Engineering Mathematics 214 Ingenieurswiskunde 214
Tutorial 8 Tutoriaal 8
1. Determine whether the following sets W forms a subspace of the given vector spaces V under the
standard operations.
Bepaal of die volgende versamelinge W ’n deelversameling van die gegewe vektorruimtes V onder die
standaard operasies vorm.
(a) V = R3 , W = (a, b, c) ∈ R3 | a + b + c ≥ 0
(b) V = P3 , W = {p ∈ P3 | deg(p) = 2}
(c) V = P4 , W = {p ∈ P4 | p is divisible by (x + 2) / p is deelbaar deur (x + 2)}
(d) V = C(−∞, ∞), W = {f ∈ C(−∞, ∞) | f is even/ewe},
(e) V = M3×3 , W = A ∈ M3×3 | AT = A , where M3×3 is the vector space of all 3 × 3
matrices / waar M3×3 die vektorruimte van alle 3 × 3 matrikse is.
(f) V = R3 , W = (x, y, z) ∈ R3 | ax + by + cz = 0}, where a, b, c are fixed real numbers / waar
a, b, c vaste reële getalle is.
(g) V = C(−∞, ∞), W = {f ∈ C(−∞, ∞) | f ′′ (x) + 2f ′ (x) + f (x) = e−x }
2. A set V with a defined vector addition and scalar multiplication is a vector space if the following
axioms are satisfied:
’n Versameling V met ’n gedefinieerde vektor som en skalar vermenigvuldiging is ’n vektorruimte indien
die volgende aksiomas bevredig word:
(i) ∀⃗x,⃗y∈V (⃗x + ⃗y ∈ V ) (vi) ∀k∈R ∀⃗x∈V (k⃗x ∈ V )
(ii) ∀⃗x,⃗y∈V (⃗x + ⃗y = ⃗y + ⃗x) (vii) ∀k∈R ∀⃗x,⃗y∈V (k (⃗x + ⃗y ) = k⃗x + k⃗y )
(iii) ∀⃗x,⃗y,⃗z∈V (⃗x + (⃗y + ⃗z) = (⃗x + ⃗y ) + ⃗z) (viii) ∀k,l∈R ∀⃗x∈V ((k + l)⃗x = k⃗x + l⃗x)
(iv) ∃⃗0∈V ∀⃗x∈V ⃗x + ⃗0 = ⃗x = ⃗0 + ⃗x (ix) ∀k,l∈R ∀⃗x∈V (k (l⃗x) = (kl)⃗x)
(v) ∀⃗x∈V ∃⃗y∈V ⃗x + ⃗y = ⃗0 = ⃗y + ⃗x (x) ∀⃗x∈V (1⃗x = ⃗x)
Confirm whether the following sets together with the given operations form a vector space. If they do
not form a vector space, list the axioms which are not satisfied.
Bevestig of die volgende versamelinge tesame met die gegewe operasies ’n vektorruimte vorm. Indien
hulle nie ’n vektorruimte is nie, lys die aksiomas wat nie bevredig word nie.
(a) The set R2 with the operations / Die versameling R2 met die operasies
(a, b) + (c, d) = (a + c, 2b + 2d), k(a, b) = (ka, 0)
(b) The set R2 with the operations / Die versameling R2 met die operasies
(a, b) + (c, d) = (a + c, b + d + 1), k(a, b) = (ka, kb + k − 1)
*3. Recall that W is a subspace of V if W is non-empty and closed under both vector addition and scalar
multiplication. Show that a subspace always contain the zero vector.
Onthou, dat W is ’n deelruimte van V indien W nie-leeg is en geslote onder beide vektor som en
skalaarvermenigvuldiging is. Toon aan dat ’n deelruimte altyd die nul vektor sal bevat.
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4. Determine whether the following sets of vectors are linearly independent in the vector space V under
the standard operations.
Bepaal of die volgende versameling van vektore lineêr onafhanklik in die vektorruimte V onder die
standaard operasies is.
(a) (1, 2, 3), (0, 1, 1), (1, 0, −2) in V = R3
(b) sin x, cos x, 1} in V = C(−∞, ∞)
2 1 1 −1 0 −2
(c) , , in V = M2×2
3 0 0 1 4 4
(d) 1, x + 1, (x + 1)2 in V = P2
5. Consider the vector space / Beskou die vektorruimte P1 = {a + bx | a, b ∈ R}
(a) Show that {x + 1, x − 1} forms a basis for P1 . / Toon aan dat {x + 1, x − 1} ’n basis vir P1 vorm.
(b) Express 5x+2 as a linear combination of x+1 and x−1. / Druk 5x+2 uit as ’n lineêre kombinasie
van x + 1 en x − 1.
6. Determine a basis and the dimension of the following subspaces W of vector spaces V .
Bepaal ’n basis en die dimensie van die volgende deelruimtes W van vektorruimtes V .
(a) W = {p ∈ P2 | p(1) = 0}, V = P2
(b) W = (a + 2c, a + b + 5c, −a + b + c) ∈ R3 | a, b, c ∈ R , V = R3