
Partial Fractions Resolution
Expressing a rational fraction as a sum of partial fractions is called partial fraction
resolution.
Equation
An open sentence formed by using the ‘=’ is called an equation.
Conditional Equation
An equation in which two algebraic expressions are equal for particular values of
the variable. e.g.
3
(i) 2x = 3 is a conditional equation which is true only if x = .
2
(ii) x 2 + x − 6 = 0 is a conditional equation which is true only if x = 2 and x = −3 .
Identity
An equation which holds good for all values of the variable. e.g.
(i) ( a + b ) x = ax + bx is an identity which is true for all values of x.

(ii) ( x + 3)( x + 4) = x2 + 7 x + 12 is also an identity which is true for all values of x.

Rational Fraction
P ( x)
The quotient of two polynomials , where Q ( x )  0 is called a Rational Fraction.
Q ( x)
 2 [UNIT − 5] Partial Fractions

Proper Rational Fraction

P ( x)
A rational fraction is called proper rational fraction if degree of P ( x ) is less
Q ( x)
3 9x2
than degree of Q ( x ) . For example and 3 .
x +1 x −1
Improper Rational Fraction
P ( x)
A rational fraction is called improper rational fraction if degree of P ( x ) is
Q ( x)
greater than or equal to degree of Q ( x ) .

For example
x
,
( x − 2 )( x + 1) and x3 − x 2 + x + 1 .
2 x − 3 ( x − 1)( x + 4 ) x2 + 5
 3 [UNIT − 5] Partial Fractions

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Expressing a rational fraction as a sum of two or more fractions is called:
(a) Partial Fractions (b) Partial Fraction Resolution
(c) Rational Fraction (d) None of these
2. The fractions obtained from a single rational fraction are called:
(a) Partial Fractions (b) Improper Fractions
(c) Rational Fraction (d) None of these
3. To resolve a combined fraction into its parts is called:
(a) Partial Fraction (b) Combined Fraction
(c) Rational Fraction (d) None of these
4. An open sentence formed by using the sign of equality “=” is called:
(a) Equation (b) Fraction (c) Proper Fraction (d) None of these
5. An equation in which two algebraic expressions are equal for particular values of
variable is called:
(a) Identity (b) Conditional Equation
(c) Fraction (d) All of these
6. An equation which holds good for all values of the variable is called:
(a) Identity (b) Conditional Equation
(c) Equation (d) None of these
7. ( x + 4)( x + 3) = x2 + 7 x + 12 is:
(a) Equation (b) Conditional Equation
(c) Identity (d) None of these
8. x2 − x − 2 = ( x + 1)( x − 2) is:
(a) Quadratic Equation (b) Conditional Equation
(c) Linear Equation (d) Identity
9. ( x − 1)2 = x2 − 2 x + 1 is:
(a) Equation (b) Conditional Equation
(c) Identity (d) Fraction
10. (a + b)x = ax + bx is called:
(a) Identity (b) Equation (c) Conditional (d) Fraction
11. x + x − 6 = 0 is :
2

(a) Identity (b) Conditional Equation (c) Cubic Equation (d) None of these
 4 [UNIT − 5] Partial Fractions

12. The conditional equation 3x = 8 is true only if x is equal to:

8 2 1
(a) 3 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 2
13. Conditional equation 3x − 1 = 0, is true only if:
1 1
(a) x = 3 (b) x = −3 (c) x = 3 (d) x=−3
x −1
14. The conditional equation = 2 , holds if x is equal to:
3
(a) 8 (b) 7 (c) 5 (d) 6
15. An identity ( x + 4 )( x + 3) = x + 7 x + 12 is true for:
2

(a) two values of x (b) one value of x

(c) all values of x (d) None of these
P ( x)
16. The quotient of two polynomials where Q ( x )  0 , with no common factors is
Q ( x)
called:
(a) Identity (b) Equation (c) Rational Fraction (d) Algebraic relation
17. The number of types of rational fractions is:
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) Infinite
18. A fraction in which the degree of the numerator is less than the degree of the
denominator is called:
(a) Proper fraction (b) Improper fraction
(c) Identity (d) None of these
P ( x)
19. The rational fraction is proper if:
Q ( x)
(a) Degree of P ( x ) = Degree of Q ( x ) (b) Degree of P ( x ) < Degree of Q ( x )
(c) Degree of P ( x ) > Degree of Q ( x ) (d) None of these
x3 + 1
20. Q(x) will be proper fraction if degree of Q(x) =
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 1
P ( x)
21. is proper fraction if degree of polynomial P(x) is:
x2 + 1
(a) 2 (b) 11 (c) Less than 2 (d) Greater than 2
22. A fraction in which the degree of the numerator is greater than or equal to the
degree of the denominator is called:
(a) Proper fraction (b) Improper fraction
(c) Equation (d) Algebraic relation
 5 [UNIT − 5] Partial Fractions

P(x)
23. A fraction Q(x) in which degree of P(x) = degree of Q(x) is called:
(a) Proper fraction (b) Improper fraction
(c) Common fraction (d) None of these
x +x−1
2
24. q(x) will be improper fraction:
(a) Degree of q(x) = 2 (b) Degree of q(x) = 3
(c) Degree of q(x) = 4 (d) Degree of q(x) = 5
3x + 1
2
25. is:
x−2
(a) Proper fraction (b) Improper fraction
(c) Equation (d) Identity
3x − 1
2
26. The type of rational fraction is:
x−2
(a) Proper (b) Improper (c) Polynomial (d) Identity
x +1
3
27. is:
( x − 1)( x + 2 )
(a) Proper fraction (b) Relation
(c) Equation (d) Improper fraction
x2
28. is:
1 − x2
(a) Proper fraction (b) Improper fraction
(c) Equation (d) Decimal
x4
29. is:
1 − x4
(a) Proper fraction (b) Improper fraction
(c) Equation (d) Identity
x3 + 1
30. is:
(x − 1)(x + 2)
(a) Proper fraction (b) Improper fraction
(c) Identity (d) Mixed fraction
2 x2 + 5
31. The fraction is:
x−3
(a) Proper fraction (b) Improper fraction
(c) Irrational fraction (d) None of these
 6 [UNIT − 5] Partial Fractions

13
32. 3x + 6 + is
x−2
(a) Proper fraction (b) Improper fraction
(c) Mixed Form (d) Identity
33. An improper rational fraction can be reduced to a mixed form by:
(a) Addition (b) Multiplication (c) Factorization (d) Division
3
34. The fraction x + 1 is:
(a) Proper fraction (b) Improper fraction
(c) Common fraction (d) Irrational fraction
35. An improper fraction can be reduced to proper fraction by:
(a) Addition (b) Subtraction (c) Multiplication (d) Division
P ( x)
36. Cases of resolution of a rational fraction in to partial fraction are:
Q ( x)
(a) Two (b) Three (c) Four (d) Five
1
37. Partial fraction of 2 will be of the form:
x −1
Ax + B A B A B
(a) (b) + (c) (d)
x2 − 1 x +1 x −1 x +1 x −1
x
38. Partial fraction of is equivalent to:
( x − 1)( x + 2 )
A B A B 1 1
(a) + (b) 1 + + (c) (d)
x −1 x + 2 x −1 x + 2 x −1 x+2
x +1
39. Partial fraction of is equivalent to:
( x − 1)( x − 2 )
A B A B Ax + B C A Bx + C
(a) + (b) + (c) + (d) +
x −1 x + 2 x −1 x − 2 x −1 x−2 x −1 x − 2
( x − a )( x − b )=
40.
( x − c )( x − d )
A B A B A B A B
(a) + (b) 1 + + (c) + (d) 1 + +
x−c x−d x−c x−d x −a x −b x −a x −b
x2
41. Partial fraction of will be of the form:
(x − a)(x − b)
A B A B
(a) + (b) −
x−a x−b x−a x−b
A B A Bx − C
(c) 1 + + (d) +
x−a x−b x−a x−b
 7 [UNIT − 5] Partial Fractions

7 x 2 + 25
42. Partial fraction of will be of the form:
( x + 3)( x + 4 )
A B A B A B
(a) + (b) 1 + + (c) 7 + + (d) None of these
x+3 x+4 x+3 x+4 x+3 x+4
(x − 1)(x − 3)(x − 5)
43. Partial fraction of will be of the form:
(x − 2)(x − 4)(x − 6)
A B C A B
(a) + + (b) +
x−2 x−4 x−6 (x − 2)(x − 4) (x − 4)(x − 4)
A B C A Bx + C
(c) 1 + + + (d) +
x−2 x−4 x−6 x − 2 (x − 4)(x − 6)
x2 + 6
44. Resolution of into partial fraction is of the form:
( x + 2 )( x + 3)
A B A B
(a) + (b) 1 + +
x+2 x+3 x+2 x+3
Ax + B C
(c) + (d) None of these
x+2 x+3
1
45. Partial fraction of are:
x ( x + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2
(a) − (b) + (c) + (d) −
x x +1 x x +1 x x +1 x x +1
5x
46. Partial fraction of will be of the form:
( x + 1) ( x − 1)
2

A B A B C
(a) + (b) + +
( x + 1) x −1 x + 1 ( x + 1) x −1
2 2

A B C A Bx + C
(c) 1 + + + (d) +
x + 1 ( x + 1) 2
x −1 x − 1 ( x + 1)2
1
47. Partial fraction of will be of the form:
( x + 1) ( x 2 − 1)
A Bx + C A B C
(a) + 2 (b) + +
x +1 x −1 x +1 x −1 x +1
A Bx − C
(c) + 2 (d) A + B
+
C
x +1 x −1 x +1 ( x + 1)
2
x −1
 8 [UNIT − 5] Partial Fractions

1
48. Partial fraction of will be of the form:
( x − 1) ( x + 1)
2

A B A B C
(a) + (b) + +
( x − 1) x +1 x − 1 ( x − 1)2 x + 1
2

A Bx − C
(c) + (d) None of these
x + 1 ( x − 1)2
x2 + x −1
49. Partial fraction of will be of the form:
( x + 2)
3

A A B C
(a) (b) + +
( x + 2) x + 2 ( x + 2 ) ( x + 2 )3
3 2

Ax + B
(c) (d) None of these
( x + 2)
3

9x − 7
50. Partial fraction of will be of the form:
( x + 1) ( x + 3)
2

A B Ax + B C
(a) + (b) +
x +1 x + 3
2
x +1 x + 3
2

A B
(c) 2 (d)
x +1 x+3
1 A
51. 2
(x + 1)(x + 1) = x + 1 + 
B Bx Bx + C B+C
(a) x2 + 1 (b) x2 + 1 (c) x2 + 1 (d) x2 + 1
1
52. Partial fraction of will be of the form:
x +1
3

A B A B
(a) + (b) +
x − 1 x2 − x + 1 x + 1 x2 − x + 1
Ax + B A Bx + C
(c) 3 (d) + 2
x +1 x +1 x − x +1
x2 + 1
53. Partial fraction of will be of the form:
x3 + 1
A B A B
(a) + (b) +
x − 1 x2 + x + 1 x + 1 x2 + x + 1
A B A Bx + C
(c) + 2 (d) + 2
x +1 x − x +1 x +1 x − x +1
 9 [UNIT − 5] Partial Fractions

x2 A B
54. = + + _______
( x −1) ( x + 1) x −1 x + 1
2

C C C x +1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
x +1 x −1 ( x + 1) x2 + 1
2

x+5
55. Partial fraction of will be of the form:
( x − 1) ( x 2 + 1)
A B A Bx + C
(a) + (b) +
x − 1 x2 + 1 x − 1 x2 + 1
A Bx
(c) + 2 (d) None of these
x +1 x +1
________________________________________________________________
 10 [UNIT − 5] Partial Fractions

ANSWERS
(1) b (2) a (3) a (4) a (5) b

(6) a (7) c (8) d (9) c (10) a

(11) b (12) a (13) c (14) b (15) c

(16) c (17) b (18) a (19) b (20) a

(21) c (22) b (23) b (24) a (25) b

(26) b (27) d (28) b (29) b (30) b

(31) b (32) c (33) d (34) a (35) d

(36) c (37) b (38) a (39) b (40) b

(41) c (42) c (43) c (44) b (45) a

(46) b (47) d (48) b (49) b (50) b

(51) c (52) d (53) d (54) c (55) b

 11 [UNIT − 5] Partial Fractions

SOLUTIONS
1. (b) Partial Fraction Resolution
2. (a) Partial Fractions
3. (a) Partial Fraction
4. (a) Equation
5. (b) Conditional Equation
6. (a) Identity
7. (c) Identity
8. (d) Identity
9. (c) Identity
10. (a) Identity
11. (b) Conditional Equation
8
12. (a) 3x = 8  x =
3
1
13. (c) 3x − 1 = 0  3x = 1  x =
3
x −1
14. (b) = 2  x −1 = 6  x = 7
3
15. (c) all values of x
16. (c) Rational Fraction
17. (b) 2
18. (a) Proper fraction
19. (b) Degree of P ( x ) < Degree of Q ( x )
x3 + 1
20. (a) will be proper fraction if degree of Q ( x ) = 4
Q ( x)
P ( x)
21. (c) will be proper fraction if degree of P ( x ) is less than 2.
x2 + 1
22. (b) Improper fraction
23. (b) Improper fraction
x2 + x − 1
24. (a) q(x) will be improper fraction if degree of q(x) = 2
25. (b) Improper fraction
26. (b) Improper
27. (d) Improper fraction
28. (b) Improper fraction
29. (b) Improper fraction
30. (b) Improper fraction
 12 [UNIT − 5] Partial Fractions

31. (b) Improper fraction

32. (c) Mixed Form
33. (d) Division
34. (a) proper fraction
35. (d) Division
36. (c) Four
1 1 A B
37. (b) = = +
x − 1 ( x + 1)( x − 1) x + 1 x − 1
2

x A B
38. (a) = +
( x − 1)( x + 2 ) x −1 x + 2
x +1 A B
39. (b) = +
( x − 1)( x − 2 ) x − 1 x − 2
( x − a )( x − b ) = A B
40. (b) 1+ +
( x − c )( x − d ) x−c x−d
x2 A B
41. (c) =1 + +
(x − a)(x − b) x−a x−b
7 x 2 + 25 7 x 2 + 25 −49 x − 59 A B
42. (c) = 2 =7+ =7+ +
( x + 3)( x + 4) x + 7 x + 12 ( x + 3)( x + 4 ) x+3 x+4
(x − 1)(x − 3)(x − 5) A B C
43. (c) =1+ + +
(x − 2)(x − 4)(x − 6) x−2 x−4 x−6
x2 + 6 x2 + 6 −5 x A B
44. (b) = 2 =1+ =1+ +
( x + 2)( x + 3) x + 5x + 6 ( x + 2 )( x + 3) x+2 x+3
1 A B
45. (a) = +  1 = A ( x + 1) + Bx
x ( x + 1) x x + 1
Put x = 0  1 = A ( 0 + 1)  A = 1
1 1 1
Put x = −1  1 = B ( −1)  B = −1 , So = −
x ( x + 1) x x + 1
5x A B C
46. (b) = + +
( x + 1) ( x − 1) x + 1 ( x + 1) x −1
2 2

1 1 1 A B C
47. (d) = = = + +
( x + 1) ( x 2
− 1) ( x + 1)( x + 1)( x − 1) ( x + 1) ( x − 1) x + 1 ( x + 1) x − 1
2 2

1 A B C
48. (b) = + +
( x − 1) ( x + 1) x − 1 ( x − 1) x +1
2 2

x2 + x − 1 A B C
49. (b) = + +
( x + 2) x + 2 ( x + 2 ) ( x + 2 )3
3 2
 13 [UNIT − 5] Partial Fractions

9x − 7 Ax + B C
50. (b) = 2 +
( x + 1) ( x + 3) x + 1 x + 3
2

1 A Bx + C
51. (c) = + 2
( x + 1) ( x + 1) x + 1 x + 1
2

1 1 A Bx + C
52. (d) = = + 2
x + 1 ( x + 1) ( x − x + 1) x + 1 x − x + 1
3 2

x2 + 1 x2 + 1 A Bx + C
53. (d) = = +
x3 + 1 ( x + 1) ( x 2 − x + 1) x + 1 x 2 − x + 1
x2 x2 A B C
54. (c) = = + +
( x −1) ( x + 1) ( x − 1)( x + 1) x − 1 x + 1 ( x + 1)2
2 2

x+5 A Bx + C
55. (b) = + 2
( x − 1) ( x + 1) x − 1 x + 1
2